红毛五加多糖单一组分AHP-Ⅲ对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用及其机制

探讨红毛五加多糖(Acanthopanax giraldii Hams polysaccharide)单一组分AHP-Ⅲ(Acanthopanax giraldii Hams polysaccharideⅢ)对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7的激活作用及机制。不同浓度AHP-Ⅲ作用RAW 264.7细胞,中性红试验检测细胞吞噬能力;ELISA和Griess法检测其IL-6、TNF-α和NO的释放量;RT-qPCR检测iNOS、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA相对表达水平;Western blot检测NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白磷酸化水平。在实验浓度范围内,AHP-Ⅲ可显著增强RAW 264.7细胞的吞噬能力(P<0.05);促进RAW 264.7分泌NO、TNF-α和IL-6(P<0.05或P<0.001);并显著增加RAW 264.7细胞中IL-6、TNF-α和iNOS mRNA的表达量,呈剂量依赖性;Western blot结果表明,AHP-Ⅲ作用RAW 264.7细胞后,NF-κB中的p65、IKKβ、IκBα磷酸化水平明显升高。结果显示红毛五加多糖AHP-Ⅲ对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7具有显著激活作用。     

Fucoidan对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用

目的观察褐藻多糖硫酸酯(Fucoidan)对巨噬细胞RAW264.7体外吞噬活性、细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6分泌,以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达的影响。方法实验分对照组,Fucoidan高、中、低剂量组(浓度分别是200、400和800μg/mL)。药物处理6~48h后,MTT法检测RAW264.7细胞活力;中性红比色法检测细胞吞噬活性;ELISA法检测培养上清中TNF-α和IL-6的分泌水平;实时定量PCR检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达量。结果与对照组相比,Fucoidan显著增强RAW264.7细胞代谢活力和吞噬能力(P0.01),增加TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,上调TLR4的表达,呈剂量依赖关系。结论 Fucoidan可上调TLR4表达,增强巨噬细胞代谢和吞噬活性,增加TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,具有潜在的调节免疫作用。     

灵芝多糖对单核巨噬白血病细胞株的体外作用

目的:研究灵芝多糖对单核巨噬白血病细胞THP-1和RAW264.7的肿瘤生物学活性的影响。方法:用1、50和100μg/ml的灵芝多糖和脂多糖(LPS)刺激THP-1和RAW264.7细胞,CCK-8法测定巨噬细胞的增殖活力、流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡活性、Q-PCR检测细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-12基因、相关凋亡信号通路基因TRADD、TNFSF10、TNFRSR10b、NFκBI、Caspase10和Caspase 3基因的mRNA表达水平。结果:灵芝多糖可以呈反浓度依赖性地刺激两种细胞的增殖,在50和100μg/ml浓度下可引起细胞凋亡,凋亡信号基因TNFRSR10b和NFκBI的mRNA水平在24h升高了53%和48%;在1~100μg/ml浓度下可上调细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-12细胞因子mRNA的表达水平。结论:灵芝多糖对白血病细胞株具有双重作用,在低浓度下促进细胞增殖,而在高剂量时诱导细胞凋亡,均可上调免疫相关细胞因子的表达。     

分枝菌酸诱导巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对细胞自噬的影响

研究分枝菌酸(mycolic acid,MA)诱导的巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对巨噬细胞自噬的影响,探讨MA促巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化的机制。构建LC3真核表达质粒(p EGFP-LC3B),转染RAW264.7细胞后获得其稳定转染细胞株(RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B);用MA诱导RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B获得RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞。实验分为三组:RAW264.7细胞组、RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B细胞组及MA诱导的RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组。通过RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中自噬相关基因Becn1、LC3B的转录水平,Western blot法检测各组细胞自噬标志蛋白LC3B II/I的表达水平。RTPCR检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组的Becn1基因及LC3B基因的转录水平明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组LC3B II/I比值明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。由此可见,当巨噬细胞被MA诱导成为泡沫巨噬细胞后,其自噬功能显著降低。该研究证明,MA可能通过抑制巨噬细胞自噬,引起脂代谢失衡,进而发生巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化。     

HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路对BCG诱导巨噬细胞自噬的影响

【背景】缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha,HIF-1α)是响应细胞低氧反应的关键因子,在红细胞生成、血管形成、能量代谢及调节宿主免疫代谢中发挥着重要作用。【目的】探讨HIF-1α/Bcl-2-腺病毒E1B相互作用蛋白3(Bcl-2-adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3,BNIP3)信号通路对牛分枝杆菌卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7自噬的影响。【方法】构建HIF-1α的小干扰RNA (siHIF-1α),转染RAW 264.7细胞后,结合BCG感染,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞自噬率,用Western blotting或免疫荧光技术检测HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3、Beclin 1、Rheb和mTOR的表达水平。【结果】BCG感染显著上调巨噬细胞中LC3和HIF-1α的表达,用siHIF-1α结合BCG感染后显著下调巨噬细胞中HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3、Beclin 1和细胞自噬率水平,并促进Rheb和p-mTOR的表达。【结论】在BCG感染RAW 264.7细胞过程中,干扰HIF-1α表达抑制了HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路,进而激活了mTOR途径,抑制BCG感染诱导的细胞自噬。     

艾拉莫德(T-614)对巨噬细胞M1型极化的影响

[目的]研究艾拉莫德(T-614)对小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)M1型极化的影响。[方法]细胞毒性实验观察3个浓度(400 g/L,800 g/L,1 200 g/L)的T-614对RAW264.7的影响,使用LPS/IFN-γ诱导RAW264.7发生M1型分化,同时进行T-614干预。流式细胞术检测RAW264.7表面F4/80+CD86+与MHCⅡ+的比例,ELISA检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,RT-PCR检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、MCP-1、CD86和iNOS基因的表达,Western Blot检测细胞中MCP-1、CD86和iNOS蛋白表达水平。[结果]3个浓度T-614对未分化的巨噬细胞没有毒性;高浓度T-614降低M1巨噬细胞表面的F4/80+CD86+与MHCⅡ+比例(P<0.05),降低MCP-1、CD86和iNOS的基因表达水平与蛋白表达水平(P<0.05),降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α基因表达与减少IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量(P<0.05)。[结论]T-614能抑制RAW264.7进行M1型极化,抑制MCP-1、CD86和iNOS的表达,减少IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的形成与分泌。     

RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞与阿萨希毛孢子菌相互作用后TNF-α、IL-1β和CCL3的表达变化

目的研究RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞与T.asahii相互作用后TNF-α,IL-1β和CCL3的表达水平变化。方法RAW264.7细胞与T.asahii菌液共孵育3 h、6 h、9 h、12 h,对照组不加菌液。在各孵育时间点取上清液,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒检测上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β和CCL3的含量。台盼蓝拒染法计各孵育时间点RAW264.7细胞的活细胞数。结果 RAW264.7细胞与T.asahii共孵育3 h、6 h、9 h、12 h后,TNF-α、IL-1β、CCL3的表达水平均明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P0.05)。3种细胞因子的表达水平随共孵育时间延长而增高,共孵育9 h的表达水平最高。RAW264.7细胞的活细胞数随共孵育时间延长而逐渐下降,共孵育12 h后的活细胞数量与其他各时间点有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞面临T.asahii感染时可分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、CCL3等细胞因子,这些炎性细胞因子可能参与了抗T.asahii感染的免疫反应。     

短链脂肪酸作用下伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制的探讨

目的了解短链脂肪酸(SCFA)作用伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制。方法将SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌感染巨噬细胞8 h后,检测TNF-α、caspase3、caspase8、caspase9及NO的产生量,同时检测加入caspase3、caspase8、caspase9抑制剂和TNF-α抗体后的细胞凋亡率。结果作用8 h后caspase3、caspase8及NO、TNF-α的产生量均高于对照组(P0.01)。caspase3、caspase8抑制剂和TNF-α抗体均能不同程度抑制SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡(P0.01)。结论 SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡可以通过NO及TNF-α介导,caspase3和caspase8参与的外源性凋亡途迳。     

HSV Us3蛋白激酶对巨噬细胞生物学活性和凋亡的影响研究

为探讨单纯疱疹病毒Us3基因及其编码产物对LPS活化的巨噬细胞生物学活性和凋亡的影响,小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW246.7细胞瞬时转染pcDNA3.1(+)-Us3重组质粒并体外培养。利用免疫荧光技术检测转染率,ELISA方法检测培养上清中TNF-α分泌水平,Annexin-V染色评价转染细胞凋亡情况。结果发现,pcDNA3.1(+)-Us3重组质粒可成功转染至RAW246.7细胞,转染率为10.3%。与空质粒转染组相比,pcDNA3.1(+)-Us3转染细胞培养上清中TNF-α分泌水平明显升高,但凋亡细胞数量略有下降,证实Us3基因及其编码蛋白在调控巨噬细胞细胞因子分泌活性及其活化细胞凋亡方面发挥一定作用。     

