CD8+ T-cell priming and boosting: more antigen-presenting DC, or more antigen per DC?

RNA transfection is a standard method to load dendritic cells (DC) with antigen for therapeutic cancer vaccination. While electroporation yields high transfection efficiency and satisfying expression levels, lipofection results in only few cells expressing high amounts of antigen. We compared antigen loading of human monocyte-derived DC by MelanA RNA electroporation and lipofection. No differences in phenotype or migrational capacity were detected, but lipofected DC induced stronger cytokine secretion by antigen-specific T cells and were superior in priming and boosting of MelanA-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Interestingly, T cells stimulated with the differently transfected DC did not differ in their functional avidity. To determine whether the amount of antigen per cell is indeed responsible for the superiority of the lipofected DC, we increased the amount of MelanA RNA fivefold and mixed those DC with mock-electroporated ones to mimic the antigen distribution of lipofected cells. This significantly improved the stimulatory capacity, indicating that indeed the amount of antigen per cell seems to be the responsible feature for the observed superiority of lipofected DCs. These data suggest that a few DC that express high amounts of antigen are more immunogenic than many DC expressing lower amounts, although this needs to be tested in a two-armed immunogenicity trial.     

肿瘤抗原基因转染的DC疫苗研究进展

树突状细胞是机体内最重要、功能最强的专职抗原递呈细胞,是抗肿瘤免疫的最好佐剂。将不同形式肿瘤抗原负载的DC制成疫苗,可以在体内诱导特异性杀伤性T细胞（CTL）的生成,激发人体有效的特异性抗肿瘤免疫功能。其中肿瘤抗原原因转当的DC疫苗具有很多独特的优点,可望作为一种新型肿瘤疫苗用于肿瘤的防治。本文主要就其作用特点、体内应用的可行性及抗肿瘤作用效果的实验研究进展等方面作一综述。     

肝癌DC疫苗治疗的活体MRI成像研究

目的:分析肝癌DC疫苗治疗的活体MRI成像,评价MR活体检测肝癌免疫基因治疗的价值。方法:建立兔肝癌的动物模型,研究组30只注射磁标记负载肝癌相关抗原的DC疫苗,对照组10只不注射疫苗。通过MRI成像,观察肿瘤的大小、形态及信号改变。结果:接种肿瘤14 d后,MRI平扫T2WI期36个病灶显示34个(94.44%),采取强化扫描所有病灶均得以显示;接种21d后,MRI平扫即可显示所有病灶。注射DC疫苗后,三组的肿瘤体积变化不大,部分体积有所缩小,无播散、转移现象。注射DC疫苗后肿瘤得到了明显的抑制,但不同注射方式比较无显著差异。对照组接种21 d后的肿瘤体积迅速增大,增强扫描后可见肿瘤壁较14 d时有不均匀的增大。28 d后,肿瘤继续扩大,部分出现肝内大面积播散或肺内转移,肿瘤病灶的T2信号增强。结论:肝癌DC疫苗治疗的活体MRI成像检查对于指导临床治疗具有重要的意义。     

Two New Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoids from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC.

Two new sesqulterpenold lactones, namely eupallnllides K and L, were isolated from Eupatorlum Ilndleyanum DC. Their structures were determined by spectral methods, Including 1 D-and 2D-NMR spectra. Cytotoxlc evaluatlon showed that eupallnlllde L exhibited potent cytotoxlclty against P-388 and A-549 tumor cell lines with IC50 values of 0.17 and 2.60 p, mol/L, respectively.     

中国葛属（Pueraria DC．）的研究

本文对国产葛属植物９种２变种进行了全面整理．对其中的主要类群进行了深入的研究．通过野外考察,腊叶标本的研究和细胞染色体的计数．使对中国葛属植物有一个较为全面的了解。     

