UPLC同时测定杜仲中6种有效成分的含量

建立UPLC同时测定杜仲药材中桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸、京尼平苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的分析方法。以Waters BET C18(2.1×150 mm,1.7μm)为色谱柱,0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液-0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为205 nm,流速0.25 m L/min,柱温45℃。在该色谱条件下,杜仲中的六种有效成分能得到较好的分离,方法的加样回收率为96.92%~101.01%,RSD3%。39批杜仲药材中六个被测成分的总含量0.4406%~4.2282%,差异较大。该方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于杜仲中桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸、京尼平苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的含量测定,为杜仲的质量控制研究提供依据。     

基于HPLC指纹图谱及网络药理学的杜仲质量标志物预测分析

通过建立杜仲不同部位HPLC指纹图谱分析方法,结合网络药理学预测杜仲潜在质量标志物。基于中药质量标志物(Q-Marker)的理论依据,结合指纹图谱和网络药理学对杜仲Q-Marker进行初步预测分析,对63批杜仲不同部位样品进行相似度评价,同时分别进行主成分分析(PCA)及偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA);通过网络药理学筛选杜仲相关成分的靶点和通路,构建“成分-靶点-通路”网络图,预测杜仲的Q-Marker。本研究建立了63批杜仲不同部位的指纹图谱,相似度均大于0.900,经筛选得到8个化合物,173个靶点,包括PIK3R1、HRAS、AKT1、EGFR、SRC等11个核心靶点,涉及氨代谢、癌症通路、脂质和动脉粥样硬化、癌症蛋白聚糖、PI3K-Akt信号通路、卵巢类固醇生成等主要通路,并构建成分-靶点-通路图。预测绿原酸、芦丁、京尼平苷为杜仲叶潜在Q-Marker,桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷为杜仲皮潜在Q-Marker,京尼平苷酸、京尼平苷、桃叶珊瑚苷为杜仲雄花潜在Q-Marker,将绿原酸、京尼平苷酸、桃叶珊瑚苷为杜仲果荚潜在Q-Marker。     

水提取杜仲鲜皮活性成分工艺研究

以杜仲鲜皮作为原料,水为提取溶剂,采用单因素实验方法探讨料液比(1:5~1:60 g·mL~(-1))、提取时间(10~120 min)和提取温度(30~90℃)对杜仲皮总固形物得率及活性成分提取率的影响,并确定单因素实验最佳提取工艺为:料液比1:20,提取时间60 min,提取温度60℃。此条件下,总固形物得率为11.61%,其中活性成分绿原酸得率为0.073%,桃叶珊瑚苷得率为0.704%,京尼平苷得率为0.122%,松脂醇二葡萄糖苷得率为0.108%。水提取杜仲皮成分,方法简单,无环境污染和溶剂回收问题,本文为杜仲鲜皮活性成分提取和开发利用提供的实验依据。     

杜仲叶片6种主要活性成分的遗传变异研究

该研究采用方差分析、相关性分析和聚类分析等方法,对105份杜仲种质资源叶片6种主要活性成分含量进行比较分析,探讨其遗传变异特征,为叶用杜仲的良种选育及开发利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)不同种质间杜仲叶片6种活性成分含量的变异程度不同,异槲皮苷含量变异系数(34.42%)最大,变异幅度为1.16~6.92mg·g~(-1),总黄酮变异系数(19.35%)最低,变异幅度为6.70~22.53mg·g~(-1);6种活性成分多样性指数较高,均在2.0以上;不同种质间杜仲叶6种活性成分含量差异性均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。(2)不同地理来源间杜仲叶片的绿原酸、京尼平苷酸、车叶草苷、异槲皮苷和总黄酮含量存在显著差异。(3)相关性分析表明,3种环烯醚萜类化合物桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸及车叶草苷的含量间呈极显著正相关关系;绿原酸与桃叶珊瑚苷、车叶草苷、异槲皮苷、总黄酮间呈极显著正相关关系;总黄酮与异槲皮苷呈极显著正相关关系。(4)根据杜仲叶片6种活性成分的含量聚类,将杜仲种质资源分为4大类群,其中类群Ⅳ为高含量类群,可为优良叶用杜仲资源筛选提供参考。研究表明,杜仲种质资源叶片主要活性成分存在较大变异,表现出丰富的多样性。     

栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量的影响

采用叶林和乔林两种栽培模式对杜仲定向培育,并分别对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量进行了测定.结果表明:在不同的栽培模式下,杜仲皮中次生代谢物的含量存在差异,杜仲醇和杜仲胶的含量,乔林皮高于叶林皮;京尼平甙酸、绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙的含量则是叶林皮高于乔林皮;总黄酮的含量随提取溶剂的不同而有高有低.对杜仲皮进行不同的预处理和选用不同的提取溶剂,能改变提取得率,但是,叶林皮与乔林皮次生代谢物含量变化趋势基本不变,说明栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物有一定影响.     

