喜树碱衍生物NCP4在不同种属肝微粒体中代谢稳定性研究

探讨喜树碱衍生物NCP4在人、SD大鼠、beagle犬肝微粒体中的体外代谢稳定性及代谢产物。应用体外肝微粒体孵育体系,采用HPLC-UV-MS(Q-TOF)法,考察NCP4的代谢稳定性,并推断其代谢产物结构。结果显示,NCP4在Beagle犬和人肝微粒体温孵代谢动力学参数T_(l/2)(min)相当,而在SD大鼠肝微粒体温孵的T_(l/2)(min)相差较大;此外,NCP4在SD大鼠肝微粒体中生成m/z[M+Na]~+为502、460、344的代谢产物,在Beagle犬、人肝微粒体中生成m/z[M+Na]~+为388、390、448的代谢产物。结果表明Beagle犬与人肝微粒体温孵体系中NCP4底物的代谢稳定性基本一致,且NCP4在beagle犬与人的肝微粒体代谢产物相同。可以为NCP4临床前安全性评价的实验动物选择提供依据。     

绒毛崖豆藤中一种查尔酮提取物的体内外代谢及药代动力学研究CSCD

采用UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS检测方法,通过比较2,5-二甲氧基呋喃[4″,5″:3,4]查耳酮(1)在体外大鼠、小鼠、恒河猴、Beagle犬和人五个种属肝微粒体体系中孵育0 min和60 min的样品,以及比较静脉注射该化合物及空白的C57小鼠的血浆、粪便、尿液样品,研究其在体内外代谢产物。初步推断孵育后体外代谢产物有M1、M2共2种,体内代谢产物M1、M2、M3、M4、M5共5种,并且M5为M1进一步代谢而来,采用化学合成方法制得代谢产物M1。将大鼠随机分组并给药,于设定的系列时间点取血,采用超高速液相色谱质谱联用(UFLC-MS/MS)检测方法,测定1及M1血药浓度,定量研究该化合物及M1在大鼠体内的变化趋势并计算药代参数。用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,1的C_(max)=405.96μg/L,Tmax=0.083 h,AUC_(0-t)=190.64μg/(L·h),T_(1/2)=3.74 h,M1的C_(max)=281.291μg/L,T_(max)=0.083 h,AUC_(0-t)=561.30μg/(L·h),T_(1/2)=3.01 h。研究结果表明,2,5-二甲氧基呋喃[4″,5″:3,4]查耳酮在体内代谢过程中主要发生了还原、去甲基、开环、加羟基等反应,其中主要代谢产物为M1,并且M1进一步代谢为M5,本研究为揭示其药理药效作用奠定了物质基础。     

精细肝切片技术在药物代谢研究中的应用

一种新兴的生物实验技术—精细肝切片 (ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ -ｃｕｔｌｉｖｅｒｓｌｉｃｅ :ＰＣＬＳ)技术作为介于器官与细胞水平间的实验手段 ,不需用胶原酶 ,切片技术相对简单 ,且保存正常组织结构、细胞联系及细胞极性 (ｐｏｌａｒｉｔｙｏｆｈｅｐａｔｉｃｃｅｌｌ) ,故较其它体外模型更接近在体代谢模式 ,而且在ＲＴ -ＰＣＲ测定ＣＹＰｍＲＮＡ诱导中 ,其诱导时间较肝细胞短得多[1] ,这些优点使它在体外药物及毒物研究中占有相当重要的地位。这种技术还可用于其它多种器官 (如肾、肺、心、脾等 ) [2 ] ;组织来源可以是各种实验动物 ,亦…     

成像质谱在微生物代谢产物研究中的应用

微生物代谢产物的结构和功能多样,对相邻微生物和环境会产生重要影响。传统的天然产物分离方法不能系统全面地监测单一或混合微生物样品中代谢物的合成和释放模式。成像质谱能够同时可视化观察从单一微生物菌落到复杂微生物群落的多个代谢产物的时空分布,可以用于发现重要的生物活性分子,观察微生物菌落的代谢交流,以及跟踪微生物之间相互竞争过程中代谢物的修饰等方面的研究。本文综述了成像质谱在微生物代谢产物研究中的最新进展,展望了该技术的应用前景。     

