压力超负荷大鼠心肌内分泌因子活化及相互作用

目的：探讨压力超负荷是否诱导心肌内分泌活化及相互间的作用。方法：用放免法及比色法检测腹主动脉缩窄高血压大鼠心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素和一氧化氮含量的变化,并观察卡普托利对它们的作用。结果：腹主动脉缩窄大鼠动脉血压逐渐升高,术后４ ｈ 即显著升高;术后３０ ｍｉｎ 心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ含量显著升高,此后并保持在高水平;心肌内皮素含量于术后２４ ｈ 开始并持续显著升高;心肌中一氧化氮含量却于术后１０ ｍｉｎ 迅速显著降低并持续受抑。小剂量卡普托利对大鼠血压无明显影响,但可完全抑制心肌中血管紧张素Ⅱ的升高,而且使内皮素活化滞后、一氧化氮含量降低减轻。结论：压力超负荷可诱导心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素含量升高及一氧化氮含量降低,而心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ可加速内皮素活化、加重一氧化氮含量降低     

外源性肺表面活性物质替代治疗对烟雾吸入所致肺组织细胞损害的影响

目的：探讨使用外源性肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）治疗能否减轻烟雾吸入所致肺组织细胞损害。方法：Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为５组：Ⅰ组,正常对照;Ⅱ组,烟雾吸入;Ⅲ组,烟雾＋ＰＳ＋机械通气（ＭＶ）;Ⅳ组,烟雾＋盐水＋ＭＶ;Ⅴ组,烟雾＋ＭＶ,伤后５ｍｉｎ经气管导管注入ＰＳ（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）或等量盐水,ＭＶ４ｈ,观察２４ｈ,检测动脉血气、肺水量、支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中白细胞分类计数及乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）和碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性、胎盘型碱性磷酸酶（ＰＬＡＰ）含量、肺泡壁纤维成分含量及病理检查等。结果：Ⅱ组伤后发生呼吸衰竭、肺水肿及肺部急性炎症反应,ＢＡＬＦ中ＬＤＨ、ＡＫＰ、ＡＣＥ和ＰＬＡＰ水平均明显升高,肺泡壁纤维成分含量显著减少。Ⅲ组血气较Ⅱ组明显改善,但ＢＡＬＦ中各酶水平、肺泡壁纤维成分含量及肺部炎症、水肿等无显著减轻。Ⅳ、Ⅴ组治疗无效。结论：烟雾吸入伤早期外源性ＰＳ治疗能一定程度改善呼吸功能,但对肺组织细胞损害无明显保护作用,不能减轻继发性炎症反应和急性肺水肿     

开搏通对游泳大鼠心肌肥大的影响

为了明确开搏通对运动性心肌肥大的作用。本实验采用游泳训练引起的大鼠心肌肥大模型,应用放射免疫及生化等方法对心肌肥大及心脏肾素－血管紧张素系统（Ｒ－Ａ－Ｓ）的变化进行了初步研究。观察到游泳五周时,大鼠心重／体重比值（Ｈ／Ｂｗｔ）显著升高,同时心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）及心肌血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）也明显升高。而服用开搏通的游泳大鼠心肌ＡｎｇⅡ,ＡＣＥ较单纯游泳组低,但心重／体重比值却升高。上述结果提示开搏通能抑制运动所致心肌ＡｎｇⅡ升高,但不能防止运动引起的心肌肥大。     