DC 荷载alpha-GalCer 对小鼠HepS 肝癌的抑制作用

目的:研究树突状细胞(DC)荷载α-半乳糖神经酰胺(α-Gal Cer)作为自然杀伤T细胞(NKT)刺激物对原发性肝癌Heps荷瘤小鼠的抑制作用。方法:建立小鼠Hep S肝癌移植瘤模型,随机分为3组,对照组(NS对照组)、树突状细胞组(DC组)、DC荷载α-半乳糖神经酰胺组(DC+α-Gal Cer组),每组10只。分别给予尾静脉注射DC、荷载α-Gal Cer的DC4×106/m L,对照组给予同体积的NS,隔天给药1次,共3次。各组于干预后2周取眼球血,用流式细胞术(FCM)检测小鼠外周血CD4+T细胞及CD8+T细胞含量变化。取肿瘤组织,称取各瘤体重量,计算抑瘤率。免疫组化染色比较各组瘤体细胞内Bax凋亡蛋白;Westem blot法检测各组移植瘤组织内Bax的表达。结果:DC荷载α-Gal Cer组CD4+T细胞及CD8+T细胞数较DC组及对照组明显升高(P<0.05),DC组较对照组有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。DC荷载α-Gal Cer组平均瘤体重量较对照组及DC组均显著减轻(P<0.05),DC组与对照组平均瘤重无明显变化(P>0.05)。与NS组及DC组相比,DC荷载α-Gal Cer组移植瘤内Bax阳性细胞数量及Western blot表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DC组与NS组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:DC荷载α-Gal Cer可活化NKT细胞,激活外周血抗肿瘤免疫细胞杀伤肿瘤,抑制小鼠肝癌移植瘤的生长。     

葛属（Pueraria DC．）的分支分析

本文采用２４个形态状对葛属进行分支分析,得到了１１个最简约分支图和一个严格一致化分支图,葛属的种间关系,根据分支分析结果对ｖａｎ ｄｅｒ Ｍａｅｓｅｎ的葛属分类系统提出了修订意见。     

应用Toll样受体激动剂促进DC成熟的研究

树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是目前被广泛认可的抗原提呈功能最强的专职抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC),成熟DC具有很强的诱导初始T细胞活化、激活免疫应答的功能,是固有免疫中巨噬细胞和适应性免疫中B细胞功能的100~1 000倍。树突状细胞–细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(dendritic cells-cytokine induced killer cell,DC-CIK)联合放化疗治疗多种恶性肿瘤,对抑制肿瘤进展和转移、降低肿瘤负荷、提高患者生活质量及延长患者生存时间都有一定的意义,但目前临床应用的DC其成熟度与疗效所需的成熟度仍有差距,这可能是限制DC-CIK疗效的原因之一。该研究将贴壁法获得的DC用多聚次黄嘌呤胞嘧啶核苷酸[polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid,Poly(I?C)]和传统刺激DC成熟的物质肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)刺激DC成熟,第8 d用流式细胞术检测成熟DC的表型,发现与TNF-α相比,Poly(I?C)能够更有效地促进DC成熟。同时,该研究还比较了Poly(I?C)协同腺病毒对DC成熟的影响,通过流式细胞术或ELISA检测成熟DC的表型CD80、CD83、CD86、人类白细胞抗原-DR(human leukocyte antigen DR,HLA-DR)以及白介素-12(interleukin-12,IL-12)的分泌,发现腺病毒并不能协同Poly(I?C)刺激DC的成熟。最后,探讨了不同成熟度的DC对初始T淋巴细胞活化程度的影响。结果表明,成熟度较高的DC可更好地诱导初始T淋巴细胞的活化,并且大量分泌TNF-α和γ干扰素(inteferon-γ,IFN-γ)。     

DC和AC磁场混合作用下的离子运动

本文研讨了在微弱ＤＣ磁场和频率非常低的ＡＣ磁场并行作用下，位于大分子内部的离子运动情况。主要焦点是大分子中磁场对离子热运动的影响，通过一些离散频率的分析揭示了热运动的共振效应。指出当ＤＣ和ＡＣ磁场施加或切断时离子热运动能量将发生变化，如果大分子周围的媒介质的粒子能充分阻止瞬间接触，就会引起大分了子量子态的变化。     