杜仲叶中多酚类化合物含量与主要生态因子的相关性研究

本文考察了杜仲叶中总多酚、黄酮、绿原酸等多酚类化合物及京尼平苷酸、桃叶珊瑚苷含量等活性成分与其生态因子的相关性。利用聚类分析、主成分分析、相关分析、排序等统计方法进行分析,结果表明温度及蒸发量在杜仲叶中多酚类化合物等次生代谢物形成中起决定性作用,在一定范围内,温度及蒸发量越高越有利于杜仲叶中多酚类化合物及京尼平苷酸、桃叶珊瑚苷的累积;土壤中有效态铁、锌、锰含量及p H与多酚类化合物含量成正相关。在实践生产中可以通过适当选择高温度,提高蒸发量的地段,增施铁、锌、锰、硼肥料,适当调节土壤p H等农艺措施,提高杜仲叶中多酚类化合物等次生代谢物含量。     

金银花不同提取方法的绿原酸比较研究

本文采用了水提法、水提醇沉法、酶解法、醇提法对金银花进行提取,并用紫外分光光度法来测定提取物中绿原酸的含量,依此来比较各种方法的优劣。由实验结果可得：以绿原酸作为指标来考察各种方法的优劣,尤以醇提法较好,绿原酸的含量可达到15.28%;以提取物的得率为指标来考察,以酶解法为最好,提取物的得率可达到37.91%。     

不同品种杜仲叶中有效成分含量差异性研究

对杜仲不同品种叶中有效成分及杜仲胶含量进行了测定,并用方差分析及多重比较方法进行了分析比较,认为品种2主要有效成分绿原酸、京尼平甙酸、桃叶珊瑚甙、总黄酮的含量最高,在1％显著水平上,品种2绿原酸含量与品种3、4、5有显著差异,1、3、4、5品种间没有显著差异,京尼平甙酸和总黄酮含量与品种1、3、4、5间有显著差异,桃叶珊瑚甙含量在品种1、2、3、4、5之间都有显著差异;品种1和品种2的含胶量较高,在1％显著水平上,品种1含胶量与品种3、4、5间差异极显著,品种2与品种3、4、5间差异极显著,这两个结论为药用和胶用型优良品种选择提供了依据。     

短周期叶用林模式下不同杜仲无性系枝皮化学成分分析CSCD

探究短周期叶用林模式下不同杜仲无性系枝皮的化学成分及含量特征,为叶用林杜仲枝皮质量控制以及合理利用提供基础依据。采用HPLC、HS-SPME-GC-MS分析技术分别对8个杜仲无性系枝皮的主要活性成分、挥发性成分进行测定,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究其指纹图谱。结果显示,环烯醚萜类物质桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸和京尼平苷在杜仲枝皮中含量较高,各活性成分含量在8个无性系间存在显著差异。在8个杜仲无性系枝皮中分离鉴定出酯类、醇类、醛类、萜类、酮类、内酯、烯类7大类70种挥发物质成分,其中,醇、醛、酯类是杜仲枝皮的主要挥发物质成分。萜类物质异植物醇在无性系EU2、EU5以及EU8中相对含量均最高,分别占7.24%、9.40%、6.35%。主成分分析表明在PC1上对无性系EU1、EU4、EU5有贡献的活性成分主要是环烯醚萜类物质。将8个杜仲无性系划分为3组,其中I组包含无性系EU1、EU4、EU5,II组包含EU3、EU4,III组包含EU2、EU6、EU8,并通过PLS-DA筛选出22种差异挥发物质成分,其主要为酯类挥发性成分。EU1、EU4和EU5无性系在1 053 cm^(-1)处具有较强的红外吸收峰。本研究为今后杜仲叶用林开发利用提供了参考依据。     

杜仲中环烯醚萜类化合物的提取工艺研究

本文研究了杜仲中具有生物活性的环烯醚萜类化合物的最佳提取工艺。采用正交设计表L16(4^5),以提取时间、提取温度、提取次数、提取剂A的浓度及料液比为因素进行实验优化。桃叶珊瑚甙的含量由分光光度法测得,京尼平甙酸和京尼平甙的含量通过高效液相色谱法测定。根据试验结果,提取桃叶珊瑚甙的最佳工艺是：70℃下提取三次,每次0．5小时,溶剂A的浓度为80％,料液比为1：12。而京尼平甙和京尼平甙酸的最佳提取工艺为：在70℃下提取一次,提取时间为1小时,溶剂A的浓度为50％,料液比也为1：12。在此工艺条件下,选取了较佳的提取原料。实验表明在实际应用中,应根据提取目标和原材料选择较好的提取工艺。     

