MiR-218-5p抑制A2B5~+/CD133~–亚群胶质瘤干细胞的干性维持及侵袭性

该文目的为探讨miR-218-5p对表达A2B5+/CD133–的胶质瘤干细胞(glioma stem cells,GSCs)亚群干性维持及侵袭性的影响。实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)检测人脑胶质瘤组织及细胞株中miR-218-5p的表达;上、下调miR-218-5p慢病毒转染表达A2B5+/CD133–的胶质瘤干细胞SHG-139s,二次球体形成实验、免疫荧光及q RT-PCR检测SHG-139s的标志物A2B5、CD133、Nestin、PLAGL2、ALDH1及SOX2的表达变化;Transwell实验、q RT-PCR及免疫荧光检测SHG-139s基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP9)的表达变化。结果显示,miR-218-5p在胶质瘤中低表达,上调miR-218-5p可显著降低SHG-139s成球率,同时明显降低SHG-139s中上述干细胞标志物的表达;Transwell实验显示,上调miR-218-5p能显著抑制SHG-139s的侵袭能力,使其MMP9表达受到明显抑制。因此,miR-218-5p可能作为抑癌基因在胶质瘤中发挥作用,高表达的miR-218-5p可抑制SHG-139s的干性维持及其侵袭能力。     

miR-217慢病毒表达载体及稳转胶质瘤细胞系的构建

目的:构建mi R-217慢病毒表达载体并建立稳定表达mi R-217的胶质瘤细胞系,为深入研究mi R-217在胶质瘤细胞生长及功能中的作用及机制提供条件。方法:利用人基因组中mi R-217前体序列,设计并合成引物。采用PCR的方法扩增含mi R-217前体的目的片段,酶切后连接至慢病毒表达载体p LVX-EGFP-Puro。将带有mi R-217前体的慢病毒载体及辅助质粒用脂质体的方法转染293细胞,24小时后收集上清液测定病毒滴度。利用实时定量PCR检测mi R-217的表达水平,确定慢病毒载体的表达能力。将病毒感染胶质瘤细胞系U251,通过荧光观察和嘌呤霉素(Puromycin)筛选,获得稳定转染mi R-217的胶质瘤细胞系。结果:克隆的mi R-217前体目的片段经PCR检测和测序分析,序列完全正确、无突变。实时定量PCR检测发现慢病毒感染293T细胞后,mi R-217的表达水平明显升高(P0.01),表明mi R-217慢病毒表达载体构建成功。经嘌呤霉素筛选后,荧光显微镜观察发现细胞均有稳定的绿色荧光表达,并且mi R-217的表达水平显著升高(P0.01),是对照组的12.5倍。结论:成功构建了mi R-127慢病毒表达载体和稳转胶质瘤细胞系,为后续研究奠定了良好基础。     

CEP55慢病毒表达载体构建和U251-CEP55细胞株的建立

目的:构建CEP55慢病毒表达载体,建立稳定表达CEP55的人脑胶质瘤U251细胞株。方法:使用PCR扩增方法将CEP55基因序列进行扩增,转入质粒中,并整合到载体上,构建重组质粒GV358-CEP55载体。与p Helper 1.0和p Helper 2.0质粒共转染293T细胞使其产生慢病毒,以GV358空载体包装的慢病毒作为对照。显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白GFP表达强度,确定慢病毒的感染效率。采用病毒梯度稀释法测定病毒滴度。慢病毒感染人胶质瘤细胞株U251后,经嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定表达CEP55基因的细胞株U251-CEP55。q RT-PCR和Western blot两种方法分别检测CEP55 m RNA及蛋白的表达。结果:测序证实慢病毒表达载体GV358-CEP55构建成功;转染293T细胞获得高滴度的病毒。病毒感染U251细胞后,使用嘌呤霉素筛选得到稳定转染细胞株U251-CEP55;q RT-PCR和Western blot方法分别检测后发现,U251-CEP55细胞株中CEP55 m RNA和蛋白水平的表达明显高于对照组。结论:成功构建CEP55慢病毒表达载体,获得稳定表达CEP55的人胶质瘤U251细胞株,为CEP55基因功能的探究给予了一定的实验基础。     