综述: 代谢重编程在调控肿瘤免疫微环境中的作用

肿瘤免疫治疗的成功揭示了宿主免疫在抵抗癌细胞增殖方面的重要作用以及抗肿瘤免疫治疗的可行性．但是具有免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境仍然是限制肿瘤免疫治疗进展的重要瓶颈．肿瘤微环境会诱发肿瘤细胞代谢发生重编程,此过程会导致肿瘤细胞与宿主免疫细胞竞争利用营养物质,肿瘤细胞来源的代谢产物或废物可通过多种方式影响免疫细胞的激活及效应功能的发挥,最终达到促使肿瘤细胞存活及增殖的目的．因此,本文就微环境条件下肿瘤细胞代谢重编程及其代谢产物对免疫微环境的影响展开讨论,以期为肿瘤免疫治疗提供理论基础及新的思路．     

不同碳源和生长因子条件下粒毛盘菌代谢产物初步研究

采用GC-MS法对一种粒毛盘菌(Lachnum sp.)在不同碳源、生长因子条件下发酵代谢产物的挥发性成分组成与差异进行分析。结果显示,不同碳源和生长因子条件下产生的代谢产物不同,主要包括有机酸、胺类、烷烃类、酯类、醇类、吡咯等物质。分别以20 g/L的葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉为碳源的发酵液中检测到的挥发性代谢产物为7、7、10种;添加1 mg/L的V_C、V_(B1)、甘氨酸、色氨酸作为不同生长因子的发酵液中检测到的挥发性代谢产物分别为6、7、7、12种。结果显示粒毛盘菌YM406发酵代谢产物具有丰富的多样性,并且在不同的培养条件下产生的代谢产物存在一定的差异。     

单菌多次级代谢产物方法及其在微生物代谢产物研究中的应用

微生物次级代谢产物的结构多样性赋予其广泛的生物活性,是药物先导化合物的重要来源。然而传统单一的培养方法,使微生物中大量的代谢途径不能被表达,以至于许多代谢产物不能产生。因此,运用各种技术和方法激活这些沉默途径,获得结构多样的代谢产物已成为目前关注的热点。单菌多次级代谢产物(Onestrainmany compounds,OSMAC)策略作为一种简便有效的研究手段,已成功应用于该领域的研究。本文综述了OSMAC策略中常用的研究手段(包括改变培养状态、混合培养及添加酶抑制剂等),以及OSMAC与基因组扫描技术相结合的研究进展,并介绍了本研究室利用此方法对高产细胞松弛素的海洋来源真菌曲丽穗霉(Spicaria elegans KLA03)进行研究的部分结果。     

高活性厌氧颗粒污泥稳定性及基质代谢和种间氢转移的研究

选择了几种废水形成的厌氧污泥,进行了稳定性、基质代谢及种间氢转移的研究.颗粒化的污泥对盐、pH、酶作用、温度、压力等外界条件影响有一定的抗性,在丙酸代谢中,丙酸对颗粒污泥抑制浓度可达1000mg/L,而絮状污泥在500mg/L就被明显抑制,并比较了两者的最大比产甲烷速率和氢酶活性,在种间氢转移实验中,乙醇对颗粒污泥的抑制浓度比絮状污泥要高,颗粒污泥在各方面的性能都明显优于絮状污泥,还对颗粒污泥的物理特性及保存方式进行了初步研究.     

白皮杉醇苷在大鼠体内外的葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢研究北大核心CSCD

白皮杉醇苷(PG)是藏边大黄中一种天然抗氧化剂,前期研究发现其极易发生代谢。本文主要研究PG在大鼠体内外的葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢特征。SD大鼠经尾静脉注射给予PG(20 mg/kg),采集给药后胆汁样品,采用LC-MS对主要代谢产物进行结构推测。在此基础上,研究大鼠肝微粒体体外温孵体系中PG的葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢,并测定酶促反应动力学参数。实验结果显示SD大鼠经尾静脉注射给予PG,可在胆汁中快速检测到多种PG及其衍生物的葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢产物。在大鼠肝微粒体体外温孵体系中,PG代谢生成两个与体内一致的单葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢物,其葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢的最大反应速率(Vmax)、米氏常数(Km)和肝内清除率CLint(Vmax/Km)分别为10.11 nmol/(min·mg)、0.36 mmol/L和0.028 m L/(min·mg)。PG经静脉途径进入大鼠体内可经肝脏被快速地广泛代谢,葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢是其体内消除的主要途径之一。大鼠肝脏的葡萄糖醛酸转移酶对PG有较强的亲和力,可催化PG发生快速的葡萄糖醛酸结合代谢。     

