乳酸杆菌脂磷壁酸通过下调脂筏中Lck 激酶水平抑制大鼠肝脏Kupffer 细胞TLR4 通路

目的:探讨保加利亚乳酸杆菌脂磷壁酸(Lipoteichoic Acid of Lactobacillus bulgaricus,LBG-LTA)是否能下调细胞膜脂筏中的淋巴细胞特异性蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase,Lck),进而抑制大鼠肝脏Kupffer细胞Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路。方法:分离培养10只雄性Wistar大鼠的Kupffer细胞;培养LBG并制备LBG-LTA;有或无LBG-LTA、脂筏裂解剂甲基-β-环糊精(methyl-β-cyclodextrine,MβCD)、Lck抑制剂PP2分别预处理情况下,以脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激Kupffer细胞,提取各组细胞的膜-浆蛋白及核蛋白,蔗糖密度梯度离心法提取膜-浆蛋白中的脂筏及非脂筏组分,Western blot检测脂筏及非脂筏组分中TLR4、TANK结合激酶1(TANK binding kinase-1,TBK1)、Lck及核蛋白中的核因子B(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB),酶联免疫吸附法检测培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)。结果:LPS上调的TLR4、Lck主要在脂筏内(与对照孔脂筏相应数值之比为0.95 0.23 vs 0.0120.0023,1.05 0.26 vs 0.022 0.0052,P均0.05),TBK1主要在非脂筏组分中(与对照孔非脂筏组分数值之比1.02 0.21 vs 0.0480.011,P0.05),核蛋白中的NF-B及培养上清中的TNF-α和IL-1β亦明显升高(与对照孔相应数值之比为0.78 0.16 vs 0.0760.014,189.2 27.1 vs 5.62 0.82,131.6 18.8 vs 7.24 1.14,P均0.05)。与MαCD或PP2一样,LBG-LTA也明显抑制LPS的作用(LTA+LPS孔脂筏中TLR4、Lck与LPS孔相应数值之比为0.15 0.036 vs 0.95 0.23,0.17 0.052 vs 1.05 0.26,非脂筏组分中TBK1与LPS孔的比较为0.25 0.062 vs 1.02 0.21,NF-B、TNF-α及IL-1β与LPS孔相应数值之比为0.17 0.035 vs 0.78 0.16,32.2 4.37 vs189.2 27.1,23.4 3.29 vs 131.6 18.8,P均0.05)。结论:LBG-LTA下调大鼠Kupffer细胞膜脂筏中的Lck,进而抑制其TLR4通路。     

乳酸杆菌培养上清抑制慢性酒精大鼠小肠上皮TLR4-TBK1通路

目的:探讨保加利亚乳酸杆菌培养上清(supernatant recovered from lactobacillus bulgaricus culture MRS broth,LBG-S)对慢性酒精摄入大鼠小肠上皮细胞Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)-TANK结合激酶-1(TANK binding kinase-1,TBK1)信号通路的作用。方法:雄性健康Wistar大鼠30只(2月龄,体重250~300 g)分为三组:2月龄对照组(即基线对照组),顺应1周后即处死;9月龄对照组,自由取食标准鼠粮及饮用双蒸水7月;慢性酒精组,9月龄,饮用含25%乙醇的双蒸水连续6月。处死大鼠后,分离培养并计数各组大鼠小肠黏膜中的大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌;分离并培养各组大鼠的小肠上皮细胞,在有或无LBG-S(10μg/m L)预处理的情况下,给予脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,10 EU/m L)刺激后,Western blot检测各组大鼠小肠分离上皮细胞中的TLR4及TBK1水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测各组分离小肠上皮细胞培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)。结果:慢性饮酒后,大鼠肠腔内乳酸杆菌数量明显低于相应对照组(P0.05);大肠杆菌数量无明显增加。LPS能明显升高各组分离大鼠小肠上皮细胞TLR4、TBK1以及生成TNF-α和IFN-γ的水平(P0.05),且慢性酒精组升高幅度明显大于2月龄及9月龄对照组(P0.05)。LBG-S的预处理能明显抑制LPS对各组分离大鼠小肠上皮细胞TLR4、TBK1以及生成TNF-α和IFN-γ水平的上调作用(P0.05)。结论:慢性酒精摄入导致大鼠小肠上皮TLR4-TBK1通路对LPS的高敏感性,LBG-S能明显抑制这一高敏感性。     

Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸生物学效应

Toll样受体是新近发现的一组介导天然免疫的受体。Toll样受体在革兰阳性茵脂磷壁酸的各生物学效应中发挥了启动作用,Toll样受体的信号通路是最终产生天然免疫的途径,在脂磷壁酸抗感染免疫中Toll样受体2、Toll样受体4起了关键作用。脂磷壁酸在抗肿瘤免疫等其他生物学效应中的作用还有待进一步证实。另外介绍了一些受体相关分子MyD88、MD-2、CDl4,它们在Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸各生物学效应的信号传导中起了重要作用。     

Toll样受体在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）对Toll样受体（TLRs）表达的影响及其与诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法用AnnexinV检测在双歧杆菌LTA处理前后结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的变化;流式细胞术检测Lovo细胞表面TLRs的表达,并用相应的TLRs封闭抗体作用后,AnnexinV检测经双歧杆菌LTA诱导的Lovo细胞凋亡的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞发生了明显的凋亡,并有一定的时间和剂量依赖关系;结肠癌Lovo细胞有TLR受体的基础表达,经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,TLR2和TLR4在Lovo细胞上的表达增加,其中尤以TLR2增加更为明显;用相应的TLRs抗体封闭作用后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的能力下降。结论双歧杆菌LTA能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并且TLRs特别是TLR2在LTA诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中可能发挥着主要作用,TLR4可能仅起着协同作用。     

变形链球菌脂磷壁酸的提取和纯化

本文介绍了与变形链球菌致龋过程有密切关系的该菌菌体分子——脂磷壁酸的提取和纯化方法。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸对结肠癌细胞抑制增殖和促凋亡的研究

目的 探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸(lipoteichoic acid,LTA)抑制人类结肠癌细胞株HCT116细胞增殖和促进凋亡情况.方法 培养结肠癌细胞株HCT116和提取双歧杆菌LTA;实验分为4组,即LTA低剂量组(20 μg/mL)、中剂量(60 μg/mL)、高剂量(100μg/mL)和HCT116对照组(Control);用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)检测LTA对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制率,流式细胞仪检测LTA对结肠癌细胞周期分布变化和凋亡率,免疫组化分析bcl-2、Cytochrome C和NF-kBp65含量变化,RT-PCR检测TLR2mRNA和TLR4m RNA的表达.结果 MTT法测得LTA各组对结肠癌细胞HCT116均具有较好的抑制(P＜0.01);流式细胞仪检得G0/G1期细胞显著增多(P＜0.01),而G2和S期细胞减少(P＜0.05),细胞凋亡率增加(P＜0.05);免疫组化分析IOD/Area值,bcl-2和NF-kBp65表达显著下调,Cytochrome C显著上升(P＜0.05);RT-PCR测得TLR2 mRNA和TLR4 mRNA的表达均上升(P＜0.05).结论 LTA具有明显的抑制结肠癌细胞增殖和促进凋亡作用,为研制高效、无毒的新型抗结肠癌药物奠定一定的基础.     

Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法RT-PCR检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞中MyD88和FADD mRNA的表达变化;AnnexinV检测经Caspase通用抑制剂（Z-Val-Ala-Asp-FMK）预先处理后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡率的变化;荧光法检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中Caspase-8活性的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中MyD88的mRNA表达明显升高（P〈0．05）,而FADD信号分子的mRNA表达无明显变化;双歧杆菌LTA能够增强Lovo细胞中Caspase-8的活性（P〈0．05）,且其诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的作用能够被Caspase抑制剂所抑制（P〈0．05）。结论MyD88信号分子在双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡中可能起着承接上游分子TLRs与下游信号分子FADD的作用;而Caspase信号通路可能是双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的主要信号传导途径。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸抗衰老的研究现状

双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)是一类无芽胞严格厌氧的革兰阳性杆菌,是人体肠道内重要的生理菌群,正常情况下与人类有着和谐的共生关系。双歧杆菌在体内能调节和维持人体微生态平衡,合成人体所必需的多种维生素等营养物质,拮抗     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原抑制TLR2和TLR4的激活

