红树内生真菌#2526和#1850中(口山)酮类代谢产物的研究

从分离自香港红树林的两株南海海洋真菌(#2526和#1850)的代谢产物中首次同时分离到3个San酮类天然产物,通过波谱技术分别鉴定为柄曲霉素(A)、二氢柄曲霉素(B)和3,8-二羟基-4-(1-羟甲基-2,3-二羟基丙基)-1-甲氧基咄酮(C);对人的DNA拓扑异构Ⅰ(hTOPⅠ)的活性抑制实验表明,化合物A、B和C显示弱的抑制活性,IC50值均大于100μg／ml。     

异土木香内酯及土木香内酯的结构修饰研究

对土木香根中两个主要倍半萜内酯-异土木香内酯(1)和土木香内酯(2)进行结构修饰,研究结构修饰产物的体外抑制人肝癌细胞(HepG2)增殖的活性,并进行构效关系的研究.经结构修饰得到4,15β-环氧异土木香内酯(1b)、5α,6α-环氧土木香内酯(2b)、13α-甲氧基甲基土木香内酯(2d)等11个化合物,其中产物2d未见有文献报道.产物1b、2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用均强于母体化合物,其他化合物的抑制活性均弱于母体化合物.推断11,13-去氢内酯基团是该类倍半萜内酯体外抑制HepG2肿瘤细胞增殖活性必需的活性基团,环氧基团的引入对化合物的抑制HepG2肿瘤细胞增殖活性具有促进作用.     

丰肉结海绵相关放线菌LS-298活性产物

对分离自南海丰肉结海绵的相关链霉菌LS-298菌株的活性代谢产物进行研究,以抗菌活性和化学筛选相结合为指导,采用硅胶柱、凝胶柱以及制备HPLC等色谱方法对LS-298发酵产物进行分离纯化,通过核磁共振、质谱等波谱分析手段对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定,以滤纸片扩散法及MTT法分别检测其抗菌和抗肿瘤活性。共分离鉴定了17个化合物,其中1个新化合物,环(脯氨酸-4-羟基-缬氨酸)(1),16个已知化合物分别为尿嘧啶核苷(2),2′-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(3),邻苯二甲酸正丁二酯(4),邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(5),3-甲酰胺-吲哚(6),环(脯氨酸-赖氨酸)(7),环(脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(8),环(脯氨酸-酪氨酸)(9),环(脯氨酸-亮氨酸)(10),meleagrin(11),5-hydroxyectione(12),棘霉素(echinomycin)(13),光黄素(14),N-[2-(1H-indo-l 3-yl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-acetamide(15),3-甲酰胺吡啶(16),替达霉素B(tirandamycin B)(17)。其中,棘霉素和替达霉素B为首次从同一株放线菌中分离得到,且后者目前仅在海洋放线菌中被发现,两者不仅具有较强的抗菌活性,亦具有很强的体外抗肿瘤活性。     

中国南海海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp.rssa1的化学成分研究

对中国南海珊瑚样品来源的链霉菌Streptomyces sp.rssa1代谢产物进行研究。采用正相硅胶柱、ODS反相硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱以及半制备高效液相色谱等分离方法,从该菌株的大米固体培养基发酵产物中分离得到10个化合物,通过NMR、MS等波谱数据,将化合物结构分别鉴定为四霉素A(1)、四霉素B(2)、kanglemycin M(3)、tryptophandehydrobutyrine diketopiperazine(4)、3-吲哚乙酰胺(5)、N-乙酰基色氨酸(6)、苯乙酸(7)、N-乙酰基酪胺(8)、苯甲酰胺(9)、苯乙酰胺(10)。抗菌活性筛选显示,化合物4对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)的生长具有弱抑制活性。细胞毒活性测试结果显示,化合物3对巨噬细胞RAW 264.7具有细胞毒活性。环化核苷酸磷酸二酯酶PDE4水解抑制活性筛选未发现化合物在测试浓度下具有抑制活性。     

