S-100B蛋白在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的临床应用进展

S-100B蛋白是一类钙离子结合蛋白,由神经系统胶质细胞分泌,广泛分布于神经组织中。在正常情况下发挥重要的生理作用,但分泌过高具有神经毒性。血清中S-100B蛋白含量与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)呈正相关,可作为早期诊断HIE脑损伤及判断损伤程度及预后的有效指标。通过动态监测S-100B蛋白含量,了解脑损伤后血清中S-100B蛋白水平变化的时间规律性,S-100B蛋白可作为脑损伤后神经生化新标志物。本文对血清S-100B蛋白在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断中的价值作一综述。     

脉络丛上皮细胞及其神经保护作用

将神经营养因子和生长因子注射到脑损伤区域治疗神经系统变性病和急性脑损伤被证实有效,因此向脑损伤区域移植能够持续释放治疗因子的细胞可能成为一种新兴的治疗脑损伤的方法。脉络丛上皮细胞(CPECs)是构成脉络丛的主要结构成分,不仅参与合成脑脊液和构成血脑脊液屏障,而且能够分泌多种生物活性肽,包括神经营养因子,生长因子以及转运蛋白等。因此移植CPECs可能成为神经系统疾病具有前景的治疗方法。大量的文献已经证实,不管是体外研究还是在体水平,CPECs治疗能够促进神经元生长和增殖,对多种神经系统疾病产生疗效,具有神经保护作用。本文将对CPECs的神经保护作用做一综述,便于今后更好开展工作。     

外泌体及其在神经退行性疾病发生、发展和诊治中的作用

外泌体是一种直径在30～100 nm的细胞外膜性囊泡,由真核生物体内的多种细胞产生,其内含有蛋白质、脂质、核酸以及和起源细胞相关的物质等。外泌体能够携带起源细胞内成分并作用于邻近或远距离的细胞,从而实现生理及疾病状态下不同细胞间的信息交流。近年来,研究表明神经退行性疾病发病相关的错误折叠蛋白(如α-突触核蛋白、tau蛋白、β-淀粉样蛋白等)能够通过外泌体运输,从而促进这些蛋白在细胞间传播并传播至未病变区域,加快疾病进程。本综述着重阐述了外泌体的起源和组成、生物合成、分泌、功能,尤其是在神经退行性疾病发生和发展中的作用。除此之外,还探讨了外泌体作为生物标记物和药物传递载体在神经退行性疾病的诊断与治疗中的作用和前景。     

S100A8通过自噬促进B细胞淋巴瘤耐药性的机制研究

B细胞淋巴瘤是起源于淋巴造血系统的恶性肿瘤,是由分化过程中淋巴细胞恶性转化的复杂过程引起的.B细胞淋巴瘤细胞的耐药性是制约B细胞淋巴瘤治疗的关键因素.自噬是细胞成分降解和再循环的重要细胞生物学过程,近年来其与肿瘤耐药性的相关性受到越来越多的关注.S100A8是钙结合蛋白S100家族的重要成员,其在淋巴瘤的的耐药调控中发...     

网膜素在神经关联疾病中的生物标记物作用

网膜素(omentin)是一种新型的脂肪因子,由内脏脂肪组织分泌。研究发现,网膜素在脑梗死、成神经细胞瘤、多发性硬化等神经关联疾病中发挥着重要作用,并与疾病的发生、发展具有良好相关性。因此,网膜素或可成为神经关联疾病的生物标记物,为相关疾病的诊断、治疗和预后评估提供新指标。     

胎球蛋白B在机体病理生理过程中的作用

胎球蛋白B(fetuin B)是近年来发现的主要由肝脏分泌的一种糖蛋白。研究表明该蛋白在炎症、糖脂代谢、肿瘤、生殖、组织钙化等方面具有广泛的生理病理效应。本文旨在阐明胎球蛋白B在机体病理生理过程中的调节作用,为进一步防治相关疾病提供新的线索和策略。     

Pgp3生物学特性与致病机制研究进展

衣原体具有广泛的致病谱，能够引起多种疾病，而分泌性蛋白在衣原体致病过程中发挥了重要的作用。Pgp3 (plasmid gene protein 3)是由衣原体质粒基因编码的一种主要定位于宿主细胞质的分泌性蛋白，具有调控炎症反应、细胞凋亡、自噬等多种生物学功能。Pgp3也是一种免疫优势抗原，可用于衣原体疾病的诊断和作为疫苗研制的靶点。全面、深入地研究该蛋白功能将有助于进一步了解衣原体的致病机制，为衣原体感染的诊断和防治提供新的思路。     