代谢组学技术在微藻研究中的应用

代谢组学(metabolomics/metabonomics)是系统生物学的重要组成部分之一,主要通过分析生物体受环境刺激、病理生理或基因变异等因素引起的内源性小分子代谢物变化来研究其生理功能与代谢之间的关系,进而揭示代谢物变化背后的代谢调控机制与机理.代谢组学技术具有灵敏度高、选择范围广和分析速度快等特点,逐渐在微藻...     

Identification and comparative oridonin metabolism in different species liver microsomes by using UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS and PCA

Oridonin (ORI) is an active natural ent-kaurene diterpenoid ingredient with notable anti-cancer and anti-inflammation activities. Currently, a strategy was developed to identify metabolites and to assess the metabolic profiles of ORI in vitro using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS). Meanwhile, the metabolism differences of ORI in the liver microsomes of four different species were investigated using a principal component analysis (PCA) based on the metabolite absolute peak area values as the variables. Based on the proposed methods, 27 metabolites were structurally characterized. The results indicate that ORI is universally metabolized in vitro, and the metabolic pathway mainly includes dehydration, hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, and ketone formation. Overall, there are obvious inter-species differences in types and amounts of ORI metabolites in the four species. These results will provide basic data for future pharmacological and toxicological studies of ORI and for other ent-kauranes diterpenoids. Meanwhile, studying the ORI metabolic differences helps to select the proper animal model for further pharmacology and toxicological assessment.     

Proteomics of mouse liver microsomes: Performance of different protein separation workflows for LC‐MS/MS

The mouse liver microsome proteome was investigated using ion trap MS combined with three separation workflows including SDS‐PAGE followed by reverse‐phase LC of in‐gel protein digestions (519 proteins identified); 2‐D LC of protein digestion (1410 proteins); whole protein separation on mRP heat‐stable column followed by 2‐D LC of protein digestions from each fraction (3‐D LC; 3703 proteins). The higher number of proteins identified in the workflow corresponded to the lesser percentage of run‐to‐run reproducibility. Gel‐based method yielded a number of predicted membrane proteins similar to LC‐based workflows.     

Amino acid composition of rat and human liver microsomes in normal and pathological conditions

The amino acid composition of proteins from liver microsomes has been studied in rats and in human subjects with normal liver, with obstructive jaundice or liver cirrhosis. The pattern of the amino acid composition of microsomes appeared to be species-specific. Phenylalanine, threonine, serine, proline, histidine and [aspartic acid plus asparagine] were increased, while alanine, tyrosine, glycine and arginine were decreased in the human compared to the rat microsomes. In patients with obstructive jaundice of short duration (less than two months) only a slight decrease in leucine and phenylalanine could be noticed, while in the case of liver cirrhosis amino acid composition was markedly changed.     

Stereoselective metabolism of benalaxyl in liver microsomes from rat and rabbit

Benalaxyl (BX), methyl‐N‐phenylacetyl‐N‐2,6‐xylyl alaninate, is a potent acylanilide fungicide and consist of a pair of enantiomers. The stereoselective metabolism of BX was investigated in rat and rabbit microsomes in vitro. The degradation kinetics and the enantiomer fraction (EF) were determined using normal high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and a cellulose‐tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase (CDMPC‐CSP). The t_1/2 of (?)‐R‐BX and (+)‐S‐BX in rat liver microsomes were 22.35 and 10.66 min of rac‐BX and 5.42 and 4.03 of BX enantiomers. However, the t_1/2 of (?)‐R‐BX and (+)‐S‐BX in rabbit liver microsomes were 11.75 and 15.26 min of rac‐BX and 5.66 and 9.63 of BX enantiomers. The consequence was consistent with the stereoselective toxicokinetics of BX in vitro. There was no chiral inversion from the (?)‐R‐BX to (+)‐S‐BX or inversion from (+)‐S‐BX to (?)‐R‐BX in both rabbit and rat microsomes. These results suggested metabolism of BX enantiomers was stereoselective in rat and rabbit liver microsomes. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Stereoselective degradation of tebuconazole in rat liver microsomes