沉默ABCE1对神经胶质瘤细胞U251增殖、迁移和凋亡的影响

ABCE1是ATP结合盒蛋白亚家族成员之一,在病毒感染,细胞增殖,抗凋亡,翻译起始和核糖体生物发生等过程中有重要的作用。为了探讨ABCE1对神经胶质瘤细胞U251增殖、迁移和凋亡的作用,本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹实验检测ABCE1在神经胶质瘤细胞和正常胶质细胞中的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平,结果发现ABCE1在神经胶质瘤细胞U251中的表达高于在正常胶质细胞中的表达。利用siRNA靶向沉默ABCE1后,神经胶质瘤细胞U251中ABCE1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均显著减少,细胞的凋亡率显著提高,细胞增殖和迁移明显受到抑制,而且细胞对化疗药物替莫唑胺的敏感性增强。此外,沉默ABCE1后,Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著下调,而Bax的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著上调。以上研究结果表明,ABCE1与神经胶质瘤细胞的增殖和迁移密切相关,通过siRNA靶向沉默ABCE1基因可显著降低U251细胞的增殖和迁移能力。     

沉默ABCE1对神经胶质瘤细胞U251增殖、迁移和凋亡的影响北大核心CSCD

三磷酸腺苷结合盒蛋白E1(ABCE1)是ATP结合盒蛋白亚家族成员之一,在病毒感染、细胞增殖、抗凋亡、翻译起始和核糖体生物发生等过程中发挥重要作用。为了探讨ABCE1对神经胶质瘤细胞U251增殖、迁移和凋亡的作用,本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹实验,检测ABCE1在神经胶质瘤细胞和正常胶质细胞中的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平。结果显示,ABCE1在神经胶质瘤细胞U251中的表达高于在正常胶质细胞中的表达。利用siRNA靶向沉默ABCE1后,在神经胶质瘤细胞U251中,ABCE1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平均显著减少,细胞的凋亡率显著提高,细胞增殖和迁移明显受到抑制,而且细胞对化疗药物替莫唑胺的敏感性增强。此外,沉默ABCE1后使Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著下调,而Bax的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著上调。以上结果表明,ABCE1与神经胶质瘤细胞的增殖和迁移密切相关,通过siRNA靶向沉默ABCE1基因,可显著降低U251细胞的增殖和迁移能力。     

EphA2对神经胶质瘤细胞系U251的凋亡﹑增殖﹑迁移和侵袭的研究

为了研究EphA2对神经胶质瘤细胞系U251在增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭方面所起的作用,用RT-PCR方法检测正常脑组织标本与两种恶性胶质瘤细胞系中EphA2 mRNA表达水平,然后用化学合成的针对EphA2基因的小干扰RNA(siRNA)下调该基因的表达,以检测其在U251中的生物学功能．证实了EphA2基因在正常脑组织标本中的表达水平远低于两种恶性胶质瘤细胞系．把体外化学合成针对EphA2基因的小干扰RNA(siRNA- EphA2)转染入U251细胞后,Western blot, 实时定量 RT-PCR检测到U251细胞中EphA2蛋白及mRNA表达水平都明显降低,并且细胞增殖受到显著抑制,同时出现了明显的细胞凋亡．伤口愈合实验(检测细胞迁移能力),Transwell小室实验(检测细胞侵袭能力)均表明,下调EphA2的表达后,细胞的迁移和侵袭能力较阴性对照组显著减弱．上述结果表明,在神经胶质瘤U251细胞中,EphA2与其恶性增殖及高度侵染性相关,可作为分子治疗的有效靶点．     

人隔蛋白7的真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的构建人隔蛋白7（SEPT7,hCDC10／SEPT7）的表达载体并对U251人脑恶性胶质瘤细胞系进行转染且检测其表达。方法RT—PCR方法扩增SEPT7eDNA片段,并将扩增的片段插入pCDNA3真核表达载体,构建成含SEVT7 eDNA的重组载体pCDNA3／SEPT7,以脂质体介导该质粒转染人脑恶性胶质瘤细胞系U251,应用RT—PCR和免疫荧光染色鉴定转染细胞中hCDC10／SEPT7的表达。用流式细胞术对转染前后的U251细胞进行细胞周期分析。结果成功构建含SEVT7 eDNA的重组载体pCDNA3／SEFT7,并使其稳定转染U251细胞,在转染的细胞中,证实有SEPT7mRNA表达上调。细胞周期检测结果G0／G1。期细胞增多,SPF降低。结论成功构建SEPT7表达载体,并在人脑恶性胶质瘤细胞系获得表达,延迟细胞周期进展。     

