DNA损伤与细胞周期调控

DNA损伤和损伤后修复可引起细胞周期阻滞,这一事件由三个阶段组成：损伤的识别,损伤信号的传递以及细胞周期阻滞.在某些情况,这种细胞周期阻滞会失效.     

Polo样激酶1抑制剂Rigosertib对细胞放射损伤的防护作用

DNA双链断裂是电离辐射诱发最严重DNA损伤,能启动细胞周期阻滞、修复和死亡系列信号反应,其中周期阻滞是DNA损伤应答的重要过程,为DNA损伤修复提供了充足的时间。周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6,CDK4/6)、周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(cyclin-dependent kinase1,CDK1)和Polo样激酶1(Polo-like kinase 1,PLK1)等是细胞周期调控关键激酶,其抑制剂可以阻滞细胞周期进程,是否具有细胞放射防护作用有待进一步探究。本文选择人宫颈癌细胞HeLa、人正常乳腺细胞MCF-10A以及人脐静脉上皮细胞HUVEC为研究对象,研究比较了PLK1抑制剂Rigosertib、Volasertib, CDK4/6抑制剂Palbocilib, CDK1抑制剂Ro-3306的辐射防护作用。流式细胞术检测表明,Rigosertib、Volasertib、Ro-3306将细胞阻滞于G₂期(P<0.05,P<0.01或P<0.001),Palbocilib将细胞阻滞于G₁     

DNA损伤检验点调控的分子机制

多种因素可以引起DNA损伤而最终导致基因产生错义突变、缺失或错误重组。为确保遗传准确性,细胞形成了复杂的细胞周期监督机制,即细胞周期检验点。其中DNA损伤检验点由许多检验点相关蛋白组成,可以识别损伤的DNA,经复杂的信号转导途径引发蛋白激酶的级联反应,减慢或阻滞细胞周期进程,从而为细胞修复损伤的DNA赢得时间。     

HeLa细胞中hR24L基因的表达、DNA损伤修复、G2/M阻滞与电离辐射之间的关系(简报)

DNA是生命活动中最重要的遗传物质,保持其分子结构的完整性对于细胞至关重要,因此研究DNA损伤修复是生命科学的重要课题之一。基因组比较简单,易于操作的单细胞真核生物酵母遂成为研究DNA损伤修复的重要材料。对紫外线或电离辐射敏感的酵母突变株称为rad突变株。酵母细胞的基因组中有近30个遗传位点与辐射抗性有关。根据单突变和双突变的敏感特征所得出的上位关系可将其分为3个上位显性组:RAD3组,该组成员参与核苷酸的切除修复,其突变株对紫外线敏感;     

环六亚甲基双乙酰胺对胃癌不同细胞周期两条信号系统的调节

环六亚甲基双乙酰胺(HMBA)对MGc80-3不同时相细胞内cAMP-PKA与DAG-PKC两大系统不仅具有正负调控作用,而且其作用具有周期特异性. 其中G1期是最敏感的调控时相,与对照组相比,cAMP水平上升102.3%,PKA活性升高348%,DAG含量下降51.4%,PKC活性降低32.3%;次敏感时相为G2期;M期基本没受影响;S期变化规律不同于其他时相.     

Nbs1 is required for ATR-dependent phosphorylation events

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is characterised by microcephaly, developmental delay, characteristic facial features, immunodeficiency and radiosensitivity. Nbs1, the protein defective in NBS, functions in ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM)-dependent signalling likely facilitating ATM phosphorylation events. While NBS shares overlapping characteristics with ataxia telangiectasia, it also has features overlapping with ATR-Seckel (ATR: ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein) syndrome, a subclass of Seckel syndrome mutated in ATR. We show that Nbs1 also facilitates ATR-dependent phosphorylation. NBS cell lines show a similar defect in ATR phosphorylation of Chk1, c-jun and p-53 in response to UV irradiation- and hydroxyurea (HU)-induced replication stalling. They are also impaired in ubiquitination of FANCD2 after HU treatment, which is ATR dependent. Following HU-induced replication arrest, NBS and ATR-Seckel cells show similarly impaired G2/M checkpoint arrest and an impaired ability to restart DNA synthesis at stalled replication forks. Moreover, NBS cells fail to retain ATR in the nucleus following HU treatment and extraction. Our findings suggest that Nbs1 functions in both ATR- and ATM-dependent signalling. We propose that the NBS clinical features represent the result of these combined defects.     