The aim of this study was to assess the stereoselectivity of two tebuconazole [(RS)-1-p-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol] enantiomers in in vitro system (rat liver microsomes). The analytes were extracted with acetic ether and concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase. The degradation of rac-tebuconazole (15 μM) followed first-order kinetics, and the degradation of the S-tebuconazole (t(1/2) = 22.31 min) was faster than that of the R-tebuconazole (t(1/2) = 48.76 min), but no significant difference between the enantiomers was found in the respective incubation (7.5 μM for each). Kinetic assays showed that the K(m) was different between the two enantiomers (K(mR) = 14.83 ± 2.19, K(mS) = 12.23 ± 2.72). The interaction results revealed that there was competitive inhibition between S- and R-form, and there was a significant difference between the IC(50) of R- to S-tebuconazole and S- to R-tebuconazole (IC(50R/S)/IC(50S/R) = 4.98).     

Glucuronidation of haloperidol by rat liver microsomes: involvement of family 2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases

The purposes of this study were to develop a HPLC method to assay for haloperidol glucuronide (HALG); to apply this assay method to the in vitro determination of haloperidol (HAL) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme kinetics in rat liver microsomes (RLM); and to identify the UGT isoforms catalyzing glucuronidation of HAL in rats. Incubation of Brij-activated RLM with HAL and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) in TRIS pH 7.4 buffer resulted in the formation of a single peak in the HPLC chromatogram at 270 nm. The identity of this peak was confirmed to be that of HALG by 1) β-glucuronidase hydrolysis; 2) incubation without UDPGA; 3) UV spectral analysis; and 4) LC/MS/MS to yield the expected mass of 552.1. Enzyme kinetic studies using single enzyme Michaelis-Menton model showed an apparent V_max = 271.9 ± 10.1 pmoles min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹ and K_m = 61 ± 7.2 μM. Glucuronidation activity in homozygous Gunn (j/j) rats was approximately 80% as compared to Sprague-Dawley RLM. HALG formation was approximately doubled in PB-induced RLM. There was no increase in glucuronidation activities in 3MC-induced RLM. The Gunn rat and the PB-induced RLM data suggest predominant but not exclusive involvement of the UGT2B family in the formation of HALG. Because the UGTs exhibit overlapping substrate specificities and most substrates are glucuronidated by more than one isoform, inhibition studies with UGT2B1 substrate probe testosterone and the UGT2B12 substrate probe borneol were conducted. UGT2B1 and UGT2B12 exhibited 40% and 90% inhibition of HAL glucuronidation, respectively. Thus, UGT2B12 and UGT 2B1 isoforms are responsible for catalyzing HAL glucuronidation in rats. Our HPLC assay provides a specific and sensitive technique for the measurement of in vitro HAL-UGT activity.     

Vitamin A supplementation inhibits chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat liver microsomes and mitochondria

In the present study we investigated if administration of vitamin A could protect rat liver microsomes and mitochondria from in vitro peroxidation. Appreciable decrease of chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation was measured in microsomal membranes from rats receiving vitamin A, with respect to control animals. In membranes derived from control animals, the fatty acid composition was profoundly modified when subjected to in vitro peroxidation mediated by ascorbate-Fe⁺⁺, with a considerable decrease of 20:4 n6 and 22:6 n3 in mitochondria and 18:2 n6 and 20:4 n6 in microsomes. As a consequence the peroxidizability index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of specific fatty acids was higher in supplemented animals than in control group when both kind of membranes were analyzed. These changes were less pronounced in membranes derived from rats receiving vitamin A. These results are in agreement with previous results that indicated that vitamin A may act as an antioxidant protecting membranes from deleterious effects.Abbreviations BHT butylated hydroxytoluene - BSA bovine serum albumin - CL chemiluminescence - PI peroxidizability index Member of Carrera del Investigador Científico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas de la Republica Argentina     