乳铁蛋白对铁代谢的影响及其在神经退行性疾病中的应用

乳铁蛋白是一种具有多种生理功能的铁结合性糖蛋白,是铁在机体内代谢及转运关键载体。目前,有关乳铁蛋白对神经退行性疾病的防治作用及应用研究已成为该领域的新热点。本文主要介绍了铁在机体内的代谢;铁转运蛋白-乳铁蛋白转运系统：铁转运主要是由转铁蛋白受体和乳铁蛋白受体介导的,铁转运入脑的途径主要是转铁蛋白-转铁蛋白受体途径,还有乳铁蛋白-乳铁蛋白受体途径及其他途径;铁对脑损伤的作用机制,其中铁参与的氧化应激反应以及铁代谢和铁转运相关基因的突变或缺失可能都是引起脑损伤的原因;最后简述乳铁蛋白在防治神经退行性疾病中最新的进展,乳铁蛋白修饰的纳米粒子可能是目前最有效治疗神经退行性疾病的方法之一。     

IL-6在代谢类疾病及癌症中的功能研究进展

由于白细胞介素IL-6在炎症中广泛存在,所以其通常被视为一种促炎细胞因子,与肿瘤坏死因子TNF及IL-1β在炎症中具有同等作用。IL-6能够通过刺激活化B细胞的增殖而分泌抗体,刺激T细胞的增殖及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）的活化,刺激肝细胞合成急性期蛋白而参与炎症反应,并能促进血细胞发育。此外,有研究指出IL-6 在多种生理条件下包括分辨炎症功能中具有更大的作用。综述了IL-6信号调控炎症相关的癌症及代谢性疾病如肥胖症、肝脏代谢、骨骼肌代谢及运动中复杂生物学功能的机理,从多方面阐述了该多效性因子的意义,以期为IL-6在疾病治疗中的应用提供参考。     

脂肪分泌组学的研究进展

分泌蛋白是由细胞主动运输到细胞外的一大类具有重要生物学功能的蛋白,主要参与细胞信号转导、细胞的增殖、分化及凋亡等多种生物学过程.细胞、组织、器官及个体分泌的所有蛋白称为分泌组.脂肪组织曾被认为只是机体内能量储藏的地方,但现在发现它还是体内最大的内分泌器官.近年来,由于蛋白质组学技术的快速发展,脂肪分泌组研究已成为脂肪生...     

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.     

La protéine S100B, marqueur biologique des lésions cérébrales aiguës

S100B protein is a constitutive protein of glial cells, whose physiological functions are both intracellular, i.e. intracytosolic calcium binding, and extracellular, e.g. by promoting neuritic proliferation and/or neuronal apoptosis. Due to specificity of its cellular expression, S100B protein is a useful biological marker of neurological disorders, such as ischemic or haemorragic stroke, and traumatic head injury. This brief review the contribution of S100B measurement in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, blood) to diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis of acute brain damage events.     

S100B protein stimulates microglia migration via RAGE-dependent up-regulation of chemokine expression and release

The Ca(2+)-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, is abundantly expressed in and secreted by astrocytes, and release of S100B from damaged astrocytes occurs during the course of acute and chronic brain disorders. Thus, the concept has emerged that S100B might act an unconventional cytokine or a damage-associated molecular pattern protein playing a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory brain diseases. S100B proinflammatory effects require relatively high concentrations of the protein, whereas at physiological concentrations S100B exerts trophic effects on neurons. Most if not all of the extracellular (trophic and toxic) effects of S100B in the brain are mediated by the engagement of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products). We show here that high S100B stimulates murine microglia migration in Boyden chambers via RAGE-dependent activation of Src kinase, Ras, PI3K, MEK/ERK1/2, RhoA/ROCK, Rac1/JNK/AP-1, Rac1/NF-κB, and, to a lesser extent, p38 MAPK. Recruitment of the adaptor protein, diaphanous-1, a member of the formin protein family, is also required for S100B/RAGE-induced migration of microglia. The S100B/RAGE-dependent activation of diaphanous-1/Rac1/JNK/AP-1, Ras/Rac1/NF-κB and Src/Ras/PI3K/RhoA/diaphanous-1 results in the up-regulation of expression of the chemokines, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL12, whose release and activity are required for S100B to stimulate microglia migration. Lastly, RAGE engagement by S100B in microglia results in up-regulation of the chemokine receptors, CCR1 and CCR5. These results suggests that S100B might participate in the pathophysiology of brain inflammatory disorders via RAGE-dependent regulation of several inflammation-related events including activation and migration of microglia.     

