乳酸杆菌代谢产物对引起阴道炎常见细菌的抑制作用的初步探讨

目的探讨乳酸杆菌代谢产物对临床常见引起阴道炎的大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌作用。方法采用营养琼脂平板培养基定量涂菌,国际标准药敏杯给药的药敏试验法,检测乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌环的大小。结果乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和伤寒杆菌有明显的抑菌作用,对肠球菌、白色念珠菌无抑菌作用。结论在临床上可应用乳酸杆菌及其制剂调节阴道微生态平衡,治疗细菌性阴道炎。     

乳酸杆菌代谢产物对一些常见菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的抑制作用的初步探讨

目的 探讨乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的抑制作用.方法 刮取健康妇女阴道上皮细胞进行体外培养,观察在乳酸杆菌代谢产物的干预下大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌黏附阴道上皮细胞的情况.结果 和结论 乳酸杆菌代谢产物能够明显抑制大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌对阴道上皮细胞的黏附.     

地衣芽胞杆菌对白色念珠菌等的拮抗作用

目的了解地衣芽胞杆菌在试管内与阴道正常菌群共生关系的情况。方法将地衣芽胞杆菌菌液分别与葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、德氏乳杆菌混合培养,定量计数各菌在不同时间内单独培养和混合培养时各菌的活菌数。结果地衣芽胞杆菌生长不受金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌和大肠埃希菌的影响,金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌在有地衣芽胞杆菌存在的情况下,其生长受到明显的抑制（P〈0.05）;乳杆菌在12-48 h内,有显著的抑制地衣芽胞杆菌生长的作用,而乳杆菌的生长不受地衣芽胞杆菌的存在与否而正常生长。结论地衣芽胞杆菌对金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌在体外具有明显的拮抗作用,地衣芽胞杆菌对大肠埃希菌、乳杆菌无明显的体外拮抗作用。     

间苯三酚注射液无菌检查法研究

目的:建立间苯三酚注射液无菌检查法。方法:薄膜过滤法。结果:按薄膜过滤法,用100mlpH7.0氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液冲洗滤膜,以金黄色葡萄球菌为阳性菌,可以进行无菌检查。结论:本方法可用于间苯三酚注射液无菌检查。     

枫蓼肠胃片微生物限度检查方法学验证试验研究

目的:建立枫蓼肠胃片微生物限度检查方法。方法:采用培养基稀释法和常规法。结果:采用常规法验证,大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉回收率均能达到70%以上,采用培养基稀释法验证金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌回收率能达到70%以上,控制菌可检出大肠埃希菌。结论:枫蓼肠胃片胶囊微生物限度检查,可采用培养基稀释法检查细菌数、常规法检查霉菌和酵母菌数和控制菌。     

中药野菊花和山楂核提取液对 宫颈常见病原体抑菌效果的比较

目的了解中药野菊花和山楂核提取液对宫颈常见病原体大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的抑菌效果,比较野菊花和山楂核提取液抑菌作用的效果。方法采用二倍稀释法药敏试验测定抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果野菊花、山楂核提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑菌效果,三种菌的总抑菌效果差异具有统计学意义(χ2=21.781,P=0.00000.05),四种浓度药物的实验,两两比较后得出山楂核提取液的抑菌效果更好,抑菌率明显高于野菊花组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.6660,P=0.00300.05)。结论野菊花、山楂核提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑菌效果,山楂核提取液的抑菌效果更好。     

聚乙二醇小檗碱液对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制作用

目的 明确聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌特点,及其对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株与多重耐药菌株生长的抑制作用,研究评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用的合理实验方法.方法 以大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株)为研究对象,用常量肉汤稀释法测定聚乙二醇小檗碱液的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);用平皿琼脂培养法和试管肉汤培养法测定不同浓度聚乙二醇小檗碱液的抑菌作用.结果 在不同浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液的作用下,在琼脂培养基表面上或肉汤培养基中细菌的生长受到明显抑制,抑制作用与小檗碱浓度正相关,且对抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株的抑制作用差异无统计学意义;聚乙二醇小檗碱液在平皿琼脂表面和试管肉汤中对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制100％菌株的浓度分别为1 500和375 mg/L、1 500和375 mg/L.聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌作用明显低于在肉汤培养基中的抑制作用,在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌浓度是肉汤培养基中的抑菌浓度的4倍.并且金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌之间差异无统计学意义.聚乙二醇小檗碱液必须达到肉汤培养基中4倍以上浓度时,才能获得抑制100％细菌在琼脂培养基表面生长的效果.结论 高浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液可以抑制皮肤黏膜表面的细菌,包括抗生素耐药菌株的生长;皮肤黏膜表面应用聚乙二醇小檗碱液的适宜浓度为1 500 mg/L.琼脂培养基法适用于评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用.     