目的　研究乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg) 在乙型肝炎病毒逃逸机体天然免疫中的作用。方法　 PMA诱导THP-1分化成巨噬样细胞,并与乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）共培养作比较,在LPS （TLR4配体）和pam3csk4（TLR1,2配体）的刺激下,检测细胞上清液中细胞因子IL-10,IL-12的表达及胞内IL-10,IL-12 mRNA 的含量,并利用免疫荧光观察NF-κB p65入核和Western blotting检测IκB-α蛋白降解与ERK蛋白磷酸化水平来判定TLR信号通路活化程度。结果　HBsAg的胞外处理能以剂量依赖的方式干扰pam3csk4和LPS诱导的IL-10和IL-12的产生,同时HBsAg的存在明显干扰pam3csk4和LPS诱导的NF-κB p65入核和IκB-α降解及ERK蛋白磷酸化水平。结论　HBsAg抑制TLR2和TLR4的激活。     

TLR4在哺乳动物对脂多糖反应中的作用

Toll信号转导通路在果蝇的发育和天然免疫反应中起重要作用.最近在小鼠进行的定点克隆研究表明Lps位座编码一种Toll样受体TLR4,该受体作为LPS受体复合物的跨膜成分而转导脂多糖(LPS)信号,而其相关蛋白TLR2则在其他病原体微生物介导的细胞反应中起作用.TLR4的发现使我们对LPS信号转导通路的认识前进了一大步.     

Hyaluronic acid fragments evoke Kupffer cells via TLR4 signaling pathway

Kupffer cells, expressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), play a central role in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fragments, degradative products of high-molecular-weight HA (HMW-HA), acquire the ability to activate immune cells under inflammatory conditions. Here we investigated whether HA fragments could activate Kupffer cells and analyzed the underlying mechanism. Kupffer cells were isolated from wild-type mice (WT, C3H/HeN) and TLR4 mutant mice (C3H/HeJ) and HA fragments were produced by the methods of enzyme digestion and chromatography. Then Kupffer cells were stimulated by HA fragments or other control stimuli. The activation of Kupffer cells was estimated as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The activation of p38 MAPK pathway of Kupffer cells was checked and blocking experiments were done as well. The results indicated that HA fragments acquired the ability to activate Kupffer cells in vitro, which was TLR4 dependent and not due to contamination of lipopolysaccharide. Experiments of p38 MAPK kinase inhibition by SB-203580 verified p38 MAPK was required in HA fragments induced Kupffer cells activation. This suggests that HA fragments, degradative products of one of the major glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix, play critical roles in Kupffer cell activation mediated by TLR4 signaling pathway, which is, at least partially, dependent on p38 MAPK activation. These anthors contributed equally to this work Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30500487 and 30700792)     

In Vivo Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides into Rat Kupffer Cells

Abstract

Kupffer cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Liver injury is believed to result from an excessive release of cytokines and prostanoids from these cells. A targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into Kupffer cells might reduce or prevent liver injury. In this report, we describe a method in which anionic liposome-encapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-Oligos) are delivered to Kupffer cells in vivo. Delivery was assessed using an antisense S-Oligo (TJU-2749) targeted against the 3’ untranslated region of rat tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. At 90 min post-intravenous injection, 90% of the S-Oligo was absorbed from circulation. Of this, 40% was found in the liver and 10% in spleen. Other organs, including lungs, kidneys, muscle, stomach, brain, testes and small intestine, showed only minor incorporation (<5%). Greater than 65% of the liver-associated S-Oligo was found in Kupffer cells. Relative accumulation of S-Oligo in Kupffer cells was 200-fold that of the combined body tissues. For an average injected dose of 1.2 mg antisense/Kg body weight, the intracellular concentration of the S-Oligo attained in Kupffer cells was 65 μM. These studies suggest that liposome-encapsulated delivery provides an efficient means of targeting antisense molecules to Kupffer cells in vivo.     

Exoerythrocytic Merozoites of Plasmodium berghei in Rat Hepatic Kupffer Cells

SYNOPSIS. Liver biopsies of white rates infected by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites were examined by electron microscopy. Intrahepatocytic schizont development was confirmed. In addition, at 60 and 70 h after sporozoite inoculation, exoerythrocytic merozoites were noted in Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids. Although it is theoretically possible that this observation may be of merozoite development in Kupffer cells, the authors suspect that this example of phagocytosis would be one of the host's natural defenses against sporozoite-transmitted malaria.     