S100B causes apoptosis in a myoblast cell line in a RAGE-independent manner

S100B, a Ca(2+)-modulated protein with both intracellular and extracellular regulatory roles, is most abundant in astrocytes, is expressed in various amounts in several non-nervous cells and is also found in normal serum. Astrocytes secrete S100B, and extracellular S100B exerts trophic and toxic effects on neurons depending on its concentration, in part by interacting with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The presence of S100B in normal serum and elevation of its serum concentration in several non-nervous pathological conditions suggest that S100B-expressing cells outside the brain might release the protein and S100B might affect non-nervous cells. Recently we reported that at picomolar to nanomolar doses S100B inhibits rat L6 myoblast differentiation via inactivation of p38 kinase in a RAGE-independent manner. We show here that at >or=5 nM in the absence of and at >100 nM in the presence of serum S100B causes myoblast apoptosis via stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibition of the pro-survival kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, again in a RAGE-independent manner. Together with our previous data, the present results suggest that S100B might participate in the regulation of muscle development and regeneration by two independent mechanism, i.e., by inhibiting crucial steps of the myogenic program at the physiological levels found in serum and by causing elevation of ROS production and myoblast apoptosis following accumulation in serum and/or muscle extracellular space. Our data also suggest that RAGE has no role in the transduction of S100B effects on myoblasts, implying that S100B can interact with more than one receptor to affect its target cells.     

S100B inhibits myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in a RAGE-independent manner

S100B is a Ca(2+)-modulated protein of the EF-hand type with both intracellular and extracellular roles. S100B, which is most abundant in the brain, has been shown to exert trophic and toxic effects on neurons depending on the concentration attained in the extracellular space. S100B is also found in normal serum, and its serum concentration increases in several nervous and nonnervous pathological conditions, suggesting that S100B-expressing cells outside the brain might release the protein and S100B might exert effects on nonnervous cells. We show here that at picomolar to nanomolar levels, S100B inhibits myogenic differentiation of rat L6 myoblasts via inactivation of p38 kinase with resulting decrease in the expression of the myogenic differentiation markers, myogenin, muscle creatine kinase, and myosin heavy chain, and reduction of myotube formation. Although myoblasts express the multiligand receptor RAGE, which has been shown to transduce S100B effects on neurons, S100B produces identical effects on myoblasts overexpressing either full-length RAGE or RAGE lacking the transducing domain. This suggests that S100B affects myoblasts by interacting with another receptor and that RAGE is not the only receptor for S100B. Our data suggest that S100B might participate in the regulation of muscle development and regeneration by inhibiting crucial steps of the myogenic program in a RAGE-independent manner.     

S100B protein is released from rat neonatal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia by in vitro trauma and anti-S100 increases trauma-induced delayed neuronal injury and negates the protective effect of exogenous S100B on neurons

S100B protein is found in brain, has been used as a marker for brain injury and is neurotrophic. Using a well-characterized in vitro model of brain cell trauma, we have previously shown that strain injury causes S100B release from neonatal rat neuronal plus glial cultures and that exogenous S100B reduces delayed post-traumatic neuronal damage even when given at 6 or 24 h post-trauma. The purpose of the current studies was to measure post-traumatic S100B release by specific brain cell types and to examine the effect of an antibody to S100 on post-traumatic delayed (48 h) neuronal injury and the protective effect of exogenous S100B. Neonatal rat cortical cells grown on a deformable elastic membrane were subjected to a strain (stretch) injury produced by a 50 ms displacement of the membrane. S100B was measured with an ELISA kit. Trauma released S100B from pure cultures of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. Anti-S100 reduced released S100B to below detectable levels, increased delayed neuronal injury in traumatized cells and negated the protective effect of exogenous S100B on injured cells. Heat denatured anti-S100 did not exacerbate injury. These studies provide further evidence for a protective role for S100B following neuronal trauma.     