花蛇解痒胶囊微生物限度检查方法学验证试验研究

目的:建立花蛇解痒胶囊微生物限度检查方法。方法:采用培养基稀释法和常规法。结果:采用常规法验证,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉回收率均能达到70%以上,采用培养基稀释法验证枯草芽孢杆菌回收率能达到70%以上,控制菌可检出大肠埃希菌、大肠菌群、沙门菌。结论:花蛇解痒胶囊微生物限度检查,可采用培养基稀释法检查细菌数、常规法检查霉菌和酵母菌数;控制菌采用常规法和稀释法。     

中型滇丁香抑菌及抗耐药菌株作用的研究

采用平板法 ,对中型滇丁香乙醇浸膏抑菌和抗耐药菌株的活性进行研究 ,发现其对金黄葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌敏感菌株具有抑制或杀菌作用 ;对金黄葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的耐药菌株没有抑菌或杀菌的作用 ;以青霉素为对照 ,发现其对大肠埃希菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌作用比青霉素明显。     

高压蒸汽灭菌对麦康凯琼脂培养基质量的影响

目的探讨高压蒸汽灭菌对麦康凯琼脂培养基主要质量指标(p H、性能)的影响。方法配制p H为6.80、7.00、7.10、7.20、7.30、7.40、7.50、7.60、7.70、7.80的麦康凯琼脂培养基,经高压蒸汽灭菌后进行p H测定,并将大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和粪肠球菌接种于麦康凯琼脂培养基上,37℃培养24 h,观察不同p H对细菌生长的影响。结果高压蒸汽灭菌后麦康凯琼脂培养基p H降低0.30~0.50。p H为6.78~7.28时,大肠埃希菌生长率≥0.5;p H为6.93~7.39时,鼠伤寒沙门菌生长率≥0.5;不同p H的麦康凯琼脂培养基上金黄色葡萄球菌及粪肠球菌的生长指数均为0。结论高压蒸汽灭菌可影响麦康凯琼脂培养基的p H及性能。     

Selective and Differential Media for Isolation and Tentative Identification of Each Species of Pityrosporum Residing on Normal or Diseased Human Skin

Selective and differential media were designed for each species of Pityrosporum; P. pachydermatis, P. ovale, and P. orbiculare in order to make feasible a quantitative cultivation. Medium for P. pachydermatis (medium A) was composed of 1% trypticase peptone (BBL), 0.5% yeast extract (BBL), 0.3% glucose, 0.2% NaCl, 1.2% KH₂ PO₄ (anhydrous), 1.5% agar, 0.01% ampicillin, and 0.025% cycloheximide with a pH of 5.5. Medium for P. ovale (medium B) was medium A supplemented with 0.05% sodium acetate (anhydrous), 0.2% Tween 80, and 0.025% (selective medium) or 0.075% (differential medium) sodium laurate. Medium for P. orbiculare was medium B (devoid of laurate) supplemented with 2% olive oil, 0.25% glycerol, 0.25% gall powder, 0.05% sodium palmitate, 0.05% sodium stearate, 0.05% sodium oleate and 8% (selective medium) or 10% (differential medium) sodium lactate and an increase in Tween to 1%. For isolation of Pityrosporum, specimens were suspended in 0.1% Tween 80 solution and inoculated onto agar plates of three selective media. The plates were incubated aerobically at 37 C for 8–10 days under conditions of prevention of water loss from the media. The plating efficiency of each selective medium, expressed as a ratio of cultural counts to microscopic counts was generally over 70%. Species of Pityrosporum could also be identified when we inoculated the cell suspension onto differential agar plates and incubated the preparations at 37 C for 7 days.     