人羊膜上皮细胞对脂多糖刺激下的RAW264.7 细胞向M1 极化的预防作 用及其初步作用机制

目的:本实验探讨人羊膜上皮细胞(human amniotic epithelial cells,h AECs)预防RAW264.7细胞在脂多糖(LPS)刺激后向M1极化的作用以及可能机制。方法:采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,划痕实验检测细胞迁移,ELISA检测细胞释放NO浓度,Real-time PCR检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、精氨酸酶1(arginase-1,Agr-1)及甘露糖受体(mannose receptor,MR又称CD206)等基因表达情况,Western blotting检测RAW264.7胞质蛋白p-IκBα以及胞核蛋白NF-κB的表达。结果:RAW264.7培养基组与h AECs条件培养基干预组的凋亡率分别为5.68%±2.3%、6.68%±2.1%(p0.05)。LPS刺激组与h AECs条件培养基干预组两组的迁移率分别为42.03±0.07%、14.71±0.04%(p0.05);LPS刺激组与h AECs干预组两组NO释放量分别为27.73±10μM、13.33±6.43μM(p0.05);Real Time-PCR结果显示,h AECs干预组M1型巨噬细胞相关基因如IL-1β、TNF-α、iNOS以及INF-β的表达显著下调,M2型巨噬细胞相关基因如Arg-1、CD206、CD36等表达上调(p0.01)。Western blotting结果显示,hAECs干预组RAW264.7中胞质蛋白p-IκBа以及胞核蛋白NF-κB的蛋白含量降低。结论:h AECs与RAW264.7预培养能有效预防LPS刺激下RAW264.7向M1极化,其机制可能是通过抑制IκBα蛋白磷酸化来降低核内NF-κB的含量,从而抑制了M1型相关基因的表达。     

黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的RAW264.7细胞向M1型极化的影响,并初步探索其可能的作用机制.方法:分别采用马兜铃酸和脂多糖(LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24h,伴或不伴黄芪甲苷进行药物干预处理.采用细胞计数检测试剂盒-8(CCK8)检测细胞活性变化,流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞分型,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA...     

Ceramide synthase 6 plays a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Ceramides are mediators of apoptosis and inflammatory processes. In an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, we observed a significant elevation of C(16:0)-Cer in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE mice. This was caused by a transiently increased expression of ceramide synthase (CerS) 6 in monocytes/macrophages and astroglia. Notably, this corresponds to the clinical finding that C(16:0)-Cer levels were increased 1.9-fold in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. NO and TNF-α secreted by IFN-γ-activated macrophages play an essential role in the development of MS. In murine peritoneal and mouse-derived RAW 264.7 macrophages, IFN-γ-mediated expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)/TNF-α and NO/TNF-α release depends on upregulation of CerS6/C(16:0)-Cer. Downregulation of CerS6 by RNA interference or endogenous upregulation of C(16:0)-Cer mediated by palmitic acid in RAW 264.7 macrophages led to a significant reduction or increase in NO/TNF-α release, respectively. EAE/IFN-γ knockout mice showed a significant delay in disease onset accompanied by a significantly less pronounced increase in CerS6/C(16:0)-Cer, iNOS, and TNF-α compared with EAE/wild-type mice. Treatment of EAE mice with l-cycloserine prevented the increase in C(16:0)-Cer and iNOS/TNF-α expression and caused a remission of the disease. In conclusion, CerS6 plays a critical role in the onset of MS, most likely by regulating NO and TNF-α synthesis. CerS6 may represent a new target for the inhibition of inflammatory processes promoting MS development.     

广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节作用受体TLR4和TLR2的影响

确定广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用受体,探索广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖的免疫调节机制。采用MTT法测定不同浓度广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖活力的影响,筛选出促进巨噬细胞增殖能力最强的浓度。用筛选出的β-D-葡聚糖浓度作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7;TLR4抗体和TLR2抗体分别作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7 1h,再用含有β-D-葡聚糖的细胞培养液培养。收集细胞培养上清和细胞,检测细胞培养上清中NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量;提取细胞内总RNA,采用RT-PCR测定巨噬细胞TLR4 mRNA表达量;提取巨噬细胞总蛋白,采用蛋白免疫印迹western blot测定TLR4的蛋白表达。广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖能够促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖,增加NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量,提高TLR4 mRNA表达和蛋白表达,差异极显著（P<0.01）。TLR4抗体作用细胞后,NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量明显下降,差异极显著（P<0.01）。TLR2抗体作用细胞后,NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量下降,但差异不显著。广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖可以通过细胞表面受体TLR4激活信号转导通路,增强下游细胞因子的释放,从而调节巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫功能。TLR2可能不是广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖的免疫受体。     