极端环境放线菌TRM45037鉴定及次生代谢产物分析

为了明确新疆罗布泊极端环境放线菌TRM45037的分类,挖掘其次生代谢产物及其生物活性,本研究通过形态学观察、生物学特征和16S rDNA序列分析等方法,确定TRM45037为中度嗜盐性拟诺卡氏菌,与菌株Nocardiopsis dassonvilei subsp. dassonvillei DSM 4311(T) 的相似度为99.2%。采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱等方法对次生代谢产物进行了分离纯化,并通过核磁共振谱（1H NMR,13C NMR）结合相关文献确定化合物结构。从TRM45037发酵液中分离出4个化合物,分别鉴定为3, 4-二氢-6, 8-二羟基-3-甲基异香豆素、2-甲基-1, 4-苯二醇、邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）二酯和1, 6-二羟基吩嗪。抑菌活性测定表明, 3, 4-二氢-6, 8-二羟基-3-甲基异香豆素和2-甲基-1, 4-苯二醇对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,其最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)值分别为0.78 mg/mL和0.39 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(minimum fugicide concentration, MFC)值分别为1.56 mg/mL和0.78 mg/mL。本研究结果可为嗜盐放线菌活性次生代谢产物挖掘提供理论依据,对新疆极端环境放线菌资源保护与利用具有切实意义。     

极端环境放线菌TRM45306的鉴定及次生代谢产物分析

嗜盐放线菌由于其独特的生理特性和代谢机制,可以产生结构新颖、活性迥异的次生代谢产物。本文以新疆罗布泊极端环境嗜盐放线菌TRM45306为研究对象,通过形态学观察、生物学特征和16S r DNA序列分析,确定TRM45306的分类地位;通过萃取、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析等方法对发酵产物中次生代谢产物进行分离纯化,利用波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构。结果 TRM45306被鉴定为中度嗜盐性链霉菌,与菌株Streptomyces rochei NBRC 12908(T)相似度为100%;从发酵液中分离得到4个单体化合物,分别被鉴定为16α-甲基-11β,17α,21-三羟基-9α-氟孕甾-1,4-二烯-3,20-二酮-21-醋酸酯(45306-1)、谷甾醇-3-O-葡萄糖苷(45306-2)、Nb-乙酰色胺(45306-3)和N-丙酰色胺(45306-4)。此研究结果可为新疆嗜盐放线菌次生代谢产物的挖掘提供理论依据和技术支持,对新疆极端环境放线菌资源的开发具有重要意义。     

三株大兴安岭森林凋落物真菌中次生代谢产物及其抗菌活性研究CSCD

本研究采用天然产物分离技术从大兴安岭森林凋落物真菌SGSF622(Berkleasmium sp.)、SGSF289(Oidiodendron sp.)和SGSF062(Parapyrenochaeta sp.)的提取物中获得8个天然产物,经核磁共振、质谱对这些化合物进行了结构鉴定,分别为1-甲氧基-Sch53825(1)、3,4-二羟基-10-甲基-2-亚甲基十六碳-9-烯酸(2)、3,3-二-(3-吲哚)丙烷-1,2-二醇(3)、环(D-色-L-脯)二肽(4)、6-demethylkigelin(5)、lignicol(6)、indole-3-carboxaldehyde(7)和N-(5-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxopentyl)-tyrosine(8),其中化合物1和化合物2为新化合物。抗菌活性结果显示,化合物2和3具有明显的抗菌活性,其中化合物2活性最强,抗青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)MIC值为7.81μg/mL。     

医药其它

用PMR, COSY. CMR, IR和EI-MS光谱法分析提纯后的化合物,并测定了A和B的结构.双乙酸盐衍生物的胆甾烯酮-5-。一还原酶抑制因子活性明显降低,而双乙酸盐的降解产物不具备这一活性.(工颖)     

