制何首乌提取物及主要单体成分体外对酪氨酸酶活性的影响

采用蘑菇酪氨酸酶多巴速率氧化法,体外评价制何首乌水提取物、乙醇提取物各分离组分及大黄素,大黄素甲醚,大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷等制何首乌主要单体成分对体外酪氨酸酶活性的影响。结果未在制何首乌中发现能够体外有效激活酪氨酸酶活性的成分,制何首乌水提物,制何首乌乙醇提取物的50%乙醇洗脱物及95%乙醇洗脱物,2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷皆有浓度依赖的酪氨酸酶抑制活性,其中2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷在48μg/mL的浓度下即可达到46.72%的抑制率,具有美白产品研发价值。     

银杏外种皮提取物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用

以银杏外种皮为材料,采用水、乙醇和乙醇-乙醚三种不同的方法分离提取其中的活性物质(分别命名为1#,2#,3#),研究它们对蘑菇酪氨酸酶催化L-多巴(L-DOPA)氧化活力的影响。结果表明,这3种提取物均对蘑菇酪氨酸酶有抑制作用,1#,2#和3#对酶抑制作用的IC50分别为2.25、1.75和0.32mg/mL。抑制作用动力学结果表明:三种提取物对酶的抑制作用均表现为混合型,相应的抑制常数KI依次为2.11、1.62和0.29mg/mL;KIS依次为2.80、2.33和0.45mg/mL。结果显示,采用乙醇-乙醚提取的银杏外种皮提取物对酪氨酸酶抑制作用最强。     

八种蜂花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶的二酚氧化活性的抑制作用

本文研究了杏花花粉、茶花花粉、油菜花粉、向日葵花粉、荷花花粉、荞麦花粉、玫瑰花粉、五味子花粉等八种花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶的二酚氧化活性的抑制作用.结果表明这八种花粉醇提物对以L-多巴为底物的酪氨酸酶抑制作用,存在显著性差异.其中向日葵花粉醇提物表现出最好的抑制作用,IC50为(0.303±0.003)mg/mL,五味子花粉醇提物的抑制作用相对较弱,IC50为(1.946±0.045)mg/mL.     

利用丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶和β-酪氨酸酶偶联反应合成L-酪氨酸

本文研究了在5‘-磷酸吡哆醛和四氢叶酸存在条件下,通过丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶和β-酪氨酸酶偶联反应,由甘氨酸、甲醛和酚合成L-酪氨酸的反应条件。重组产气克雷伯氏菌菌株(Klebsiella aerogenes)和草生欧文氏菌(Erwinia her-hicola)(ATCC21434)分别为丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶和β-酪氨酸酶的来源。加入到反应器中的酚和甲醛的量根据反应的需求,应以这些化合物使酶失活降低到最小为准。高浓度的四氢叶酸用来与甲醛形成复合物。整个反应的最适pH为7.0左右,在这个pH范围内甘氨酸对β-酪氨酸酶的抑制作用最小。由于相同原因,有意思地维持甘氨酸的初始浓度在较低水平。反应混合物(500ml)含0.25M甘氨酸,0.5mM 5’-磷酸吡哆醛,0.056Mβ巯-基乙醇,7mM甲氢叶酸及初始酚浓度0.32%,细胞于pH7.0,37℃培养。加入37%的甲醛使反应开始。酚和甲醛的浓度和添加比例应经常检查和调整。反应6小时后的,L-酪氨酸产率77.3%(26.3克/升),甘氨酸转化率6.4%。     

十种蜂花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶的二酚氧化活性抑制作用研究

本实验主要研究了五味子、桃花、蒲公英、山楂、野藿香、山花、黄柏、野玫瑰、黄玫瑰、野菊花十种蜂花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶二酚氧化活性的抑制作用。结果表明：这十种蜂花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶均有明显抑制作用,抑制率随着蜂花粉醇提物浓度的提高而提高。其中野玫瑰、黄柏、蒲公英花粉醇提物对两步催化氧化作用都有较好的抑制作用;五味子和野藿香花粉醇提物对酪氨酸酶二酚氧化活性有较好的抑制作用。     

山奈酚抑制蛋白激酶CK2活性

研究体外以及HL-60细胞内山奈酚对蛋白激酶CK2的抑制作用及机制. 通过测定药物作用后转移到CK2底物上的[γ-32P]ATP的32P的放射性活度, 探讨山奈酚对重组人CK2全酶以及细胞内CK2活性的影响; 采用多重RT-PCR检测CK2α、α' 和 β亚基的mRNA表达水平; 通过 Lineweaver-Burk作图法,分析CK2的酶动力学机制.山奈酚能显著抑制重组人CK2活性（IC50 = 1.88 μmol/L）和HL-60细胞内的CK2活性, 对细胞内CK2的作用效果强于阳性对照四溴-2-氮杂苯并咪唑(TBB). 山奈酚作用2h,对CK2各亚基的mRNA表达水平均没有影响. 山奈酚对重组人CK2的酶动力学分析表明, 山奈酚与ATP(Ki = 1.14 μmol/L)及酪蛋白(Ki = 1.03 μmol/L)均呈非竞争性抑制作用. 结果提示, 山奈酚是一种有效的蛋白激酶CK2的抑制剂, 其作用机制可能与其阻碍CK2与ATP以及底物的结合有关.     