Inhibitory effect of caveolin-1 on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in macrophages via p38 MAPK pathway

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in macrophage-rich areas of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and contributes to macrophage apoptosis and subsequent plaque necrosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) on ER stress-induced apoptosis in cultured macrophages and the underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with thapsigargin (TG) to establish ER stress model. And Cav-1 expression was detected by Western blot. After being pretreated with filipin(III), a caveolae inhibitor, RAW264.7 cells were assayed with flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy to detect cell apoptosis. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression were detected with Western blot. The results showed that Cav-1 expression was markedly increased at early stage of TG treatment (P < 0.05) and then decreased with prolonged or high dose TG treatments. The increasing of Cav-1 expression induced by TG in RAW264.7 cells was abolished under inhibition of caveolae by filipin(III) (P < 0.05). The effect of TG on apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells was further augmented after pretreatment with filipin(III) (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that MAPK phosphorylation induced by TG was inhibited by filipin(III) in RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05), whereas CHOP remained unchanged (P > 0.05). These results suggest that Cav-1 may play a critical role in suppressing ER stress-induced macrophages apoptosis in vitro, and one of the mechanisms may be correlated with the activation of p38 MAPK prosurvival pathway.     

Molecular mechanism for adiponectin-dependent M2 macrophage polarization: link between the metabolic and innate immune activity of full-length adiponectin

The anti-inflammatory effects of globular adiponectin (gAcrp) are mediated by IL-10/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)-dependent pathways. Although full-length (flAcrp) adiponectin also suppresses LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling, its signaling mechanisms are not yet understood. The aim of this study was to examine the differential mechanisms by which gAcrp and flAcrp suppress pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Chronic ethanol feeding increased LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression by Kupffer cells, associated with a shift to an M1 macrophage polarization. Both gAcrp and flAcrp suppressed TNF-α expression in Kupffer cells; however, only the effect of gAcrp was dependent on IL-10. Similarly, inhibition of HO-1 activity or siRNA knockdown of HO-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages only partially attenuated the suppressive effects of flAcrp on MyD88-dependent and -independent cytokine signatures. Instead, flAcrp, acting via the adiponectin R2 receptor, potently shifted the polarization of Kupffer cells and RAW264.7 macrophages to an M2 phenotype. gAcrp, acting via the adiponectin R1 receptor, was much less effective at eliciting an M2 pattern of gene expression. M2 polarization was also partially dependent on AMP-activated kinase. flAcrp polarized RAW264.7 macrophages to an M2 phenotype in an IL-4/STAT6-dependent mechanism. flAcrp also increased the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages, similar to the effect of flAcrp on hepatocytes. In summary, these data demonstrate that gAcrp and flAcrp utilize differential signaling strategies to decrease the sensitivity of macrophages to activation by TLR4 ligands, with flAcrp utilizing an IL-4/STAT6-dependent mechanism to shift macrophage polarization to the M2/anti-inflammatory phenotype.     

NODs信号通路在RAW264.7细胞抗烟曲霉菌刺激中的作用

【目的】通过培养RAW264.7细胞,并运用siRNA沉默NOD2基因来研究NODs信号通路在体外抗烟曲霉中的作用。【方法】体外培养RAW264.7细胞,接种2×105个/孔细胞于六孔板中,分为正常对照组(N)和正常沉默组[NOD2(RNAi),正常+烟曲霉孢子刺激组(N+Af)和正常沉默+烟曲霉孢子刺激组[NOD2(RNAi)+Af],每组三复孔。通过RT-PCR法检测细胞中NOD1、NOD2、RIP2 mRNA表达;Western blot法检测细胞中分泌蛋白TNF-α表达。【结果】与N组比较,N+Af组NOD1、NOD2 mRNA和TNF-α蛋白表达显著上升。与阴性对照组(Nctrol)相比,NOD2(RNAi)组NOD2 mRNA表达明显受到抑制,沉默效果达到80%以上,说明RAW264.7细胞中NOD2基因被成功沉默。与NOD2(RNAi)组比较,NOD2(RNAi)+Af组NOD1、RIP2 mRNA和TNF-α蛋白表达小幅上升,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与NOD2基因沉默前比较发现:与N组比较,NOD2(RNAi)组,TNF-α蛋白表达显著性升高(P<0.05)。与N+Af组比较,NOD2(RNAi)+Af组,TNF-α蛋白显著性降低(P<0.05);NOD1、RIP2 mRNA在各组中表达均未见显著性差异。【结论】NODs信号通路在RAW264.7细胞抗烟曲霉中发挥作用,尤以NOD2的作用较突出。     