敲低SOX2基因抑制乳腺癌干细胞的含量

目的:构建敲低SOX2基因的慢病毒表达载体,研究敲低SOX2基因对乳腺癌干细胞含量的影响。方法:将SOX2基因短发夹RNA(sh RNA)序列构建到慢病毒表达载体,利用293T细胞包装并获得敲低SOX2基因的病毒,后在MCF-7、T47D细胞系中构建敲低SOX2基因的稳定克隆,Western印迹检测SOX2蛋白的表达水平,q RT-PCR检测SOX2 m RNA水平的变化,利用流式细胞术检测敲低SOX2基因后乳腺癌干细胞含量的变化。结果:构建了表达SOX2基因sh RNA的慢病毒表达载体,在乳腺癌细胞中敲低SOX2基因后,CD44+/CD24-/low及乙醛脱氢酶阳性(ALDH+)细胞的比例明显降低。结论:敲低SOX2基因抑制了乳腺癌干细胞的含量。     

短发夹RNA慢病毒载体稳定抑制NLRP3表达的HepG2细胞的构建

目的:构建针对NLRP3基因的短发夹RNA(sh RNA)慢病毒表达载体,在Hep G2细胞中鉴定该载体对NLRP3的抑制效果。方法:设计针对NLRP3基因的sh RNA序列,将其插入慢病毒表达载体p WPT-U6-sh RNA-CMV-GFP中,将载体与包装质粒ps PAX2、p MD2.G共转染293T细胞,进行病毒包装;得到的病毒原液浓缩后系列稀释为9个浓度递减的病毒液,分别转染293T细胞后进行滴度测定;用获得的慢病毒液感染人肝癌细胞系Hep G2,获得稳定沉默NLRP3的细胞株;利用实时定量PCR和Western印迹检测稳定细胞株中NLRP3的沉默效应。结果:构建了具有沉默效应的慢病毒干扰载体;稀释法测定干扰病毒滴度为2×108TU/m L;实时定量PCR和Western印迹实验均证实慢病毒转染后,细胞株中NLRP3表达水平明显降低。结论:构建了人NLRP3基因特异性慢病毒干扰载体,获得NLRP3基因稳定干扰的Hep G2细胞株。     

siRNA沉默socs3对红系发育的影响

为了研究细胞因子信号转导分子3(suppressor of cytokine signals-3,SOCS-3)对造血发育的影响,构建了SOCS-3慢病毒siRNA干涉载体,并转染人红白血病细胞株K562.根据绿色荧光蛋白的表达进行流式分选后,获得了高表达慢病毒干涉载体的细胞.实时荧光定量PCR和Western-blot检测了转染细胞中SOCS-3基因的干涉效率,结果显示,与对照组相比,siRNA干涉后K562细胞SOCS-3基因的表达量仅为其相对表达量的22.1%,干涉效率77.9%;Western-blot结果显示,SOCS-3在蛋白质水平表达也明显受抑制.进一步对SOCS-3基因沉默后的K562细胞进行了诱导分化,并采用联苯胺染色法检测K562细胞向红系分化比例变化,免疫荧光染色检测细胞表面抗原的变化,RT-PCR检测造血相关基因的变化.结果发现,SOCS-3沉默后K562细胞向红系的发育能力显著提高.研究结果证明,SOCS-3在造血发育中有重要调控作用,而对其表达进行干涉或沉默将在规模化的红细胞诱导研究中发挥重要作用.     

Prrx1 promotes stemness and angiogenesis via activating TGF-β/smad pathway and upregulating proangiogenic factors in glioma

Glioma is one of the most lethal cancers with highly vascularized networks and growing evidences have identified glioma stem cells (GSCs) to account for excessive angiogenesis in glioma. Aberrant expression of paired-related homeobox1 (Prrx1) has been functionally associated with cancer stem cells including GSCs. In this study, Prrx1 was found to be markedly upregulated in glioma specimens and elevated Prrx1 expression was inversely correlated with prognosis of glioma patients. Prrx1 potentiated stemness acquisition in non-stem tumor cells (NSTCs) and stemness maintenance in GSCs, accompanied with increased expression of stemness markers such as SOX2. Prrx1 also promoted glioma angiogenesis by upregulating proangiogenic factors such as VEGF. Consistently, silencing Prrx1 markedly inhibited glioma proliferation, stemness, and angiogenesis in vivo. Using a combination of subcellular proteomics and in vitro analyses, we revealed that Prrx1 directly bound to the promoter regions of TGF-β1 gene, upregulated TGF-β1 expression, and ultimately activated the TGF-β/smad pathway. Silencing TGF-β1 mitigated the malignant behaviors induced by Prrx1. Activation of this pathway cooperates with Prrx1 to upregulate the expression of stemness-related genes and proangiogenic factors. In summary, our findings revealed that Prrx1/TGF-β/smad signal axis exerted a critical role in glioma stemness and angiogeneis. Disrupting the function of this signal axis might represent a new therapeutic strategy in glioma patients.Subject terms: Cancer stem cells, Oncogenes, Tumour angiogenesis     