Combined experimental and computational analysis of DNA damage signaling reveals context‐dependent roles for Erk in apoptosis and G1/S arrest after genotoxic stress

Following DNA damage, cells display complex multi‐pathway signaling dynamics that connect cell‐cycle arrest and DNA repair in G1, S, or G2/M phase with phenotypic fate decisions made between survival, cell‐cycle re‐entry and proliferation, permanent cell‐cycle arrest, or cell death. How these phenotypic fate decisions are determined remains poorly understood, but must derive from integrating genotoxic stress signals together with inputs from the local microenvironment. To investigate this in a systematic manner, we undertook a quantitative time‐resolved cell signaling and phenotypic response study in U2OS cells receiving doxorubicin‐induced DNA damage in the presence or absence of TNFα co‐treatment; we measured key nodes in a broad set of DNA damage signal transduction pathways along with apoptotic death and cell‐cycle regulatory responses. Two relational modeling approaches were then used to identify network‐level relationships between signals and cell phenotypic events: a partial least squares regression approach and a complementary new technique which we term ‘time‐interval stepwise regression.’ Taken together, the results from these analysis methods revealed complex, cytokine‐modulated inter‐relationships among multiple signaling pathways following DNA damage, and identified an unexpected context‐dependent role for Erk in both G1/S arrest and apoptotic cell death following treatment with this commonly used clinical chemotherapeutic drug.     

Active Rho is localized to podosomes induced by oncogenic Src and is required for their assembly and function

Transformation of fibroblasts by oncogenic Src causes disruption of actin stress fibers and formation of invasive adhesions called podosomes. Because the small GTPase Rho stimulates stress fiber formation, Rho inactivation by Src has been thought to be necessary for stress fiber disruption. However, we show here that Rho[GTP] levels do not decrease after transformation by activated Src. Inactivation of Rho in Src-transformed fibroblasts by dominant negative RhoA or the Rho-specific inhibitor C3 exoenzyme disrupted podosome structure as judged by localization of podosome components F-actin, cortactin, and Fish. Inhibition of Rho strongly inhibited Src-induced proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, development of an in situ Rho[GTP] affinity assay allowed us to detect endogenous Rho[GTP] at podosomes, where it colocalized with F-actin, cortactin, and Fish. Therefore, Rho is not globally inactivated in Src-transformed fibroblasts, but is necessary for the assembly and function of structures implicated in tumor cell invasion.     

Retinoic acid selectively activates the ERK2 but not JNK/SAPK or P38 map kinases when inducing myeloid differentiation

Summary Among the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades—the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, the c-JUN N-terminal/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway, and the reactivating kinase (p38) pathway—retinoic acid selectively utilizes ERK but not JNK/SAPK or p38 when inducing myeloid differentiation of HL-60 human myeloblastic leukemia cells. Retinoic acid is known to active ERK2. The present data show that the activation is selective for this MAPK pathway. JNK/SAPK or p38 are not activated by retinoic acid. Presumably because it activates relevant signaling pathways including MAPK, the polyoma middle T antigen, as well as certain transformation defective mutants thereof, is known to promote retinoic acid-induced differentiation, although the mechanism of action is not well understood. The present results show that consistent with the selective involvement of ERK2, ectopic expression of either the polyoma middle T antigen or its dl23 mutant, which is defective for PLCγ and PI-3 kinase activation, or the Δ205 mutant, which in addition is also weakened for activation of src-like kinases, caused no enhanced JNK/SAPK or p38 kinase activity that promoted the effects of retinoic acid. However, all three of these polyoma antigens are known to enhance ERK2 activation and promote differentiation induced by retinoic acid. Polyoma-activated MAPK signaling relevant to retinoic acid-induced differentiation is thus restricted to ERK2 and does not involve JNK/SAPK or p38. Taken together, the data indicate that among the three parallel MAPK pathways, retinoic acid-induced HL-60 myeloid differentiation selectively depends on activating ERK but not the other two MAPK pathways, JNK/SAPK or p38, with no apparent cross talk between pathways. Furthermore, the striking ability of polyoma middle T antigens to promote retinoic acid-induced differentiation appears to utilize ERK, but not JNK/SPK or p38 signaling.     