紫玉簪活性甾体皂苷的制备工艺研究

采用HPLC技术,对紫玉簪中具有抑制5α-还原酶、抗白色念珠菌的活性甾体皂苷进行了制备方法研究。经单因素考察、结合正交实验,确定甾体皂苷最佳提取方法为:紫玉簪根加14倍量水,回流提取2次,每次0.5h,得皂苷提取物。进一步经单因素考察,确定最佳纯化方法为:皂苷提取物按1∶20的量上D101大孔树脂柱,径高比为1∶12,先用40%乙醇洗脱10 BV(床体积)除去水溶性杂质后,80%乙醇洗脱12 BV得粗皂苷;粗皂苷再经D101柱层析,50%乙醇洗脱3 BV后,70%乙醇洗脱3 BV即得精制皂苷。所得精制皂苷纯度高、活性好,其中单一甾体皂苷含量即大于50%,具有显著抑制5α-还原酶活性(IC50=17.3μg/m L)以及抗白色念珠菌作用(IC50=29.1μg/m L)。     

紫萼玉簪花总皂苷的纯化及抗肿瘤活性研究

本文旨在研究紫萼玉簪花总皂苷的纯化工艺及抗肿瘤活性。以比吸附量和比洗脱量为指标,筛选大孔树脂型号,进一步优化工艺条件。通过体外实验(MTT法)对紫玉簪花总皂苷进行抗肿瘤活性研究。实验结果显示AB-8型大孔树脂适合富集纯化紫萼玉簪花总皂苷,最佳纯化条件为药材量与树脂用量比小于1∶15,分别用4 BV水和20%乙醇除杂,6 BV 70%乙醇在2 BV·h~(-1)流速下洗脱,在此条件下得到的紫萼玉簪花总皂苷(纯度57.49%)对SGC-7901、MCF-7、HepG-2肿瘤细胞有较强的抑制作用,IC_(50)分别为15.47μg·L~(-1)、28.08μg·L~(-1)、17.37μg·L~(-1),表明具有良好的抗肿瘤活性。     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）酚氧化酶的分离纯化及其部分生物化学性质

以中国对虾 (Penaeuschinensis)的血淋巴为材料 ,利用凝胶过滤和离子交换等方法 ,对酚氧化酶 (phe noloxidase ,E .C .1 .1 0 .3.1 )进行了分离纯化和生物化学性质研究。实验发现 ,酚氧化酶原 (prophenoloxidase)的分子量为 87.5kD左右 ,在实验操作过程中极易发生降解或自身降解 ,变成有活性的大小约 77kD的酚氧化酶 ,1 0g/LSDS可使该酶原全部被激活而成为有活性的酚氧化酶。以L 二羟苯丙氨酸 (L DOPA)为特异性底物对酚氧化酶活性进行研究发现 ,其最适pH值为 6 .0左右 ,最适温度为 4 0℃ ,Km 值约为 1 .99mmol/L。利用多种氧化酶抑制剂对酚氧化酶纯化样品的酶活性进行研究 ,发现抗坏血酸 (ascorbicacid)、半胱氨酸 (cysteine)和二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol)对酚氧化酶活性具有很强的抑制作用 ,硫脲 (thiourea)对酚氧化酶活性也具有较强的抑制作用 ,而酚氧化酶对苯甲酸 (benzoicacid)、柠檬酸 (citricacid)和亚硫酸钠 (sodiumsulfite)不敏感 ,而且该酶对酪氨酸等单酚还具有高特异性的酚氧化酶活性 ,表明它可能是一种酪氨酸酶型的酚氧化酶 ;此外 ,该酶对EDTA和金属离子非常敏感 ,其活性能被Cu2 强烈抑制 ,被Mg2 强烈激活 ,表明该酶很可能是一种金属酶 (metalloenzyme)     

白来亨鸡皮肤中存在酪氨酸酶

酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,EC.1.14.18.1)又称单酚单加氧酶,广泛存在于微生物,动植物及人体中。它是生物体黑素细胞合成黑色素的关键酶,可以催化酪氨酸转变成L-多巴(邻位二     

Gypenoside induces apoptosis in human Hep3B and HA22T tumour cells

The effect of gypenoside, an active component of the Chinese herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb) Makino, on human hepatoma cell lines (Hep3B and HA22T) was investigated. Results demonstrated that gypenoside inhibited the proliferation or viability of the Hep3B and HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner. The Hep3B and HA22T cells treated with gypenoside for 2 days were less DNA stainable and formed a sub-G1 peak. The treated cells increased cell numbers in the A0 region as well as shifting the ordinary S phase to the final S phase (D1 region), and induced a ladder pattern of fragmented DNA of about 200 base pairs. These data suggest that the cell death of the hepatoma cell lines Hep3B and HA22T induced by gypenoside was via apoptosis, and this was confirmed by morphological studies.     

Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase

Gynostemma pentaphyllum is widely used in Asian countries as a herbal medicine to treat dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and inflammation. An ethanol extract of G. pentaphyllum lessened obesity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The levels of damulins A and B, components responsible for AMPK activation in the extract, were increased by autoclaving in a time-dependent manner. Heat-processed G. pentaphyllum extract, actiponin containing damulins A (0.93?%, w/w) and B (0.68?%, w/w), significantly stimulated fat oxidation and glucose uptake via AMPK activation in L6 myotube cells. Oral administration of actiponin to ob/ob mice for 8?weeks decreased body weight gain, liver weight, and blood cholesterol levels with AMPK activation in the soleus muscle. Our results demonstrate the beneficial effect of G. pentaphyllum on improving obesity and have elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms.     

乙烯对绞股蓝皂苷生物合成关键酶基因表达和皂苷含量的影响

以药食两用植物绞股蓝为材料,研究了植物激素乙烯对绞股蓝皂苷生物合成关键酶基因表达及皂苷含量的影响。该文采用荧光定量PCR技术,检测了乙烯利处理后绞股蓝不同器官中皂苷生物合成关键酶基因GpFPS、GpSS和GpSE的表达水平; 采用分光光度法及HPLC技术,测定了乙烯利处理对绞股蓝总皂苷和皂苷单体Rb₁、Rb₃和Rd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)外施乙烯利能够不同程度地上调GpFPS、GpSS和GpSE基因的表达水平,且3个基因的表达模式在不同器官间不同,而在同一器官中相似。(2)在乙烯利处理后3 d,所测各器官中的总皂苷含量与对照相比均有所上升,其中根、成熟叶和幼叶达到显著水平,但3个皂苷单体在不同器官中的增加或降低并不一致,以Rb₃含量最高。该结果为探索利用植物激素调控绞股蓝皂苷次生代谢提供了参考。     

Steady-state kinetics of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase indicate a strong down regulation by products

The kinetic behaviour of myosin light chain kinase isolated from skeletal muscle was studied under steady-state conditions using highly purified phosphorylatable light chains 2 (LC2). Forward reaction, product inhibition, and reverse reaction data indicate a sequential mechanism which can be interpreted best by a rapid-equilibrium random bi-bi reaction model. The forward reaction parameters are KATP = 150 microM, KLC2 = 5.3 microM, and Ki LC2 = 7.6 microM. The enzyme forms a dead-end complex with ADP and light chain 2; Kd, ADP of this complex is 50 microM. The forward reaction is also strongly inhibited by the phosphorylated light chain 2, Ki, LC2P is 1.5 microM. An equilibrium constant Keq of about 70 can be calculated from the kinetic parameters which agrees with the directly measured value of about 60. The role of the two inhibitory mechanisms in the regulation of the enzyme and of the high energy of the light chain phosphate bond as deducible from Keq are discussed.     

Inhibitory effects of cupferron on the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase

Mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is a copper containing oxidase that catalyzes both the hydroxylation of tyrosine into o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols into o-quinones. In the present study, the kinetic assay was performed in air-saturated solutions and the kinetic behavior of this enzyme in the oxidation of L-tyrosine and L-DOPA has been studied. The effects of cupferron on the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase have been studied. The results show that cupferron can inhibit both monophenolase and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. The lag phase of tyrosine oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme was obviously lengthened and the steady-state activity of the enzyme decreased sharply. Cupferron can lead to reversible inhibition of the enzyme, possibly by chelating copper at the active site of the enzyme. The IC(50) value was estimated as 0.52 microM for monophenolase and 0.84 microM for diphenolase. A kinetic analysis shows that the cupferron is a competitive inhibitor for both monophenolase and diphenolase. The apparent inhibition constant for cupferron binding with free enzyme has been determined to be 0.20 microM for monophenolase and 0.48 microM for diphenolase.     