人主动脉硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖对培养的人血管壁细胞生长的作用

通过培养的人主动脉平滑肌细胞（ｈＡＳＭＣ）及脐静脉内皮细胞（ｈＵＶＥＣ）,应用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入、Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析、逆转录多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）、放射免疫分析（ＲＩＡ）、和紫外比色法等技术观察了人主动脉中硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（ＨＳＰＧ）对ｈＡＳＭＣ和ｈＵＶＥＣＤＮＡ合成的作用及对血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）、ＰＤＧＦ受体、转化生长因子β（ＴＧＦ－β）、内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）或碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）基因表达和肾素－血管紧张系统（ＲＡＳ）的影响,结果显示,ＨＳＰＧ明显抑制培养的ｈＡＳＭＣ基础的ＤＮＡ合成（ｃｐｍ值为：１０３８５±３２６３ｖｓ,２５５４１±６４２１,Ｐ＜０．０１）及外源性ＰＤＧＦ诱导的ＤＮＡ合成（ｃｐｍ值为：９８７８±１９４７ｖｓ．１３４８１±４４ｌ０,Ｐ＜０．０５）;抑制ＰＤＧＦＡ链、ＴＧＦ－Ｂｐ和ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达,提高ＰＤＧＦａ和β受体ｍＲＮＡ的表达;显著降低ｈＡＳＭＣ培养液中血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）的浓度和血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）的活性,推测ＨＳＰＧ抑制ＰＤＧＦＡ链、ＴＧＦ－β及ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达,降低ＡＣＥ活性及ＡｎｇⅡ浓度是其抑制ｈＡＳＭＣ增殖的重要机     

第二信使介导模拟低氧下丘脑CRF分泌

用模拟高原低氧的方法研究急性低氧条件下促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（ｃｏｒｔｉｃｏｔｒｏｐｉｎ－ｒｅｌｅａｓｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＣＲＦ）分泌的变化及第二信使参与ＣＲＦ分泌的作用。低氧（海拔７ｋｍ）１ｈ后,正中隆起（ｍｅｄｉａｎｅｍｉｎｅｎｃｅ,ＭＥ）处ＣＲＦ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,下丘脑（ｈｙｐｏｔｈａｌａｍｕｓ,Ｈｙ）ＣＲＦ（不含ＭＥ）含量无明显变化,而Ｈｙ内ｃＡＭＰ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）。脑室注射Ｆｏｒｓｋｌｉｎ、ＴＰＡ后低氧暴露（海拔５ｋｍ）１ｈ,ＭＥＣＲＦ含量下降（Ｐ＜０．０５;Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＨｙＣＲＦ无明显变化。脑室注射Ｆｏｒｓｋｌｉｎ后ＨｙｃＡＭＰ含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。脑室注射Ｈ７和ＰＫＡ抑制剂,ＭＥＣＲＦ升高（Ｐ＜０．０５;Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＨｙＣＲＦ和ＨｙｃＡＭＰ均无显著变化。上述结果表明急性低氧应激中ＣＲＦ分泌显著增加,第二信使通路ＰＫＡ和ＰＫＣ通路均参与ＣＲＦ分泌     

心脏肾素－血管紧张素系统在游泳引起的生理性心肌肥大中的作用

本实验采用游泳训练（ＳＷ）引起的大鼠心肌肥大模型,通过放射免疫及生化等方法,对生理性心肌肥大时,心脏和循环肾素－血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）的变化进行了初步研究。观察到游泳五周时,大鼠左、右心室重与体重比值（Ｖ／Ｂｗｔ）显著升高,同时,左、右室心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）含量及心肌Ａｎｇ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）活性也较对照组明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。心肌ＡｎｇⅡ与Ｖ／Ｂｗｔ之间存在明显的正相关关系（ｒ＝０．７７２１,Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＳＷ组血浆ＡｎｇⅠ,Ⅱ及肾素活性（ＲＡ）与对照组相比无明显差异,其血浆ＡｎｇⅡ与Ｖ／Ｂｗｔ之间无明显相关性。上述研究提示：心脏ＲＡＳ在ＳＷ引起的生理性心肌肥大中可能起着重要作用,而且这种作用在很大程度上不依赖于循环ＲＡＳ。     

cAMP在急性胃粘膜损害中作用的研究

本研究应用ＲＩＡ法,观察了大鼠胃组织ｃＡＭＰ含量与急性胃粘膜损害之间的关系。结果表明：（１）由消炎痛或失血性休克引起的急性胃粘膜损害时,胃组织ｃＡＭＰ含量明显降低;事先使用异搏定（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）可使胃组织ｃＡＭＰ含量明显增加,并使由消炎痛引起的急性胃粘膜损害相应减轻。（２）在正常情况下,胃窦、胃体组织间ｃＡＭＰ含量并非相等,胃窦部组织ｃＡＭＰ含量高于胃体部组织,与此相应的是急性胃粘膜损害主要局限在胃体部。上述引起急性胃粘膜损害的诸因素均可使这种差别加大。５和１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量的异搏定可使消炎痛所致急性胃粘膜损害的大鼠胃体部组织的ｃＡＭＰ含量明显增加,与胃窦部组织ｃＡＭＰ含量的差值变小,结果是胃体部粘膜的损害明显减轻。提示胃组织ｃＡＭＰ含量变化在急性胃粘膜损害中有一定的作用。     

