DNA损伤检测技术

检测DNA损伤的方法有很多,根据其原理大致可以分为3类：基于损伤DNA理化性质的改变检测DNA损伤、基于分子杂交检测DNA损伤以及基于DNA损伤后形成的产物检测DNA损伤。检测DNA损伤的方法目前还在不断快速发展、完善中。本文就DNA损伤的检测方法及其发展做一综述。     

乙二醇降低超低温冷冻黄姑鱼精子的DNA损伤

为了解乙二醇(EG)为抗冻剂超低温冻存黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)精子的活力及DNA损伤情况,本研究以Hank′s盐溶液(HBSS)为稀释液,5%~30%乙二醇(EG)为抗冻剂,0.5 ml麦细管为冻存管,两步降温法超低温冷冻保存黄姑鱼精子,用显微观察法测定精子活力,用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测精子的DNA损伤,用SPSS 11.5处理实验数据。黄姑鱼鲜精的激活率为85.67%±2.09%、运动时间为(318.67±6.11)s、寿命为(405.67±7.77)s。5%、10%、15%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的运动时间及寿命与鲜精相比差异不显著,其中10%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的激活率为84.67%±1.15%、运动时间为(319.00±12.12)s、寿命为(400.67±4.73)s;20%、25%、30%乙二醇(EG)组冻精的运动时间及寿命与鲜精相比差异显著。5%、10%、15%、20%乙二醇(EG)组冻精核DNA损伤状况与鲜精无显著差异,25%、30%乙二醇(EG)组冻精核DNA损伤状况与鲜精差异显著,且冻精核DNA的损伤程度与乙二醇(EG)浓度成正相关。分析认为,5%~15%乙二醇(EG)适宜作为黄姑鱼精子超低温冷冻保存用抗冻剂。     

真鲷精子的超低温冻存及DNA损伤的检测

因名贵经济鱼类育种或种质资源保存的需要,精子超低温冻存及冻精质量评价的研究已越来越引起研究者的重视。在海产鱼类中,已见对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena       

精子介导外源DNA转基因技术

转基因技术在现代生命科学研究、药物开发、临床治疗、遗传育种等方面发挥重要作用.精子介导转基因技术(sperm-mediated gene transfer,SMGT)是以精子细胞为载体,携带外源基因进入卵细胞受精,从而获得转基因动物.该文回顾了SMGT的历史发展,简述了SMGT的分子机制,包括外源DNA与精子的相互作用...     

猪精子冷冻损伤研究进展

综述了猪冻存精子顶体、质膜和线粒体的形态学变化及其对精子受精能力的影响,同时分析了冻融精子中所发生的蛋白质、DNA等生物大分子的变化及其可能对冻存精子质量及受精能力的影响,指出冷冻保存过程对精子蛋白质、DNA等生物大分子质和量的影响是精子冷冻损伤的实质,应用先进的蛋白组学进行猪精子冷冻损伤机理研究,有助于深刻揭示冷冻损伤的分子机理,为推动猪精液冷冻保存技术研究取得突破性进展提供理论依据。     

线粒体呼吸功能与精子活力、核DNA损伤的相关性分析

为探讨线粒体呼吸功能与精子活力、核DNA损伤程度之间的相关性,按WHO标准收集34例不同活力的精液标本,采用蔗糖差速离心法或密度梯度离心法提取精子线粒体,通过铂氧电极-溶氧仪测定线粒体呼吸耗氧率并计算状态III呼吸、状态IV呼吸、呼吸控制率（RCR）、磷氧比（P／0）及氧化磷酸化效率（0PR）;应用精子染色质扩散（sperm chromatin dispersion,SCD）实验检测精子DNA损伤情况。结果表明：不同活力精子线粒体状态Ⅲ呼吸耗氧量之间具有显著差异俨〈0．01）;弱精子症组RcR和OPR与正常对照组比较,分别降低了17．03％（P〈0．05）和40．74％（P〈0。01）;精子DNA损伤程度与精子活力、状态III呼吸及OPR均呈极显著负相关（r值分别是-0．812、-0．788和-0．696）。以上结果提示：精子线粒体呼吸耗氧和氧化磷酸化功能与精子活力之间存在着密切的联系;精子DNA（包括mtDNA）损伤可能影响精子的正常功能。     

应用放射性自显影技术检测外源DNA与鸡精子的结合

应用放射性自显影技术检测外源ＤＮＡ与鸡精子的结合ＤＥＴＥＣＴＩＮＧＡＳＳＯＣＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＸＯＧＥＮＯＵＳＤＮＡＷＩＴＨＣＨＩＣＫＥＮＳＰＥＲＭＵＳＩＮＧＡＵＴＯＲＡＤＩＯＧＲＡＰＨＹ关键词鸡，精子，脂质体，ＤＮＡ与精子的结合ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＣｈ...     