Extracranial Sources of S100B Do Not Affect Serum Levels

S100B, established as prevalent protein of the central nervous system, is a peripheral biomarker for blood-brain barrier disruption and often also a marker of brain injury. However, reports of extracranial sources of S100B, especially from adipose tissue, may confound its interpretation in the clinical setting. The objective of this study was to characterize the tissue specificity of S100B and assess how extracranial sources of S100B affect serum levels. The extracranial sources of S100B were determined by analyzing nine different types of human tissues by ELISA and Western blot. In addition, brain and adipose tissue were further analyzed by mass spectrometry. A study of 200 subjects was undertaken to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and S100B serum levels. We also measured the levels of S100B homo- and heterodimers in serum quantitatively after blood-brain barrier disruption. Analysis of human tissues by ELISA and Western blot revealed variable levels of S100B expression. By ELISA, brain tissue expressed the highest S100B levels. Similarly, Western blot measurements revealed that brain tissue expressed high levels of S100B but comparable levels were found in skeletal muscle. Mass spectrometry of brain and adipose tissue confirmed the presence of S100B but also revealed the presence of S100A1. The analysis of 200 subjects revealed no statistically significant relationship between BMI and S100B levels. The main species of S100B released from the brain was the B-B homodimer. Our results show that extracranial sources of S100B do not affect serum levels. Thus, the diagnostic value of S100B and its negative predictive value in neurological diseases in intact subjects (without traumatic brain or bodily injury from accident or surgery) are not compromised in the clinical setting.     

S100B content and secretion decrease in astrocytes cultured in high-glucose medium

S100B is an astrocyte calcium-binding protein that plays a regulatory role in the cytoskeleton and cell cycle. Moreover, extracellular S100B, a marker of glial activation in several conditions of brain injury, has a trophic or apoptotic effect on neurons, depending on its concentration. Hyperglycemic rats show changes in glial parameters, including S100B expression. Here, we investigated cell density, morphological and biochemical alterations in primary cortical astrocytes from rats and C6 glioma cells cultured in high-glucose medium. Astrocytes and C6 glioma cells have a reduced content of S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein when cultured in a high-glucose environment, as well as a reduced content of glutathione and cell proliferation rate. Although these cells have been used indistinctly to study S100B secretion, we observed a contrasting profile of S100B secretion in a high-glucose medium: a decrease in primary astrocytes and an increase in C6 glioma cells. Based on the in vitro neurotrophic effects of the S100B protein, our data suggest that chronic elevated glucose levels affect astrocyte activity, reducing extracellular secretion of S100B and that this, in turn, could affect neuronal activity and survival. Such astrocyte alterations could contribute to cognitive deficit and other impairments observed in diabetic patients.     

S100B protein is released by in vitro trauma and reduces delayed neuronal injury

S100B protein in brain is produced primarily by astrocytes, has been used as a marker for brain injury and has also been shown to be neurotrophic and neuroprotective. Using a well characterized in vitro model of brain cell trauma, we examined the potential role of exogenous S100B in preventing delayed neuronal injury. Neuronal plus glial cultures were grown on a deformable Silastic membrane and then subjected to strain (stretch) injury produced by a 50 ms displacement of the membrane. We have previously shown that this injury causes an immediate, but transient, nuclear uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide by astrocytes and a 24-48 h delayed uptake by neurons. Strain injury caused immediate release of S100-beta with further release by 24 and 48 h. Adding 10 or 100 nm S100B to injured cultures at 15 s, 6 h or 24 h after injury reduced delayed neuronal injury measured at 48 h. Exogenous S100B was present in the cultures through 48 h. These studies directly demonstrate the release and neuroprotective role of S100B after traumatic injury and that, unlike most receptor antagonists used for the treatment of trauma, S100B is neuroprotective when given at later, more therapeutically relevant time points.     

GABAA Modulation of S100B Secretion in Acute Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures

Astrocytes are the major glial cells in brain tissue and are involved, among many functions, ionic and metabolic homeostasis maintenance of synapses. These cells express receptors and transporters for neurotransmitters, including GABA. GABA signaling is reportedly able to affect astroglial response to injury, as evaluated by specific astrocyte markers such as glial fibrillary acid protein and the calcium-binding protein, S100B. Herein, we investigated the modulatory effects of the GABA_A receptor on astrocyte S100B secretion in acute hippocampal slices and astrocyte cultures, using the agonist, muscimol, and the antagonists pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and bicuculline. These effects were analyzed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), fluorocitrate (FLC), cobalt and barium. PTZ positively modify S100B secretion in hippocampal slices and astrocyte cultures; in contrast, bicuculline inhibited S100B secretion only in hippocampal slices. Muscimol, per se, did not change S100B secretion, but prevented the effects of PTZ and bicuculline. Moreover, PTZ-induced S100B secretion was prevented by TTX, FLC, cobalt and barium indicating a complex GABA_A communication between astrocytes and neurons. The effects of two putative agonists of GABA_A, β-hydroxybutyrate and methylglyoxal, on S100B secretion were also evaluated. In view of the neurotrophic role of extracellular S100B under conditions of injury, our data reinforce the idea that GABA_A receptors act directly on astrocytes, and indirectly on neurons, to modulate astroglial response.