THE ENUMERATION OF LACTOBACILLI ON GRASS AND IN SILAGE

SUMMARY: For the enumeration of lactobacilli on grass and in silage the following medium has shown promise: peptone, meat extract and glucose, 10 g. each; tomato extract, 200 ml.; yeast autolysate, 50 ml.; Tween 80, 0.5 ml.; agar, 15 g., in a final volume of 1 1. and containing acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer in 0.2M concentration; pH 5–4. The medium was adjusted to pH 5–4 before sterilization and the requisite amount of concentrated pH 5.4 acetate buffer added just before plating. Double laver plates were used.
The only other silage organisms which in this medium formed colonies comparable in size with those of lactobacilli were heterofermentative streptococci and a micrococcus.     

pH track of expanding bacterial populations

A method of pH distribution measurements in agar nutrient media containing expanding bacterial populations is described. It is based on measuring pH microsamples taken at different points of the media. The sample volume was 10 microliters. A pH sensitive field effect transistor was used as a measuring electrode. Acidification was found to occur in glucose media, while alkalization occurred in the media containing peptone.     

Improved growth medium for Campylobacter species.

Campylobacter species were grown in a base containing proteose peptone no. 3, yeast extract, K2HPO4, (NH4)2SO4, NA2SO3, soluble starch, and agar. Concentrations and sources of organic nitrogen and growth factors were critical, and the optimal pH range was 7.0 to 7.5. Cultures tolerated 0.7% NaCl in addition to the salt present in the organic constituents and were sensitive to surface-active agents at concentrations recommended for enrichment of other gram-negative bacteria. Cultures were maintained on the proposed medium for 1 year with transfer every 2 weeks.     

乳酸菌固体制剂计数方法研究

从培养基、稀释剂的角度对乳酸菌固体制剂样品进行计数方法比较。昂立1号○R优菌多颗粒样品中嗜酸乳杆菌在改良MC培养基上培养(72±3)h后菌落形态非常小,很难进行计数,在改良MC培养基中添加0.1%吐温80将会刺激嗜酸乳杆菌的生长,利于计数;采用MRS液体溶解复水10~15 m in、0.1%蛋白胨盐水稀释的计数结果明显高于直接采用生理盐水复水、稀释方法,两者差异有非常显著性。     

Development and Validation of a Discriminative Dissolution Test for Nimesulide Suspensions

The dissolution test for oral dosage forms has recently widened to a variety of special dosage forms such as suspensions. For class II drugs, such as nimesulide (NMS), this study is very important because formulation problems may compromise drug bioavailability. In the present work, tests with four brands of commercially available NMS (RA, TS, TB, and TC) have been performed in order to study their dissolution at different conditions. The suspensions have been characterized relatively to particle size, pH, and density besides NMS assay and the amount of drug in solution in the suspension vehicles. The dissolution study was conducted using the following media: simulated intestinal fluid, pH 6.8, containing polysorbate 80 (P80) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS); phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, with P80 and aqueous solution of SLS. Concerning the quantitative analysis, the UV–VIS spectrophotometry could have been used in substitution to high-performance liquid chromatography since the methodology had been adequately validated. The influence of the drug particle size distribution was significant on the dissolution profiles of NMS formulations, confirming to be a factor that should be strictly controlled in the development of oral suspensions.     

Discrepancies in the Enumeration of Escherichia coli

Stationary-phase cells of Escherichia coli were enumerated by the pour plate method on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.3% yeast extract (TSYA), violet red-bile agar, and desoxycholate-lactose agar, and by the most-probable-number method in Brilliant Green-bile broth and lauryl sulfate broth. Maximum counts were assumed to be those on TSYA. In general, numbers detected were lower with the selective solid media and higher with the selective liquid media. Inhibitory effects, especially on selective solid media varied with the strains of E. coli. The lower detection on selective solid media was partly due to the stress induced in some cells by the temperature of the melted media used in the pour plate method. These cells apparently failed to repair and form colonies in the selective media. Improved detection on the selective solid media was achieved by using 1% nonfat milk solids, 1% peptone, or 1% MgSO(4).7H(2)O in the dilution blanks. Higher detection on selective agar media was effected by surface plating or by surface-overlay plating of the cells. The surface-overlay method appeared to be superior for the direct enumeration of E. coli in foods.     