DNA链断裂检测技术的进展

DNA链损伤特别是DNA双链段裂(dsb)的检测方法是研究DNA辐射损伤的一个关键因素.已发展的检测DNA dsb的方法很多,但各种检测法均有其一定的优越性和适用范围,近年来应用较多并日益受到重视的新方法有原位杂交法,彗星试验(单细胞电泳法)以及高效毛细管电泳法等等.     

DNA加合物检测技术研究进展

ＤＮＡ加合物是化学毒物经生物系统代谢活化后的亲电活性产物与ＤＮＡ分子特异位点形成的共价结合物。它能够较为准确地反映人体接受的外来致癌物的剂量，并有助于人们阐明化学致突、致癌机理，具有重要的生物学意义。     

黑鲷精子的超低温冻存及DNA损伤的SCGE检测

以0.5 mL的麦细管为冻存管和DMSO为抗冻剂进行超低温冷冻黑鲷精子,对冻精核DNA的损伤情况进行单细胞凝胶电泳（SCGE）检测,其结果表明,以Cortland溶液为稀释液,5%、10%、15%及20%DMSO为抗冻剂的超低温冻存的黑鲷精子活力、受精率与鲜精无显著差异。其中以10%DMSO为抗冻剂的冻存效果最佳,冻精的激活率、运动时间、寿命及受精率分别达（92.91±1.25）%、（39.90±2.70）min、（53.82±2.84）min及（89.35±1.99）%;而以25%及30%DMSO为抗冻剂时,冻精活力及受精率显著下降。SCGE检测结果显示,DMSO浓度为5%、10%、15%及20%时,黑鲷冻精与鲜精的彗星率及损伤系数差异不显著;DMSO浓度为25%及30%时,冻精与鲜精的彗星率及损伤系数差异显著;冻精的彗星率与抗冻剂DMSO浓度成正相关。黑鲷鲜精及冻精核的DNA损伤主要为轻度和中度损伤,重度损伤比例较低,完全损伤仅存在于25%及30%DMSO为抗冻剂的冻精中,且比例低。分析认为,较高浓度的DMSO是引起冻精核DNA损伤的主要原因。     

Evaluation of oxidative DNA damage promoted by storage in sperm from sex-reversed rainbow trout

Short-term storage and cryopreservation of sperm are two common procedures in aquaculture, used for routine practices in artificial insemination reproduction and gene banking, respectively. Nevertheless, both procedures cause injuries affecting sperm motility, viability, cell structure and DNA stability, which diminish reproductive success. DNA modification is considered extremely important, especially when sperm storage is carried out with gene banking purposes. DNA damage caused by sperm storage is not well characterized and previous studies have reported simple and double strand breaks that have been attributed to oxidative events promoted by the generation of free radicals during storage.The objective of this study was to reveal DNA fragmentation and to explore the presence of oxidized bases that could be produced by oxidative events during short-term storage and cryopreservation in sex-reversed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa. Sperm from six males was analyzed separately. Different aliquots of the samples were stored 2 h (fresh) or 5 days at 4 °C or were cryopreserved. Then spermatozoa were analyzed using the Comet assay, as well as combining this method with digestion with two endonucleases from Escherichia coli (Endonuclease III, that cut in oxidized cytosines, and FPG, cutting in oxidized guanosines). Both storage procedures yielded DNA fragmentation, but only short-term storage oxidative events were clearly detected, showing that oxidative processes affect guanosines rather than cytosines. Cryopreservation increases DNA fragmentation but the presence of oxidized bases was not noticed, suggesting that mechanisms other than oxidative stress could be involved in DNA fragmentation promoted by freezing.     

Effects of boric acid feeding on the oxidative stress parameters in testes,sperm parameters and DNA damage in mice

This study was aimed to determine the effects of boric acid on oxidative stress, testicular tissue and spermatozoon DNA. Experiments were performed with Swiss Albino mice divided equally into two groups based on the tratment period: one for 4 and the other for 6-week duration. These groups were further divided into subgroups as Control and those administered daily at oral doses of 115 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of boric acid. Then, testicular tissue were examined postmortem and analyzed using ex-vivo biochemical tools for oxidative stress, spermatozoon membrane integrity, sperm motility and live cell rate (%). In both 4 and 6-week groups, v. seminalis weight, membrane integrity, motility, live cells and GSH levels exhibited a decreasing trent compared to the controls. In addition, 6-week group had a decrease in SOD level. MDA level was higher in controls in both 4 and 6-week groups. Spermatozoon DNA was intact in the 4-week group, but damaged in the 6-week group, and the degree of the damage dependent on the administered dose. Boric acid induces oxidative stress in testicular tissue, and its long-term application (only 6 weeks) caused damage in spermatozoon DNA.     