Depolymerization of high-molecular-weight chitosan by the enzyme preparation Celloviridine G20x

A low-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan was obtained from high-molecular-weight crab chitosan using the enzyme preparation Celloviridine G20x. Optimum conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis were designed. The reaction should be performed for 4 h in a sodium-acetate buffer (pH 5.2) at 55 degrees C and the enzyme to substrate ratio of 1:400. Fractional extraction of chitosan hydrolysate by aqueous ethanol (ethanol: distilled water) yielded fractions with molecular weights in the range 3.2-26.4 kDa.     

Depolymerization of High-Molecular-Weight Chitosan by the Enzyme Preparation Celloviridine G20x

A low-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan was obtained from high-molecular-weight crab chitosan using the enzyme preparation Celloviridine G20x. Optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were designed. The reaction should be performed for 4 h in a sodium-acetate buffer (pH 5.2) at 55°C and an enzyme to substrate ratio of 1 : 400. Fractional extraction of chitosan hydrolysate by aqueous ethanol (ethanol:distilled water) yielded fractions with molecular weights in the range 3.2–26.4 kDa.     

A Durable Nissl Stain for Frozen and Paraffin Sections

Frozen sections, 25-50 /j. thick, of formalin-fixed nervous tissues are mounted following the Albrecht gelatin technic. Paraffin sections, 15 p., are deparaffinized and transferred to absolute ethanol. The slides are then coated with celloidin. Both frozen and paraffin sections subsequently follow the same steps: absolute ethanol-chloroform (equal parts) for at least 20 min, 95% ethanol, 70% ethanol (1-3 min), then rinsed in distilled water. Sections are stained in Cresylechtviolett (Chroma) 0.5% aqueous solution containing 4 drops of glacial acetic acid per 100 ml, rinsed in distilled water, agitated in 70% ethanol until excess stain leaves the slide, and rinsed in 95% ethanol. Sections are then dehydrated in absolute ethanol, followed by butanol, cleared in xylene, and enclosed in permount.     

沈农一号马齿苋的多糖提取方法研究

分别采用热水法、低级醇法和酶法从沈农一号马齿苋中提取有效成分多糖并测定其含量。结果表明,酶法的浸提效果要优于热水法和低级醇法,提取率提高约10%。本实验首次运用纤维素酶辅助提取马齿苋多糖,收率提高。     

Yellow Mealworm Protein for Food Purposes - Extraction and Functional Properties

A protocol for extraction of yellow mealworm larvae proteins was established, conditions were evaluated and the resulting protein extract was characterised. The freeze-dried yellow mealworm larvae contained around 33% fat, 51% crude protein and 43% true protein on a dry matter basis. The true protein content of the protein extract was about 75%, with an extraction rate of 70% under optimised extraction conditions using 0.25 M NaOH, a NaOH solution:ethanol defatted worm ratio of 15:1 mL/g, 40°C for 1 h and extraction twice. The protein extract was a good source of essential amino acids. The lowest protein solubility in distilled water solution was found between pH 4 and 5, and increased with either increasing or decreasing pH. Lower solubility was observed in 0.5 M NaCl solution compared with distilled water. The rheological tests indicated that temperature, sample concentration, addition of salt and enzyme, incubation time and pH alterations influenced the elastic modulus of yellow mealworm protein extract (YMPE). These results demonstrate that the functional properties of YMPE can be modified for different food applications.     

水酶法提取紫苏籽油脂工艺

采用中心组合设计(CCD)-响应面(RSM)优化紫苏籽油脂的水酶法提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上采用中心组合设计方法,研究了酶的种类、酶解温度、pH、液(mL)固(g)比、加酶量、以及时间相互作用对紫苏油脂提取率的影响。结果显示,拟合得到方程显著,确定的紫苏油脂提取最优条件为:碱性蛋白酶在pH9.5条件下液(mL)固(g)比9.97∶1、加酶量2.75%、温度56.1℃、时间5.25h,该条件下紫苏油脂的提取率可达到37.65%,与理论值38.3%十分接近,建立的模型真实可靠,确定了紫苏油脂的最佳提取工艺。经气相色谱检测紫苏籽油中含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸等脂肪酸,水酶法提取紫苏油脂的α-亚麻酸相对含量最高67.9%,且相对溶剂法及冷榨法理化指标最好。     