缺氧对培养的肺动脉内皮细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ分泌的影响

缺氧是否通过影响血管内皮细胞的分泌功能而参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生尚不清楚。本实验动态观察了缺氧对培养的新生小牛内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣ）的血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴⅡ）分泌的影响。结果发现：２．５％Ｏ２缺氧早期（１．５ｈ）,ＰＡＥＣ的ＡＴⅡ分泌增加（Ｐ＜０．０１ｖｓ常氧组）,缺氧后期与常氧组无明显差别;０％Ｏ２缺氧早期（１．５－６ｈ）,ＡＴⅡ分泌明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１ｖｓ常氧组及２．５％Ｏ２组）,后期ＡＴⅡ分泌明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１ｖｓ常氧组及２．５％Ｏ２组）;无论缺氧还是常氧条件下,ＮＯ供体ＳＩＮ１显著抑制ＡＴⅡ的分泌（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而内源性ＮＯ抑制剂硝基精氨酸则明显促进ＡＴⅡ分泌（Ｐ＜０．０１）;０％Ｏ２缺氧２４ｈ后,ＰＡＥＣ细胞内ｃＧＭＰ含量明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。上述结果表明缺氧可通过抑制ＰＡＥＣ的内源性ＮＯ产生而促进ＡＴⅡ的分泌,ＰＡＥＣ自分泌的改变可能参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生过程。     

自发性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚和心肌MAPK、AngⅡ的关系

放免法测定自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）血浆及心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）含量,凝胶内磷酸化法测定心肌丝裂素活化蛋白激酶活性（ＭＡＰＫ）,以心脏重／体重表示心肌肥厚程度。结果表明：与４个月的ＷＫＹ大鼠比较,４个月的ＳＨＲ血浆和心肌组织ＡｎｇⅡ及心肌ＭＡＰＫ活性分别增加了２１８．６％、１０１．２％和１０７．０％,心肌肥大程度严重,其中ＭＡＰＫ活性与心肌肥大程度呈明显正相关。提示４个月ＳＨＲ心肌肥厚可能是     

压力超负荷诱导左心室原癌基因c－fos的表达

本实验在腹主动脉缩窄的大鼠上,探讨压力超负荷对左心室原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ的表达。观察到压力超负荷可引起ｃ－ｆｏｓ的明显表达,这种作用可被巯甲丙脯酸显著减弱。同时,我们检测到压力超负荷时左心室血管紧张素原的表达也增强。这些结果提示压力超负荷诱导的左心室ｃ－ｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ的表达有血管紧张素Ⅱ的参与。     

All-trans retinoic acid prevents development of cardiac remodeling in aortic banded rats by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system

This study was designed to determine the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on the development of cardiac remodeling in a pressure overload rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation and the aortic constriction procedure. A subgroup of sham control and aortic constricted rats were treated with RA for 5 mo after surgery. Pressure-overloaded rats showed significantly increased interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, heart weight-to-body weight ratio, and gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Echocardiographic analysis showed that pressure overload induced systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume, and increased E-to-E(a) ratio and isovolumic relaxation time. RA treatment prevented the above changes in cardiac structure and function and hypertrophic gene expression in pressure-overloaded rats. RA restored the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, inhibited cleavage of caspase-3 and -9, and prevented the decreases in the levels of SOD-1 and SOD-2. Pressure overload-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 was inhibited by RA, via upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-2. The pressure overload-induced production of angiotensin II was inhibited by RA via upregulation of expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 and through inhibition of the expression of cardiac and renal renin, angiotensinogen, ACE, and angiotensin type 1 receptor. Similar results were observed in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes in response to static stretch. These results demonstrate that RA has a significant inhibitory effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling, through inhibition of the expression of renin-angiotensin system components.     