七叶一枝花内生真菌Penicillium sp.(No.4)聚酮类次级代谢产物研究

从濒危药用植物七叶一枝花的叶片中分离得到内生真菌Penicillium sp.(NO.4),活性筛选结果显示Penicillium sp.(NO.4)显示出较强的抑制肝癌细胞活性,通过固体发酵,乙酸乙酯萃取得浸膏,其浸膏经硅胶柱层析,Sephadex LH-20,半制备型HPLC等分离手段分离得到八个化合物,经核磁共振,质谱等手段鉴定其结构分别为1,3,14-三甲氧基-6-甲基-9,10-蒽醌(1),bostrycin(2),isorhodoptilometrin(3),physcioin(4),emodin(5),aloesol(6),coniochaetone B(7),2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone(8),其中化合物1为一新天然产物。体外细胞毒活性显示化合物1,3,14-三甲氧基-6-甲基-9,10-蒽醌(1),bostrycin(2)和isorhodoptilometrin(3)对肝癌细胞有较强的抑制活性,其IC50分别为15.6,6.5,13.2μg/mL,化合物4～8则没有显示生物活性。     

树豆内酯A粗品皂化产物的化学结构鉴定

对天然产物树豆内酯A进行皂化反应以期获得具有降血糖、降血脂活性的天然药物先导物树豆酮酸A。利用含有树豆内酯A和球松素各约50%的粗品,经0.65%KOH含水乙醇回流3.5 h皂化,产物经柱层析分离纯化获得皂化产物;通过理化和波谱学分析鉴定产物的化学结构。分离并鉴定了全部5个皂化产物,除了预期产物树豆酮酸A以外,其余4个低得率的副产物结构分别为1-(2,6-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)乙酮(2)、球松素查尔酮(3)、cajanotone(4)和1个新化合物(1),化合物1鉴定为CAA的异构体,命名为树豆酮酸B(Cajanonic acid B)。这为进一步研究开发树豆(Cajanus cajan)叶生物活性成分提供了新的实验依据。     

Normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography of pneumocandins: in situ modification of silica with L-proline to separate structural analogues

Lipopeptides such as pneumocandin B(0) are often produced by fermentation processes. Many compounds with similar structures (structural analogues), and hence similar physiochemical properties, are coproduced in the fermentation. We employed high performance liquid chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase and a ternary ethyl acetate/MeOH/water mobile phase to separate pneumocandin B(0) from these structural analogues. Despite extensive efforts to optimize this system, two key structural analogues, pneumocandin E(0) and pneumocandin B(5), continued to be poorly resolved from the main product peak (pneumocandin B(0)). As a result, feed load was restricted and productivity was limited. In situ modification of the silica gel stationary phase with l-proline or other amino acids significantly enhances the resolution of the two key structural analogues from the compound of interest, enabling a two-fold increase in productivity. Results of a systematic study showed that the amine group in l-proline and other amino acids plays a key role in the modification of the surface of the silica gel to mediate the selectivity enhancement.     

7β-Methyl substituent is a structural locus associated with activity cliff for nepenthone analogues

With the purpose of identifying novel selective κ opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists as potential antidepressants from nepenthone analogues, starting from N-nor-N-cyclopropylmethyl-nepenthone (SLL-020ACP), a highly selective and potent KOR agonist, a series of 7β-methyl-nepenthone analogues was conceived, synthesized and assayed on opioid receptors based on the concept of hybridization. According to the pharmacological results, the functional reversal observed in orvinol analogues by introduction of 7β-methyl substituent could not be reproduced in nepenthone analogues. Alternatively, introduction of 7β-methyl substituent was associated with substantial loss of both subtype selectivity and potency but not efficacy for nepenthone analogues, which was not found in 7β-methyl orvinol analogues. Surprisingly, SLL-603, a 7β-methyl analogue of SLL-020ACP, was identified to be a KOR full agonist. The possible molecular mechanism for the heterogeneity in activity cliff was also investigated. In conclusion, 7β-methyl substituent was a structural locus associated with activity cliff and demonstrated as a pharmacological heterogeneity between nepenthone and orvinol analogues that warrants further investigations.     

Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 15- and 16- modified (±)-11-deoxyprostaglandins

The synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 11-deoxyprostaglandin E₁ analogues are described with results analysed for selectivity from side effects. 11-Deoxygenation reduced potency relative to PGE₂ but, as has been reported for natural PGs, 15- or 16-methyl analogues were more potent than the unsubstituted parent compound in the order 16-methyl > 15-methyl > 16, 16-dimethyl. The results suggest that a complex interaction between C-15 and C-16 in methyl analogues affects their profile of activity, but that none of the modifications studied conferred a substantial potency or selectivity advantage over PGE₂.     

Nonsteroidal compounds designed to mimic potent steroid sulfatase inhibitors

Chemical synthesis and enzyme inhibition results are reported for a series of nonsteroidal sulfatase inhibitors, 1-(p-sulfamoyloxyphenyl)-5-(p-t-butylbenzyl)-5-alkanols and the lower active phenolic analogues. These compounds conserve some structural elements from the previously reported potent steroidal inhibitor 3-O-sulfamate-17alpha-(p-t-butylbenzyl)-17beta-hydroxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene, while the C18-methyl group and the hydrocarbon backbone represented by the steroid rings B, C, and D were replaced with a free conformational chain. Using estrone sulfate (100 microM) as substrate and homogenate of transfected HEK-293 cells as source of steroid sulfatase activity, the IC(50) values of the best inhibitors, the undecanol derivatives, were 0.4+/-0.1 and >300 nM, respectively, in the sulfamate and phenolic series. Although these sulfamoylated nonsteroidal inhibitors appear a bit less active than their steroidal analogues, they are however more potent than known inhibitors estrone-3-O-sulfamate and p-(O-sulfamoyl)-N-tetradecanoyl tyramine. The optimal side-chain length for the inhibition of steroid sulfatase activity was found to be six carbons, which corresponds to the number of carbons that mimic the B, C and D steroid rings, between C6 and C17. Furthermore, compounds with only the t-butylbenzyl group or the alkyl chain of six carbons are less potent inhibitors compared to the one that include both of these hydrophobic substituents. Such results suggest that compound from this later category better mimic the steroidal inhibitor.     

Determination of rifamycin B activity in culture liquids and in preparations with varying degrees of purity]

A possibility of using the biological method of rifamycin B activity determination in the fermentation broth and dry preparations of various purity levels was studied. It was found that the biological method was useful only for determination of rifamycin B activity in preparations containing not less than 850 gamma/mg of the main product. When the activity of rifamycin B was determined in the fermentation broth and crude preparations containing less than 800 gamma/mg of the main product, the results of the biological assay were always higher as compared to those of spectrophotometrical estimation. It was accounted for the effect of other rifamycin types possessing high biological activity.     

Semisynthetic des-(B27-B30)-insulins with modified B26-tyrosine

Semisynthetic des-(B27-B30)-insulins containing modified B26-tyrosine residues were prepared to refine the understanding of the importance of position B26 with regard to biological and structural properties of the hormone. The following shortened insulin analogues were synthesized by trypsin-catalysed peptide-bond formation between the C-terminal amino acid ArgB22 of des-(B23-B30)-insulin and synthetic tetrapeptides as amino components: des-(B27-B30)-insulin, des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-methyl ester, -B26-carboxamide with varying C-terminal hydrophobicity of the B-chain, and [Tyr(NH2)B26]-, [Tyr(NO2)B26]-, [Tyr(I2)B26]-, [D-TyrB26]des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-carboxamide containing non-proteinogenic amino acids in position B26. Starting from insulin and an excess of synthetic Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-OMe as nucleophile, des-(B27-B30)-insulin-B26-methyl ester--the formal transpeptidation product at ArgB22--was formed in one step. Biological in vitro properties (binding to cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes, relative lipogenic potency in isolated rat adipocytes) of all semisynthetic analogues are reported, ranging from slightly decreased to two-fold receptor affinity and nearly three-fold biopotency relative to insulin. If the C-terminal tetrapeptide B27-B30 is removed, full relative insulin activity is still preserved, while the shortening results in the loss of ability to associate in solution. Only after carboxamidation or methyl esterification of TyrB26 the self-association typical of native insulin can be observed, and the CD-spectral effects in the near UV spectrum related to association and hexamerization of the native hormone are qualitatively reestablished. The results of this investigation underline the importance of position B26 to the modulation of hormonal properties and solution structure of the shortened insulins.     