A novel insulin-releasing substance, phanoside, from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino (Cucurbitaceae), a Southeast Asian herb, has been reported to affect numerous activities resulting in antitumor, cholesterol-lowering, immunopotentiating, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects. We have isolated one active compound by ethanol extraction, distribution in n-butyl alcohol/water, solid phase extraction/separation, and several rounds of reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. We have shown by NMR and mass spectrometry that this active compound is a novel saponin, a gypenoside, which we have named phanoside (21-,23-epoxy-,3beta-,20-,21-trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-([alpha-d-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-[beta-d-glycopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta-d-lyxopyranoside)), with a molecular mass of 914.5 Da. Phanoside is a dammarane-type saponin, and four stereoisomers differing in configurations at positions 21 and 23 were identified, each of which were found to stimulate insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. We have also found that the stereoisomers are interconvertible. Dose-dependent insulin-releasing activities at 3.3 and 16.7 mM glucose levels were determined for the racemic mixture containing all four stereoisomers. Phanoside at 500 microM stimulates insulin release in vitro 10-fold at 3.3 mM glucose and potentiates the release almost 4-fold at 16.7 mM glucose. At these glucose levels, 2 microm glibenclamide stimulates insulin release only 2-fold. Interestingly, beta-cell sensitivity to phanoside is higher at 16.7 mM than at 3.3 mM glucose, although insulin responses were significantly increased by phanoside below 125 microM only at high glucose levels. Also when given orally to rats, phanoside (40 and 80 mg/ml) improved glucose tolerance and enhanced plasma insulin levels at hyperglycemia.     

Kinetic characterisation of the reaction mechanism of mushroom tyrosinase on tyramine/dopamine and L-tyrosine methyl esther/L-dopa methyl esther

Tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase is the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis and for the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. Our research group previously proposed a kinetic reaction mechanism for tyrosinase acting on some phenolic substrates, whose reliability was demonstrated for tyrosinases from several fruits and vegetables. A kinetic analysis and an experimental design for testing the reliability of the kinetic reaction mechanism of tyrosinase are reported. The applicability of the mechanism to the oxidation of tyramine/dopamine and L-tyrosine methyl esther/L-dopa methyl esther has been checked. Some structure/activity topics are discussed. A complete kinetic characterisation of the oxidation of these phenolic substrates has been made. This will be useful for further studies about the control of depigmenting agents, antimelanome drugs and antibrowning reagents acting on tyrosinase.     

红树植物桐花树叶片多酚提取物对酪氨酸酶活性抑制及抗自由基和抗菌活性分析

采用超声波辅助-乙酸乙酯提取方法获得桐花树〔Aegiceras corniculatum(Linn.)Blanco〕叶片多酚提取物,研究了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用及其动力学特征,并分析了该提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除作用及其抗菌活性。结果显示:多酚提取物得率约为(122.0±31.4)mg·g-1,提取物中多酚含量约为(521.8±17.2)mg·g-1。该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用呈明显正相关的量效关系,IC50为0.650 g·L-1,与阳性对照槲皮素对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制能力相近;该提取物通过降低酶活性实现对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制,且该抑制作用具有可逆性;随提取物质量浓度的提高酶促反应Km值增大、vm值减小,其动力学特征符合混合Ⅰ型抑制类型;对游离酶的抑制常数Ki为0.833 g·L-1,对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数Kis为1.823 g·L-1,表明该提取物与游离酶的亲和力大于其与酶-底物络合物的亲和力。随质量浓度提高,该提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除率逐渐增大并在0.000~0.600 g·L-1范围内呈明显量效关系,且IC50为0.304 g·L-1,与0.036 g·L-1槲皮素等效,显示该多酚提取物对自由基的清除能力较强。随质量浓度提高,该提取物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的抑菌圈直径均逐渐增大,显示该提取物对3种供试菌均有抑菌作用,最小抑菌浓度均为25 g·L-1。结果表明:通过深入的开发研究,桐花树叶片多酚提取物可作为兼具辅助防腐抑菌功能的新型酪氨酸酶抑制剂。     

Kinetic characterisation of the reaction mechanism of mushroom tyrosinase on tyramine/dopamine and -tyrosine methyl esther/ -dopa methyl esther

Tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase is the key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis and for the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. Our research group previously proposed a kinetic reaction mechanism for tyrosinase acting on some phenolic substrates, whose reliability was demonstrated for tyrosinases from several fruits and vegetables. A kinetic analysis and an experimental design for testing the reliability of the kinetic reaction mechanism of tyrosinase are reported. The applicability of the mechanism to the oxidation of tyramine/dopamine and -tyrosine methyl esther/ -dopa methyl esther has been checked. Some structure/activity topics are discussed. A complete kinetic characterisation of the oxidation of these phenolic substrates has been made. This will be useful for further studies about the control of depigmenting agents, antimelanome drugs and antibrowning reagents acting on tyrosinase.