一氧化氮在血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导心肌细胞肥大中的作用

在培养新生大鼠心肌细胞上,探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌细胞以大中的作用。结果显示,血管紧张素Ⅱ可使心肌细胞蛋白质含量显著增加,心肌细胞一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性和培养液ＮＯ浓度明显降低。血管紧张素Ⅱ可明显降低心肌细胞ｅＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ水平。Ｓａｒａｌｓｉｎ和百日咳毒素（ＰＴＸ）可抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的蛋白质含量增加、心肌细胞ＮＯＳ活性减弱和培养液ＮＯ浓度降低。硝普钠提高心肌细胞培养     

Modification of myosin protein and gene expression in failing hearts due to myocardial infarction by enalapril or losartan

The effects of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor type I antagonist, were investigated on alterations in myofibrillar ATPase activity as well as myosin heavy chain (MHC) content and gene expression in failing hearts following myocardial infarction (MI). Three weeks after ligation of the left coronary artery, rats were treated with or without enalapril (10 mg/kg/day), and/or losartan (20 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. The infarcted animals exhibited an increase in left ventricle (LV) end diastolic pressure and depressed rates of LV pressure development as well as pressure decay. LV myofibrillar Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity was decreased in the infarcted hearts compared with controls, MHC alpha-isoform content was significantly decreased whereas that of MHC beta-isoform was markedly increased. The level of MHC alpha-isoform mRNA was decreased whereas that of MHC beta-isoform was increased in the viable infarcted LV. Treatment of animal with enalapril, losartan, or combination of enalapril and losartan partially prevented the MI induced changes in LV function, myofibrillar Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity, MHC protein expression and MHC gene expression. The results suggest that the beneficial effects of the renin-angiotensin system blockade in heart failure are associated with partial prevention of myofibrillar remodeling.     

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis with enhanced expression of P53 and Bax in right ventricle after pulmonary arterial banding.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the cardiomyocyte apoptosis is induced after experimental right-sided pressure overload and whether the expression of proapoptotic factor is altered or not. Ten-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right ventricular overload by experimental coarctation of the main pulmonary artery. In pulmonary artery-banded rats, TUNEL method revealed that positive nuclei were observed in cardiomyocytes exclusively in the right ventricle, and Northern blot analysis showed that p53 mRNA level in the right ventricle was 6.2-fold higher at the day 1 than that in sham-operated rats and its level decreased gradually. Bax mRNA in the right ventricle was also increased 3.3-fold at the day 1 in pulmonary artery-banded rats and also gradually decreased. The immunohistochemical study revealed that the immunoreactivity of P53 and Bax was observed exclusively in the right ventricle of the pulmonary artery-banded group. These results demonstrated that the occurrence of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes in the acute pressure overload was accompanied by the enhanced expression of apoptosis inducers. It is suggested that acute pressure overload is a potent apoptotic stimulus for cardiomyocytes.     

Irisin ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through autophagy

Cardiac hypertrophy is the main cause of heart failure and sudden death in patients. But the pathogenesis is unclear. Angiotensin II may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. In angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes, there is a larger cross-sectional area, more apoptosis cells, and a reduction of irisin expression. An increase in P62, an autophagy flux index, as well as LC3II, were observed in cardiomyocytes after angiotensin II-induced injury. Surprisely, irisin supplementation increased LC3II expression and decreased P62 expression, consisted of results of RFP-GFP-LC3B adenovirus transfection, and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, meanwhile, the protection of irisin was reversed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. In animal experiments, overexpression of irisin reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and alleviated myocardial hypertrophy caused by pressure overload. The above results indicate that irisin-induced protective autophagy and alleviated the apoptosis signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes, consequently reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis after angiotensin II-induced injury. Hence, increasing irisin expression may be a new way to improve cardiac function and quality of life in patients with cardiac hypertrophy.     