DC荷载α-GalCer对小鼠HepS肝癌的抑制作用

目的:研究树突状细胞(DC)荷载α-半乳糖神经酰胺(α-Gal Cer)作为自然杀伤T细胞(NKT)刺激物对原发性肝癌Heps荷瘤小鼠的抑制作用。方法:建立小鼠Hep S肝癌移植瘤模型,随机分为3组,对照组(NS对照组)、树突状细胞组(DC组)、DC荷载α-半乳糖神经酰胺组(DC+α-Gal Cer组),每组10只。分别给予尾静脉注射DC、荷载α-Gal Cer的DC4×106/m L,对照组给予同体积的NS,隔天给药1次,共3次。各组于干预后2周取眼球血,用流式细胞术(FCM)检测小鼠外周血CD4+T细胞及CD8+T细胞含量变化。取肿瘤组织,称取各瘤体重量,计算抑瘤率。免疫组化染色比较各组瘤体细胞内Bax凋亡蛋白;Westem blot法检测各组移植瘤组织内Bax的表达。结果:DC荷载α-Gal Cer组CD4+T细胞及CD8+T细胞数较DC组及对照组明显升高(P0.05),DC组较对照组有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。DC荷载α-Gal Cer组平均瘤体重量较对照组及DC组均显著减轻(P0.05),DC组与对照组平均瘤重无明显变化(P0.05)。与NS组及DC组相比,DC荷载α-Gal Cer组移植瘤内Bax阳性细胞数量及Western blot表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DC组与NS组之间无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:DC荷载α-Gal Cer可活化NKT细胞,激活外周血抗肿瘤免疫细胞杀伤肿瘤,抑制小鼠肝癌移植瘤的生长。     

DC—SIGN固有免疫调节及其表达调控机制研究进展

DC—SIGN（DC—specificICAM-3-grabbingnonintegrin,CD209）系C型凝集素家族主要成员,具有模式识别受体和介导细胞黏附功能。DC-SIGN可通过分子中凝集素糖识别域,识别多种病原体的外源性和机体内源性抗原以及细胞表面黏附分子（ICAM-2,3）中甘露糖或岩藻糖的糖基团,并对话协调Toll样受体等,介导树突状细胞（DC）等参与病原体或肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸;也可调节DC黏附迁移并在炎症启动中激活初始T细胞免疫应答。因而,作为天然免疫分子介导基础,DC．SIGN在DC参与的感染性和炎症性疾病等的正负免疫调节中发挥了关键作用。目前有关DC．SIGN免疫调节效应涉及的信号转导以及分子表达调控机制尚未完全阐明,就相关进展作一综述。     

CD8+ DC,but Not CD8?DC,Isolated from BCG-Infected Mice Reduces Pathological Reactions Induced by Mycobacterial Challenge Infection

Background

Tuberculosis is a mycobacterial infection causing worldwide public health problems but the available vaccine is far from ideal. Type-1 T cell immunity has been shown to be critical for host defence against tuberculosis infection, but the role of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection remains unclear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We examined the effectiveness of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in BCG-infected mice in generating immune responses beneficial for pathogen clearance and reduction of pathological reactions in the tissues following challenge infection. Our data showed that only the adoptive transfer of the subset of CD8α⁺ DC isolated from infected mice (iCD8⁺ DC) generated significant protection, demonstrated by less mycobacterial growth and pathological changes in the lung and liver tissues in iCD8⁺ DC recipients than sham-treated control mice. The adoptive transfer of the CD8α⁻DC from the infected mice (iCD8⁻ DC) not only failed to reduce bacterial growth, but enhanced inflammation characterized by diffuse heavy cellular infiltration. Notably, iCD8⁻ DC produced significantly higher levels of IL-10 than iCD8⁺ DC and promoted more Th2 cytokine responses in in vitro DC-T cell co-culture and in vivo adoptive transfer experiments.

Conclusions/Significance

The data indicate that in vivo BCG-primed CD8⁺ DC is the dominant DC subset in inducing protective immunity especially for reducing pathological reactions in infected tissues. The finding has implications for the rational improvement of the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for controlling tuberculosis infection and related diseases.     

小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra DC)内生真菌的分布特点

[目的]为探明小花棘豆不同组织中内生真菌带菌率及其种属分布特点,对采自内蒙古阿拉善盟草原的小花棘豆各组织内生真菌进行检测与分离.[方法]制作小花棘豆不同组织临时装片,通过染色观察与分离鉴定方法研究小花棘豆各组织中内生真菌分布形态、带菌率以及内生真菌种属分布情况.[结果]通过临时装片染色技术从小花棘豆茎、叶、叶柄及种子中均检测到内生真菌并观察到其在各组织中的分布特点;采用普通分离方法从小花棘豆四种组织中分离出79株内生真菌,鉴定为5个种.比较小花棘豆各组织内生真菌带菌率与分离率发现种子＞叶＞茎＞叶柄,且小花棘豆内生真菌的主要优势种(相对分离频率)为疯草内内生真菌(Undifilum oxytropis)(77.32％),砖格孢属(Embellisia sp.)L12(64.00％),镰刀菌属(Fusarium equiseti)(50.00％).[结论]小花棘豆各组织中普遍存在内生真菌,其在各组织中的形态分布各异,内生真菌数量与种属分布存在组织差异性,种子和叶是内生真菌侵染和定殖的主要部位.     