LncRNA MALAT1/miR‐129 axis promotes glioma tumorigenesis by targeting SOX2

We aimed to explore the interaction among lncRNA MALAT1, miR‐129 and SOX2. Besides, we would investigate the effect of MALAT1 on the proliferation of glioma stem cells and glioma tumorigenesis. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in glioma cells and glioma stem cells were screened out with microarray analysis. The targeting relationship between miR‐129 and MALAT1 or SOX2 was validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The expressions of MALAT1, miR‐129 and SOX2mRNA in both glioma non‐stem cells and glioma stem cells were examined by qRT‐PCR assay. The impact of MALAT1 and miR‐129 on glioma stem cell proliferation was observed by CCK‐8 assay, EdU assay and sphere formation assay. The protein expression of SOX2 was determined by western blot. The effects of MALAT1 and miR‐129 on glioma tumour growth were further confirmed using xenograft mouse model. The mRNA expression of MALAT1 was significantly up‐regulated in glioma stem cells compared with non‐stem cells, while miR‐129 was significantly down‐regulated in glioma stem cells. MALAT1 knockdown inhibited glioma stem cell proliferation via miR‐129 enhancement. Meanwhile, miR‐129 directly targeted at SOX2 and suppressed cell viability and proliferation of glioma stem cells by suppressing SOX2 expression. The down‐regulation of MALAT1 and miR‐129 overexpression both suppressed glioma tumour growth via SOX2 expression promotion in vivo. MALAT1 enhanced glioma stem cell viability and proliferation abilities and promoted glioma tumorigenesis through suppressing miR‐129 and facilitating SOX2 expressions.     

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells from Three Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines: Characterization of Two Selected Clones

Cancer stem cells (CSC) were isolated via a non-adherent neurosphere assay from three glioma cell lines: LI, U87, and U373. Using a clonal assay, two clones (D2 and F11) were selected from spheres derived from LI cells and were characterized for the: expression of stem cell markers (CD133, Nestin, Musashi-1 and Sox2); proliferation; differentiation capability (determined by the expression of GalC, βIII-Tubulin and GFAP); Ca²⁺ signaling and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Both D2 and F11 clones expressed higher levels of all stem cell markers with respect to the parental cell line. Clones grew more slowly than LI cells with a two-fold increase in duplication time. Markers of differentiation (βIII-Tubulin and GFAP) were expressed at high levels in both LI cells and in neurospheres. The expression of Nestin, Sox2, and βIII-Tubulin was down-regulated in D2 and F11 when cultured in serum-containing medium, whereas Musashi-1 was increased. In this condition, duplication time of D2 and F11 increased without reaching that of LI cells. D2, F11 and parental cells did not express voltage-dependent Ca²⁺-channels but they exhibited increased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels in response to ATP. These Ca²⁺ signals were larger in LI cells and in spheres cultured in serum-containing medium, while they were smaller in serum-free medium. The ATP treatment did not affect cell proliferation. Both D2 and F11 induced the appearance of tumors when ortotopically injected in athymic nude mice at a density 50-fold lower than that of LI cells. All these data indicate that both clones have characteristics of CSC and share the same stemness properties. The findings regarding the expression of differentiation markers and Ca²⁺-channels show that both clones are unable to reach the terminal differentiation. Both D2 and F11 might represent a good model to improve the knowledge on CSC in glioblastoma and to identify new therapeutic approaches.     