In vitro desaturation or elongation of monotrans isomers of linoleic acid by rat liver microsomes

Several nutritional studies have shown the in vivo conversion of the 9c,12t-18:2 and 9t,12c-18:2 into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing 20 carbons (geometrical isomers of eicosadienoic and eicosatetraenoic acids). In the present work, some in vitro studies were carried out in order to have precise information on the conversion of these two isomers.In a first set of experiments, studies were focused on the in vitro 6 desaturation, the first regulatory step of the biosynthesis of n-6 long chain PUFA, from 9c,12c-18:2. Rat liver microsomes were prepared and incubated under desaturation conditions with [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12c-18:2 in presence of unlabelled 9c,12t-, 9t,12c- or 9t,12t-18:2. The data show that each trans isomer induced a decrease of the 6 desaturation of the [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12c-18:2, but the 9c,12t-18:2 was the most potent inhibitor (up to 63%). Rat liver microsomes were also incubated with [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12c-18:2, [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12t-18:2 or [1-¹⁴C]-9t,12c-18:2 under desaturation conditions. The results indicated that 18:2 9c,12t is a much better substrate for desaturase than 9t,12c-18:2. Moreover, the conversion levels of [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12t-18:2 was similar to what was observed for its all cis homologue, at low substrate concentration only. In a second set of experiments, in vitro elongation studies of each mono-trans 18:2 isomers and 9c,12c-18:2 were carried out. For that purpose, rat liver microsomes were incubated with [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12c-18:2, [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12t-18:2 or [1-¹⁴C]-9t,12c-18:2 under elongation conditions. The data show that [1-¹⁴C]-9t,12c-18:2 is better elongated than 9c,12c-18:2 while the amount of product formed from [1-¹⁴C]-9c,12t-18:2 was lower than was produced from the 9c,12c-18:2.Thus, the desaturation enzymes presented a higher affinity for the 9c,12t-18:2 whereas the elongation enzyme presented a higher affinity for the 9t,12c-18:2.     

Reversible activation/inactivation of the deacylation/acylation cycle in rat liver microsomes

Rat liver microsomes incorporate [¹⁴C]palmitoyl CoA into membrane phospholipids via the deacylation/acylation cycle. This activity is reversibly inactivated/activated by treatment of the microsomes with ATP, MgCl₂, and 105,000g supernatant or with 105,000g supernatant alone. These observations suggest that the acylation cycle is controlled by a mechanism involving phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. As the pool of lysolecithin in the membranes is not altered by conditions increasing incorporation of palmitoyl CoA into phospholipid, it is probable that the site of regulation of deacylation/acylation is at the acyltransferase rather than the phospholipase.     

Stereoselective metabolism of tetrahydropalmatine enantiomers in rat liver microsomes

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), with one chiral center, is an active alkaloid ingredient in Rhizoma Corydalis. The aim of the present paper is to study whether THP enantiomers are metabolized stereoselectively in rat, mouse, dog, and monkey liver microsomes, and then, to elucidate which Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms are predominately responsible for the stereoselective metabolism of THP enantiomers in rat liver microsomes (RLM). The results demonstrated that (+)-THP was preferentially metabolized by liver microsomes from rats, mice, dogs, and monkeys, and the intrinsic clearance (Cl(int)) ratios of (+)-THP to (-)-THP were 2.66, 2.85, 4.24, and 1.67, respectively. Compared with the metabolism in untreated RLM, the metabolism of (-)-THP and (+)-THP was significantly increased in dexamethasone (Dex)-induced and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF)-induced RLM; meanwhile, the Cl(int) ratios of (+)-THP to (-)-THP in Dex-induced and β-NF-induced RLM were 5.74 and 0.81, respectively. Ketoconazole had stronger inhibitory effect on (+)-THP than (-)-THP, whereas fluvoxamine had stronger effect on (-)-THP in untreated and Dex-induced or β-NF-induced RLM. The results suggested that THP enantiomers were predominately metabolized by CYP3A1/2 and CYP1A2 in RLM, and CYP3A1/2 preferred to metabolize (+)-THP, whereas CYP1A2 preferred (-)-THP.