Fever range temperature promotes TLR4 expression and signaling in dendritic cells

Fever improves survival and shortens disease duration in microbial infections. However, the mechanisms of these beneficial responses still remain elusive. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in sensing microbes invading and therefore we hypothesized that fever range temperature may enhance responsiveness of dendritic cells (DCs) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by promoting TLR4 expression and signaling. In this study, we found that pretreatment of DCs with 39.5 degrees C temperature can up-regulate TLR4 expression in DCs and enhances LPS-induced DC production of interleukins (IL) IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 but not tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Blockade of the autocrine action of IL-10 could increase LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-12 production in DCs. Further experiments confirmed that TLR4 ligation activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways more potently in DCs pretreated with 39.5 degrees C. We conclude that fever range temperature can promote TLR4 expression and signaling in DCs, leading to enhancement of immune responses to inflammatory stimuli. These results might reveal a possible mechanistic explanation for the significance of fever in activating innate immune responses.     

Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in healthy and infected canine endometrium

This study provides the first report into immunohistochemical localization of Toll-like receptor (TLR) in the canine reproductive tract. TLR4 was investigated in endometrium during the estrous cycle and in pyometra. Pyometra is the most important pathological condition of the uterus due to bacterial infection in dogs. To protect against invading pathogens, the female reproductive tract has evolved immune mechanisms. TLRs are the cellular components of the afferent arm of the innate immune system. The expression of TLR4 was significantly higher in the endometrial stroma compared to the endometrial surface epithelium and glandular epithelium in proestrus. The glandular epithelium and stroma at the diestrous stage expressed TLR4 significantly higher than surface epithelium. Furthermore, when compared to other healthy groups, the glandular epithelium at diestrus also higher expressed TLR4 than other stages. The expression of TLR4 in the surface epithelium was higher in dogs with pyometra compared with all other groups. And, the surface epithelium of dogs suffering from pyometra also expressed TLR4 more intensely than the glandular epithelium. The innate immunity of infected canine endometrium response to bacterial infection is intensely extremely increased by the expression of TLR4. Furthermore, the different levels of TLR4 expression seems related to physiological changes in distinct cell types of endometrium, leukocytes populations, cytokines and sex hormones.     

姜黄素下调脊髓Toll样受体4及下游细胞因子减弱大鼠神经病理性痛

观察鞘内注射姜黄素对坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)大鼠痛阈和脊髓组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)及TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10表达的影响．鞘内置管的120只大鼠随机均分为4组：假手术组(Sham),CCI组,溶剂对照组(SC),姜黄素治疗组(Cur,100 μg/天),建立CCI大鼠疼痛模型,术后第1、3、7、10和14天鞘内给药并测定痛阈,第3、7天取腰段脊髓第4～6节段(L4～L6)以Real-time PCR与Western blotting方法检测TLR4、HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达,ELISA法观察脊髓组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-10表达变化．与Sham组相比,CCI组大鼠机械性痛阈与热痛阈显著降低(均P<0.05),同时脊髓组织TLR4、HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达明显增加(均P<0.05),TNF-α、IL-1β与IL-10的含量也明显升高(均P<0.05);鞘内注射姜黄素明显降低脊髓TLR4、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1),TNF-α和IL-1β的表达,显著升高脊髓IL-10的表达,同时明显改善CCI大鼠疼痛行为(P<0.05)．姜黄素减轻神经病理性疼痛可能与下调TLR4途径促炎症因子表达有关,抑制TLR4途径有望成为治疗神经病理性疼痛的新策略．     

缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤时TLR4信号通路表达的影响

目的：观察缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后TLR4通路表达的影响。方法：成年健康雄性SD大鼠110只,随机分为假手术组（sham组）（n=10）、缺血再灌注组（I／R组）和后处理组（IP组）,后两组又依据缺血再灌注6h、12h、24h、48h、72h不同的时间点再分五个亚组。对各组行神经行为学评分,脑组织梗死体积测量,TUNEL技术检测神经细胞凋亡的情况,免疫组织化学技术观察各组大鼠脑组织TLR4、NF—KB和TNF—a蛋白的表达,原位杂交方法检测各组大鼠脑组织TLR4mRNA、NF-KBmRNA的表达。结果：缺血后处理可下调TLR4、NF-KB、TNF-a细胞炎性因子的表达,抑制细胞凋亡、减少脑梗死体积,改善神经行为。结论：后处理可通过抑制TLR4信号通路表达,减少脑梗死体积,改善神经功能。