Multi-Lineage Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Mediates Changes in the Expression Profile of Stemness Markers

Wharton’s Jelly- derived Mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have gained interest as an alternative source of stem cells for regenerative medicine because of their potential for self-renewal, differentiation and unique immunomodulatory properties. Although many studies have characterized various WJ-MSCs biologically, the expression profiles of the commonly used stemness markers have not yet been addressed. In this study, WJ-MSCs were isolated and characterized for stemness and surface markers expression. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR analysis revealed predominant expression of CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166 in WJ-MSCs, while the hematopoietic and endothelial markers were absent. Differential expression of CD 29, CD90, CD105 and CD166 following adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic induction was observed. Furthermore, our results demonstrated a reduction in CD44 and CD73 expressions in response to the tri-lineage differentiation induction, suggesting that they can be used as reliable stemness markers, since their expression was associated with undifferentiated WJ-MSCs only.     

全反式维甲酸协同DAPT抑制胶质瘤干细胞的自我更新

前期研究脑表明,脑胶质瘤干细胞（glioma stem cells,GSCs）是胶质瘤发生和发展的重要因素,探索靶向干预GSCs生长有可能成为脑胶质瘤治疗的有效途径之一。该研究旨在阐明两种药物ATRA和Y-分泌酶抑制剂DAPT协同抑制GSCs自我更新的生物学效应。通过用台盼蓝排染法、克隆球形成试验和免疫印迹分析了两种药物的单独使用或联用对GSC样细胞PGCl和PGC2生长、成球能力和自我更新以及干细胞标志物表达的影响。结果发现,单独使用ATRA对PGCl生长有一定的抑制作用,而对PGC2生长几乎没有影响;DAPT对PGCs的生长抑制作用明显强于ATRA。高浓度ATRA（80μmol/L）能诱导PGCs的分化,降低PGCs成球大小,且成球效率降至5％～8％,而正常对照组为32％～35％;同样,DAPT（40μmol／L）也能降低PGCs成球大小,且成球效率降至2％～3％;低浓度ATRA（20μmol／L）和DAPT（5gmol／L）对PGCs自我更新能力和干性没有明显影响,而联合使用后其明显降低PGCs的成球大小,且成球效率降至3％～5％,促进细胞凋亡,并且明显抑制了干细胞标志物Nestin、CDl33、Sox2、Oct4的表达,提高了分化标志物GFAP的表达。该研究证明了低浓度的ATRA和DAPT能协同抑制脑胶质瘤干细胞PGCs的自我更新。研究结果将为脑胶质瘤的临床研究提供实验依据。     

Topoisomerase I Inhibitors,Shikonin and Topotecan,Inhibit Growth and Induce Apoptosis of Glioma Cells and Glioma Stem Cells

Gliomas, the most malignant form of brain tumors, contain a small subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) that are implicated in therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, shikonin and topotecan, play a crucial role in anti-cancer therapies. After isolated and identified the GSCs from glioma cells successfully, U251, U87, GSCs-U251 and GSCs-U87 cells were administrated with various concentrations of shikonin or topotecan at different time points to seek for the optimal administration concentration and time point. The cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometer to observe the inhibitory effects on glioma cells and GSCs. We demonstrated that shikonin and topotecan obviously inhibited proliferation of not only human glioma cells but also GSCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. According to the IC50 values at 24 h, 2 μmol/L of shikonin and 3 μmol/L of topotecan were selected as the optimal administration concentration. In addition, shikonin and topotecan induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases and promoted apoptosis. The down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression with the activation of caspase 9/3-dependent pathway was involved in the apoptosis process. Therefore, the above results showed that topoisomerase I inhibitors, shikonin and topotecan, inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of GSCs as well as glioma cells, which suggested that they might be the potential anticancer agents targeting gliomas to provide a novel therapeutic strategy.     

Profilin 2 promotes migration,invasion, and stemness of HT29 human colorectal cancer stem cells

We investigated the role of profilin 2 in the stemness, migration, and invasion of HT29 cancer stem cells (CSCs). Increased and decreased levels of profilin 2 significantly enhanced and suppressed the self-renewal, migration, and invasion ability of HT29 CSCs, respectively. Moreover, profilin 2 directly regulated the expression of stemness markers (CD133, SOX2, and β-catenin) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin and snail). CD133 and β-catenin were up-regulated by overexpression of profilin 2 and down-regulated by depletion of profilin 2. SOX2 was decreased by profilin 2 depletion. E-cadherin was not influenced by profilin 2- overexpression but increased by profilin 2- knockdown. The expression of snail was suppressed by profilin 2- knockdown. We speculated that stemness and the EMT are closely linked through profilin 2-related pathways. Therefore, this study indicates that profilin 2 affects the metastatic potential and stemness of colorectal CSCs by regulating EMT- and stemness-related proteins.