A Protargol Method for Staining Nerve Fibers in Frozen or Celloidin Sections

Extensive experimentation with protargol staining of neurons in celloidin and frozen sections of organs has resulted in the following technic: Fix tissue in 10% aqueous formalin. Cut celloidin sections IS to 25 μ, frozen sections 25 to 40 μ. Place sections for 24 hours in 50% alcohol to which 1% by volume of NH₄OH has been added. Transfer the sections directly into a 1% aqueous solution of protargol, containing 0.2 to 0.3 g. of electrolytic copper foil which has been coated with a 0.5% solution of celloidin, and allow to stand for 6 to 8 hours at 37° C. Caution: In this and the succeeding step the sections must not be allowed to come in contact with the copper. From aqueous protargol, place the sections for 24 to 48 hours at 37° C. directly into a pyridinated solution of alcoholic protargol (1.0% aqueous solution protargol, 50 ml.; 95% alcohol, 50 ml.; pyridine, 0.5 to 2.0 ml.), containing 0.2 to 0.3 g. of coated copper. Rinse briefly in 50% alcohol and reduce 10 min. in an alkaline hydroquinone reducer (H₃BO₃, 1.4 g.; Na₂SO₃, anhydrous, 2.0 g.; hydroquinone, 0.3 g.; distilled water, 85 cc; acetone, 15 ml.). Wash thoroly in water and tone for 10 min. in 0.2% aqueous gold chloride, acidified with acetic acid. Wash in distilled water and reduce for 1 to 3 min. in 2% aqueous oxalic acid. Quickly rinse in distilled water and treat the sections 3 to 5 min. with 5% aqueous Na₂S₂O₃+5H₂O. Wash in water and stain overnight in Einarson's gallocyanin. Wash thoroly in water and place in 5% aqueous phosphotungstic acid for 30 min. From phosphotungstic acid transfer directly to a dilution (stock solution, 20 ml.; distilled water, 30 ml.) of the following stock staining solution: anilin blue, 0.01 g.; fast green FCF, 0.5 g.; orange G, 2.0 g.; distilled water, 92.0 ml.; glacial acetic acid, 8 ml.) and stain for 1 hour. Differentiate with 70% and 95% alcohol; pass the sections thru butyl alcohol and cedar oil; mount.     

Superheated water extraction of essential oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)

Introduction – Superheated water extraction (SHWE) potentially provides an environmentally friendly and clean extraction technique which uses a minimum or no organic solvent. The scope and limitations of the technique have still to be fully explored. Objective – To investigate the application of SHWE to cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L.) bark and leaves as typical plant materials to determine if this extraction method can yield a higher quality oil. Methodology – Samples of cinnamon bark or leaves were extracted at 200°C with water under pressure. The essential oils were obtained from the aqueous solution using a solid phase extraction cartridge and were then examined by GC‐MS. Results – Using superheated water extraction, cinnamon bark oil with over 80% cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon leaf oil containing up to 98% eugenol were obtained. Alternative solvent extraction methods were also studied but led to emulsion formation apparently because of the presence of cellulose breakdown products. Conclusion – Superheated water extraction offers a cheap, environmentally friendly technique with a shorter extraction time than hydrodistillation and yielded a higher quality oil with a higher proportion of eugenol than hydrodistillation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reconstruction of lignin and hemicelluloses by aqueous ethanol anti‐solvents to improve the ionic liquid‐acid pretreatment performance of Arundo donax Linn

Ionic liquid (IL)‐acid pretreatment is known to not only enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose but also to generate deposits on the surface of fiber by conventional water regeneration, which retard the increment. In this study, ethanol aqueous solution regeneration was developed as a new method to change the substrates characteristics for IL‐acid pretreatment and their effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated. Following the IL‐acid reaction, the biomass slurry was subjected to ethanol aqueous solution at various concentration. Results indicated that anti‐solvent choice significantly influenced the reconstruction of both hemicelluloses and lignin as a result of the competition between water and ethanol. The partial removal of hemicelluloses and suitable lignin re‐localization contributed to a more porous structure. Consequently, the cellulose digestibility of aqueous ethanol regenerated samples was dramatically enhanced to ～100% and approximately 11‐ and 2‐fold higher than that of untreated and conventional water regenerated pretreated samples, respectively. A giant leap in the initial rate of enzymatic hydrolysis was also detected in 50% ethanol aqueous solution regenerated samples and only about 10 hr was needed to convert 80% of cellulose to glucose due to the appearance of cellulose II hydrate‐like and more porous structure.