Acute changes of biventricular gene expression in volume and right ventricular pressure overload

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of acute volume and RV pressure overload on biventricular function and gene expression of BNP, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha), iNOS, growth factors (IGF-1, ppET-1), ACE and Ca2+-handling proteins (SERCA2a, phospholamban and calsequestrin). METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=45) instrumented with pressure tip micromanometers in right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) cavities were assigned to one of three protocols: i) Acute RV pressure overload induced by pulmonary trunk banding in order to double RV peak systolic pressure, during 120 or 360 min; ii) acute volume overload induced by dextran40 infusion (5 ml/h), during 120 or 360 min; iii) Sham. RV and LV samples were collected for mRNA quantification. RESULTS: BNP upregulation was restricted to the overloaded ventricles. TNF-alpha, IL-6, ppET-1, SERCA2a and phospholamban gene activation was higher in volume than in pressure overload. IGF-1 overexpression was similar in both types of overload, but was limited to the RV. TNF-alpha and CSQ mRNA levels were increased in the non-overloaded LV after pulmonary trunk banding. No significant changes were detected in ACE or iNOS expression. RV end-diastolic pressures positively correlated with local expression of BNP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IGF-1, ppET-1 and SERCA2a, while RV peak systolic pressures correlated only with local expression of IL-6, IGF-1 and ppET-1. CONCLUSIONS: Acute cardiac overload alters myocardial gene expression profile, distinctly in volume and pressure overload. These changes correlate more closely with diastolic than with systolic load. Nonetheless, gene activation is also present in the non-overloaded LV of selectively RV overloaded hearts.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对培养心肌细胞c-fos表达和蛋白质合成的作用

本实验在培养新生大鼠心肌细胞上,探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ对心肌细胞ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ表达和蛋白质合成的影响。结果显示,血管紧张素Ⅱ能诱导ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ的表达,增加蛋白质含量,并呈量－效关系,还能加速＾３Ｈ－亮氨酸的掺入速度。上述这些作用可血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗ｓａｒａｌａｓｉｎ所阻断,提示这些作用是受体介导的。     

Regulation of cardiac and renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression by captopril following myocardial infarction in rats

Myocardial infarction (MI) activates the renin-angiotensin system in the heart and increases local production of aldosterone. This hormone may increase reactive fibrosis in the myocardium favoring heart failure development. To elucidate the potential contribution of aldosterone to cardiac remodeling following MI, we evaluated the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MCR) in the left ventricle (LV) and kidney of rats after MI and captopril treatment. MI was induced by ligation of the coronary artery in Wistar rats, which were separated into (1) sham-operated group, (2) MI group, (3) MI-captopril treated group (cap, 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). One month later angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was assayed in the plasma, LV and kidney. Cardiac and renal angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were determined by ELISA and MCR mRNA expression and protein were measured by Taqman RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cardiac MCR mRNA and protein levels increased nearly by 80% after MI and Cap treatment normalized cardiac MCR protein and mRNA expression. Kidney MCR expression was not affected. ACE activity increased 34% in the plasma and 83% in the LV after MI. This increase was prevented by Cap. Ang II concentration increased 225% in the LV and 193% in kidney, which was partially attenuated by Cap. Our data demonstrate upregulation of MCR in the heart following MI what may facilitate the effects of aldosterone in the ventricular remodeling process. ACE inhibitors may reduce reactive fibrosis not only by decreasing Ang II production but also by attenuating the aldosterone-signaling pathway by decreasing the expression of MCR receptors.     

Renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system in cardiac pressure-overload hypertrophy

Angiotensin II and norepinephrine (NE) have been implicated in the neurohumoral response to pressure overload and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal sequence for activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems in the rat after 3-60 days of pressure overload induced by aortic constriction. Initially on pressure overload, there was transient activation of the systemic renin-angiotensin system coinciding with the appearance of left ventricular hypertrophy (day 3). At day 10, there was a marked increase in AT(1) receptor density in the left ventricle, increased plasma NE concentration, and elevated cardiac epinephrine content. Moreover, the inotropic response to isoproterenol was reduced in the isolated, perfused heart at 10 days of pressure overload. The affinity of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor in the left ventricle was decreased at 60 days. Despite these alterations, there was no decline in resting left ventricular function, beta-adrenergic receptor density, or the relative distribution of beta(1)- and beta(2)-receptor sites in the left ventricle over 60 days of pressure overload. Thus activation of the renin-angiotensin system is an early response to pressure overload and may contribute to the initial development of cardiac hypertrophy and sympathetic activation in the compensated heart.