A New Isoflavonoid from Belamcanda chinensis （L.） DC.

A new isoflavonoid, 5, 6, 7, 3＇-terahydroxy-8, 4＇, 5＇-trimethoxyisoflavone （1）, along with 10 known isoflavonoids, namely 5, 6, 7, 4＇-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone （2）, irilone （3）, genistein （4）, tectorigenin （5）, irigenin （6）, irisflorentin （7）, dichotomitin （8）, dimethyltectorigenin （9）, iridin （10）, and tectoridin （11）, was isolated from the alcohol extract of the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis （L.） DC. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of results of spectroscopic analysis.     

湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(PERTUSARIA DC.)地衣初步研究

报道了湖北神农架鸡皮衣属地衣６种其中中国新记录１种,即亚斑点鸡皮衣。对各个种的主要鉴别特征,化学成分、基物、标本、国内分布也作了描述,并与有关地区鸡皮衣属地衣种数进行了比较和区系讨论。     

小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra DC.)内生真菌的培养与鉴定

小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra DC.)是内蒙古草原上的重要毒草,实验结合微生物学和分子生物学手段进行了其内生真菌研究.结果表明:体外培养的小花棘豆内生真菌生长缓慢,呈圆形、隆起、边缘整齐、辐射状生长的白色菌落,后菌体分泌黑褐色的色素物质,分生孢子近圆柱形,有粗且比孢子壁厚的暗色横隔膜,隔膜数1～5个.10个菌株的5.8S rDNA/ITS序列与内生真菌Embellisia sp.L12株的序列高度相似.推测该内生真菌属于Embellisia.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of « Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. » suspensor

Abstract

The development and general morphology of Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. suspensor is of the « Onagrad Type », « Alyssum Variation ». Maximum growth of the suspensor occurs from the globular to the early heart stage of embryo development. The suspensor starts then to degenerate disintegrating shortly after the torpedo stage of the embryo.

The wall ingrowths of the long, tapering, basal cell are especially abundant at the cell's micropilar pole which is closely surrounded by well developed wall ingrowths formed by the endosperm. Wall ingrowths and plasmodesmata are present on the suspensor cells cross walls with the exception of the cell closest to the embryo. No such structures in fact are present on the walls separating this last cell both from the embryo and from the rest of the suspensor. Wall ingrowths are generally associated with numerous, large, mitochondria.

The morphological data seem to indicate that absorption and transport of nutrients from the surrounding tissues is a main function of the suspensor. The possibility of an elaborative and secretory function of this structure is discussed.     

树突状细胞(DC)瘤苗治疗恶性黑色素瘤的疗效观察

目的:探讨树突状细胞瘤苗联合化疗治疗恶性黑色素瘤的疗效及不良反应。方法:采用多药联合化疗方案续贯联合树突状细胞瘤苗治疗32例恶黑患者,4周为一疗程,连续4个疗程。化学治疗组31例单纯采用联合化疗,方法及药物剂量均同生物化疗组。不良反应依据WHO化疗药物急性及亚急性不良反应分度标准判断。结果:生物化疗组32例中CR 3例,PR18例,有效率65.63%;化学治疗组31例中CR 1例,PR 11例,有效率38.71%。生物化疗组与化学治疗组疗效差异有显著性(P0.05)。两组均无治疗相关性死亡。两组的血液学毒性、消化道反应、肝功能损害、肾功能损害、神经毒性等方面差异无显著性(P0.05)。经对症处理后缓解,不影响治疗。结论:将DC细胞瘤苗免疫治疗与化学治疗有机地结合,充分发挥综合治疗的优势,有提高Ⅲ/Ⅳ期恶性黑色素瘤患者疗效的作用。