THE USE OF MICROBIAL MEMBRANES TO ACHIEVE ANAEROBIOSIS

Several years ago, it was observed that sterile microbial membrane preparations stimulated recovery of certain radiation-injured bacteria. Later it was noted that these same preparations reduce dissolved oxygen to water in a variety of environments, including bacteriological media. This reduction of oxygen is an enzymatic process and is influenced by parameters such as temperature, pH, and the availability of specific oxidizable substrates. Oxygenreducing membrane preparations can be made from several different bacterial species. When added to liquid or solid bacteriological media, membrane preparations rapidly produce and maintain anaerobic conditions favorable for the growth of a wide variety of oxygen-sensitive microorganisms. When used with a specifically designed disposable dish, membrane preparations allow the development of colonies of many anaerobic microorganisms on the surface of agar without the use of anaerobic hoods or other devices. In addition to providing conditions suitable for the growth of anaerobes, membrane preparations stimulate recovery of heat and cold injured bacteria of several different genera including facultative organisms. These results are reminiscent of the early observations regarding the recovery of radiation-injured bacteria. In addition to their usefulness in microbiology, oxygen-reducing membrane preparations have the potential for protecting a wide variety of oxygen-sensitive organic compounds.     

蔗渣发酵菌剂培养基的筛选及发酵条件的优化

采用单因素和正交试验研究了蔗渣高效发酵菌剂(芽孢杆菌B-A、曲霉菌F-A、链霉菌A-B)的摇瓶发酵最佳工艺条件.结果表明:芽孢杆菌B-A的最佳培养基配方:牛肉膏0.3%、蛋白胨1%、葡萄糖1%、NaCl 0.5%、可溶性淀粉0.5%、3.08%浓度的MnSO4溶液0.1;最适发酵条件为pH7、装液量100 ml(250 ml三角瓶)、36℃培养27 h.曲霉F-A的最佳培养基配方:葡萄糖3%、豆饼粉3%、蛋白胨1.2%、酵母膏0.3%、K2HPO4 0.05%、KH2PO40.05%、CaCl20.08%、MgSO40.04%、MnSO40.04%、ZnSO40.02%;最适发酵条件为pH6、装液量50 ml、30℃培养3 d.链霉菌A-B的最佳培养基配方:可溶性淀粉4.5%、蔗糖1%、豆饼粉3%、NaNO30.2%、ZnSO40.01%、KH2PO40.001%;最适发酵条件为pH7、装液量50 ml、30℃培养3 d.     

Nutritional Requirements of the Nematophagous Fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Six natural media were examined for growth and sporulation of six isolates of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis , using solid and/or liquid culture. Twenty carbohydrates, 19 nitrogen (N) compounds, and nine vitamins were also tested for their effects on growth, sporulation, and spore germination of a further three isolates (ATCC46487, OWVT-1 and JA16-1). Variations in nutritional requirements existed among the fungal isolates. In general, V-8 juice agar (VA), cornmeal agar and potato dextrose agar were good media for growth, and malt extract agar, VA and yeast dextrose agar were good for sporulation of all six isolates. Glycogen was the best and sucrose, inulin, D- ( + ) - trehalose and soluble starch were also good carbon (C) sources for growth and spore germination of the three isolates ATCC46487, OWVT-1 and JA16-1 in both liquid and solid culture. None of the isolates utilized D- ( + )xylose as a C source. L- sorbose, D- ribose, citric acid and D- fructose were poor for growth of all isolates. The best C source for sporulation was D- ( + )-trehalose for ATCC46487, D- sorbitol for OWVT-1 and D- ( + )-cellobiose for JA16-1. Casein was the best N source for growth of ATCC46487 and OWVT-1, while peptone was best for JA16-1. L- asparagine, L- proline, and peptone were also good for growth of all three isolates. L - cystine was not utilized by H. rhossiliensis and DL- methionine inhibited growth of all isolates. Spore germination of all isolates was well supported by most N compounds examined but was inhibited by L- cystine. No significant difference in sporulation of ATCC46487 was observed among the N sources. DL- threonine was the best N source for spore production by OWVT-1 and L- phenylalanine was best for JA16-1. Vitamins generally enhanced fungal growth and sporulation, with thiamine having the greatest influence. Excluding some vitamins individually from the medium containing all other test vitamins sometimes increased growth and/or sporulation of certain isolates.