精子冷冻保存技术及研究进展

精子冷冻是辅助生殖技术的基础,能够有效的保存有价值的基因资源。文章回顾了近些年来国内外精子冷冻保存的重要研究成果,分析了精子的来源、冷冻预处理、冷冻和解冻方法、防冻剂的选择及其加入去除方式的选择等因素对精子冷冻效果的影响。文章还总结了精子冷冻效果的评价方法,展望精子冷冻技术的发展方向和应用前景。     

精子因素对精子载体法制备转基因山羊的影响

精子具有主动结合、转运、整合外源DNA的能力,并在受精时导入卵母细胞,获得转基因动物.精子介导基因转移(sperm-mediated gene transfer,SMGT)是目前获得转基因动物简单而高效的方法之一.精子因素是影响SMGT方法生产转基因动物的重要方面.本论文结合我们的研究针对转染用山羊(Capra hircus)精液的来源、精子质膜完整性、精液品质及发育阶段等精子因素影响精子结合外源DNA和SMGT方法生产转基因山羊的效率进行了论述,并从这些影响因素入手,提出了筛选精子供体、保持精液品质、调控质膜等措施,提高精子转染外源DNA能力和生产转基因动物的效率.     

土拉弗朗西斯菌检测研究进展

土拉弗朗西斯菌（Francisella tularensis）是土拉菌病（Tularemia）的致病菌,是最具传染性的致病菌之一,在自然界中已发现一百种以上的动物感染此菌。因其传播途径多样,易扩散、毒性强而被美国疾病控制预防中心列入A类生物恐怖制剂。土拉菌病是一种人畜共患病,致死率高,及时、准确的检测土拉菌对于土拉菌病患者及时治疗和防止扩散具有重要的意义。土拉菌检测方法很多,如菌培养,微凝集实验、酶联免疫吸附、快速检测试纸条、生物传感器、PCR、核酸杂交检测、质谱分析、基因芯片等。但到目前为止还没有一种成熟的用于土拉菌检测方法,其主要原因在于土拉菌致病性强,且不易分离培养。本文综述了土拉菌细菌学、免疫学、分子生物学方法检测的最新研究进展。     

Progress in the analysis of urinary oxidative DNA damage

Oxidative DNA damage has been implicated to be important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer and heart disease. The assessment of damage in various biological matrices, such as DNA, serum, and urine, is vital to understanding this role and subsequently devising intervention strategies. Despite the numerous techniques to measure oxidative DNA damage products in urine, it remains unclear what these measurements truly represent. Sources of urinary lesions may include the diet, cell death, and, of most interest, DNA repair. Were it possible to exclude the two former contributions, a noninvasive assay for DNA repair would be invaluable in the study of DNA damage and disease. This review highlights that, although progress has been made, significant work remains. Diet, cell death, and repair need continued examination to further elucidate the kinetics of lesion formation and clearance in vivo. Studies from our laboratory and others are making appreciable progress towards the interpretation of urinary lesion measurements along with the development of urinary assays to evaluate DNA repair. Upon establishment of these details, urinary oxidative DNA damage measurements may become more than a reflection of generalized oxidative stress.     

Major morphological sperm abnormalities in the bull are related to sperm DNA damage

The influence of sperm morphology and chromatin integrity on bull fertility suggests a strong but undefined biological relationship between these two parameters. In this study we explore this relationship, making use of the Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test, which allows simultaneous observation of sperm abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. Based on spermatozoa from 17 Holstein-Friesian bulls, we determined a relationship between DNA fragmentation and the presence of the “so called” major-type sperm defects. Values for DNA fragmentation index (mean ± SEM) calculated from cells with major-type abnormalities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (85.05 ± 5.00%) than those from abnormal forms classified as minor-type (17.89 ± 5.55%). Some of the sperm abnormalities, such as double forms, narrow base heads, small heads, shortened tails and proximal cytoplasmic droplets, were only associated with sperm showing fragmented DNA. The simultaneous assessment of sperm morphology and DNA fragmentation has the potential to improve the efficacy of sperm quality assessment in this species.     

利用PCR法检测HIV—1DNA

通过比较多个HIV(人免疫缺陷病毒)分离株的核苷酸序列,我们选择膜基因上7373—7514位的一段保守区为目的片段合成了引物1(5′—AGCAGCAGGAAGCACTATGGGC—3′)和引物2(5′—CCAGACTGTGAGTTGCAACA—3′),并分别以质粒PⅢexE7和MT4-HIV-1 DNA,为模板进行了PCR反应及敏感性试验。结果表明,用PCR法可检测出1～10个质粒分子及1×10~6个细胞中一个感染细胞。因此我们推论,本法可应用于AIDS临床标本的检测。     

Chromatin modulation and the DNA damage response

The ability to sense and respond appropriately to genetic lesions is vitally important to maintain the integrity of the genome. Emerging evidence indicates that various modulations to chromatin structure are centrally important to many aspects of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we discuss recently described roles for specific post-translational covalent modifications to histone proteins, as well as ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling, in DNA damage signalling and repair of DNA double strand breaks.