Autocrine abscisic acid plays a key role in quartz-induced macrophage activation

Inhalation of quartz induces silicosis, a lung disease where alveolar macrophages release inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Here we report the pivotal role of abscisic acid (ABA), a recently discovered human inflammatory hormone, in silica-induced activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages and of rat alveolar macrophages (AMs). Stimulation of both RAW264.7 cells and AMs with quartz induced a significant increase of ABA release (5- and 10-fold, respectively), compared to untreated cells. In RAW264.7 cells, autocrine ABA released after quartz stimulation sequentially activates the plasma membrane receptor LANCL2 and NADPH oxidase, generating a Ca(2+) influx resulting in NFκ B nuclear translocation and PGE(2) and TNF-α release (3-, 2-, and 3.5-fold increase, respectively, compared to control, unstimulated cells). Quartz-stimulated RAW264.7 cells silenced for LANCL2 or preincubated with a monoclonal antibody against ABA show an almost complete inhibition of NFκ B nuclear translocation and PGE(2) and TNF-α release compared to controls electroporated with a scramble oligonucleotide or preincubated with an unrelated antibody. AMs showed similar early and late ABA-induced responses as RAW264.7 cells. These findings identify ABA and LANCL2 as key mediators in quartz-induced inflammation, providing possible new targets for antisilicotic therapy.     

绝经后骨质疏松症TNF-α通过激活NF-κB促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成

本研究检测了绝经后骨质疏松症妇女的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和雌激素水平,并探讨了TNF-α对破骨前体细胞RAW264.7中破骨细胞标志物核因子κB受体激活因子(nuclear factor kappa-B, RANK)、组织蛋白酶K (Cathepsin K, CTSK)和凝血酶受体激活肽(thrombin receptor activating peptide, TRAP)以及核因子-κB (NF-κB)亚基(p65)和NF-κB抑制蛋白(IκBα)的影响。研究结果表明,绝经后骨质疏松症患者的TNF-α水平显著升高,而雌二醇水平显著降低。核因子κB受体激活因子配体(receptor activator for NF-κBligand, RANKL)处理1周后,破骨前体细胞RAW264.7中破骨细胞标志物RANK、CTSK和TRAP的mRNA和蛋白高度表达。与RANKL对照组相比,TNF-α处理可上调RANK、CTSK和TRAP m RNA的表达。但是,仅TNF-α不能诱导培养的RAW264.7细胞分化为破骨细胞成。TNF-α以剂量依赖性方式诱导NF-κB亚基p65和IκBα磷酸化,而NF-κB抑制剂处理则有效降低了RANK和TRAP的表达。本研究结论表明,绝经后骨质疏松症中TNF-α通过激活NF-κB来促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成。     

Retracted: TNF-α–TNFR signal pathway inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis of alveolar macrophages in coal worker's pneumoconiosis

Objective : Exposure to coal dust causes the development of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), which is associated with accumulating macrophages in the lower respiratory tract. This study was performed to investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signal pathway on autophagy and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in CWP. Methods: AMs from controls exposed to coal dust and CWP patients were collected, in which expressions of TNF-α and TNFR1 were determined. Autophagy was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and apoptosis by light microscope and using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. AMs in CWP patients were treated with TNF-α or anti-TNF-α antibody. Besides, expressions of autophagy marker proteins, apoptosis-related factors, FAS, caspase-8, and receptor-interacting serine–threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) were determined by western Blot. Activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were determined by a fluorescence kit. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the expression of TNFR1 on the surface of the AM. Results: TNF-α expression and TNFR1 expression on the surface of AM, as well as autophagy and apoptotic index were significantly increased in AMs of CWP patients. In response to the treatment of TNF-α, TNF-α expression and TNFR1 expression on the surface of AM as well as LC3I expression were increased, autophagy was decreased, and LC3, LC3II, Beclin1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expressions decreased, whereas FAS expression and activity and expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 increased, and apoptotic index increased. Moreover, the situations were reversed with the treatment of anti-TNF-α antibody. Conclusion: TNF-α–TNFR signal pathway was involved in the occurrence and development of CWP by activating FAS–caspase-8 and thus inhibiting autophagy while promoting apoptosis of AM.