CDK4 inhibition restores G₁-S arrest in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells in the context of doxorubicin-induced DNA damage

Relapse with drug-resistant disease is the main cause of death in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma patients. MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells in vitro are characterized by a failure to arrest at the G?-S checkpoint after irradiation- or drug-induced DNA damage. We show that several MYCN-amplified cell lines harbor additional chromosomal aberrations targeting p53 and/or pRB pathway components, including CDK4/CCND1/MDM2 amplifications, p16INK4A/p14ARF deletions or TP53 mutations. Cells with these additional aberrations undergo significantly lower levels of cell death after doxorubicin treatment compared with MYCN-amplified cells, with no additional mutations in these pathways. In MYCN-amplified cells CDK4 expression is elevated, increasing the competition between CDK4 and CDK2 for binding p21. This results in insufficient p21 to inhibit CDK2, leading to high CDK4 and CDK2 kinase activity upon doxorubicin treatment. CDK4 inhibition by siRNAs, selective small compounds or p19^INK4D overexpression partly restored G?-S arrest, delayed S-phase progression and reduced cell viability upon doxorubicin treatment. Our results suggest a specific function of p19^INK4D, but not p16^INK4A, in sensitizing MYCN-amplified cells with a functional p53 pathway to doxorubicin-induced cell death. In summary, the CDK4/cyclin D-pRB axis is altered in MYCN-amplified cells to evade a G?-S arrest after doxorubicin-induced DNA damage. Additional chromosomal aberrations affecting the p53-p21 and CDK4-pRB axes compound the effects of MYCN on the G? checkpoint and reduce sensitivity to cell death after doxorubicin treatment. CDK4 inhibition partly restores G?-S arrest and sensitizes cells to doxorubicin-mediated cell death in MYCN-amplified cells with an intact p53 pathway.     

Dipyrone-induced changes in DNA repair and other cell membrane associated processes inEscherichia coli

The analgesic, dipyrone (l,phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolone-4-methylamino methane sulphonate sodium), at 20 mM concentration, inhibited the rejoining of single-strand scissions in DNA ofEscherichia coli B/r cells induced by 20 krad gamma-radiation. The chemical altered the cell membrane structure as evidenced from the uptake of acriflavin, the efflux of potassium ions from the bacterial cells and the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase-a cell membrane associated enzyme.     

辐射诱导基因LRIGx的细胞周期特异性表达及编码产物同源性分析

低剂量辐射诱导表达新基因LRIGx被克隆 .Northern印迹杂交结果表明 ,在 0 2Gyγ射线照射后 2～ 4h ,人A5 4 9细胞中该基因mRNA表达水平显著上调 .当照射剂量增加到 2Gy时 ,其诱导表达水平明显低于 0 2Gy照射 .通过细胞周期同步化 ,观察到LRIGx基因表达高峰在G2 M期 .同源性比较和功能保守域分析结果显示 ,该基因编码产物与DNA修复和重组蛋白RAD5 4、ERCC 6 ,染色质重构和转录调节功能蛋白SWI2 SNF2等有同源性 ,其N端具有与染色质重构、基因转录调控和DNA修复有关的 3个功能结构域 ,即CHROMO、SNF2N和解旋酶C端结构域     

Networking with mitogen-activated protein kinases

Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases and their target ribosomal protein S6 (RSK) kinases have been recognized as shared components in the intracellular signaling pathways of many diverse cytokines. Recent studies have extended this protein kinase cascade by identifying the major activator of vertebrate MAP kinases as a serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase called MEK, which is related to yeast mating factor-regulated protein kinases encoded by the STE7 and byr1 genes. MEK, in turn, may be activated following its phosphorylation on serine by either of the kinases encoded by proto-oncogenesraf1 ormos, as well as by p78 ^mekk , which is related to the yeast STE11 and byr2 gene products. Isoforms of all of these protein kinases may specifically combine to assemble distinct modules for intracellular signal transmission. However, the fundamental architecture of these protein kinase cascades has been highly conserved during eukaryotic evolution.