Combining classical, genetic, and process strategies for improved precursor-directed production of 6-deoxyerythronolide B analogues

A process for the production of erythromycin aglycone analogues has been developed by combining classical strain mutagenesis techniques with modern recombinant DNA methods and traditional process improvement strategies. A Streptomyces coelicolor strain expressing the heterologous 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB) synthase (DEBS) for the production of erythromycin aglycones was subjected to random mutagenesis and selection. Several strains exhibiting 2-fold higher productivities and reaching >3 g/L total macrolide aglycones were developed. These mutagenized strains were cured of the plasmid carrying the DEBS genes and a KS1 degrees mutant DEBS operon was introduced for the production of novel analogues when supplemented with a synthetic diketide precursor. The strains expressing the mutant DEBS were screened for improved 15-methyl-6-dEB production, and the best clone, strain B9, was found to be 50% more productive as compared to the parent host strain used for 15-methyl-6-dEB production. Strain B9 was evaluated in 5-L fermenters to confirm productivity in a scalable process. Although peak titers of 0.85 g/L 15-methyl-6-dEB by strain B9 confirmed improved productivity, it was hypothesized that the low solubility of 15-methyl-6-dEB limited productivity. The solubility of 15-methyl-6-dEB in water was determined to be 0.25-0.40 g/L, although higher titers are possible in fermentation medium. The incorporation of the hydrophobic resin XAD-16HP resulted in both the in situ adsorption of the product and the slow release of the diketide precursor. The resin-containing fermentation achieved 1.3 g/L 15-methyl-6-dEB, 50% higher than the resin-free process. By combining classical mutagenesis, recombinant DNA techniques, and process development, 15-methyl-6-dEB productivity was increased by over 100% in a scalable fermentation process.     

Salinomycin induces cell death with autophagy through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells

Salinomycin is perhaps the first promising compound that was discovered through high throughput screening in cancer stem cells. This novel agent can selectively eliminate breast and other cancer stem cells, though the mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we found that salinomycin induced autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that salinomycin stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated autophagy via the ATF4-DDIT3/CHOP-TRIB3-AKT1-MTOR axis. Moreover, we found that the autophagy induced by salinomycin played a prosurvival role in human NSCLC cells and attenuated the apoptotic cascade. We also showed that salinomycin triggered more apoptosis and less autophagy in A549 cells in which CDH1 expression was inhibited, suggesting that the inhibition of autophagy might represent a promising strategy to target cancer stem cells. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that combination treatment with salinomycin and pharmacological autophagy inhibitors will be an effective therapeutic strategy for eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells.     

Discovery of halogenated eurypamide B analogues as inhibitors of lipid droplet accumulation in macrophages

Halogenated cyclic isodityrosine-tripeptides were synthesized as analogues of a marine natural product, eurypamide B. Although the original eurypamides showed no inhibitory activity, the new analogues were found to inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in macrophages with a low micromolar IC50 value.     

Macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B

Structurally simplified macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B were prepared by total synthesis and found to retain the potent cell growth inhibitory activity in vitro, stability in mouse serum, and in vivo efficacy of the natural product.