泛素化在植物抗病中的作用

泛素化作为植物体内一种广泛存在的调控细胞反应的机制,参与调控植物抗病反应。本文综述了泛素化系统在植物抗病反应中的功能及作用机制,重点介绍了CRLs型E3泛素连接酶和RING/U-box型E3泛素连接酶如何参与调控植物抗病信号途径,以及病原物通过效应蛋白和毒性因子调控植物抗病性的分子机理,为阐明植物抗病机理和植物病害防治方法提供参考。     

天然草地管理措施对植物病害的影响研究进展

放牧、围封、刈割和焚烧是天然草地管理的最主要方式,植物病害是草地生产力的主要限制因素之一,综合考虑生态和经济效益,探讨利用方式对天然草地植物病害的影响,进而采取合理的管理措施,有效降低草地病害危害、提高草地生产力和生态服务功能。分析了放牧、围封和焚烧等草原管理措施对植物病害的影响。放牧对草地植物病害的发生有双重影响,对多数病害而言,放牧可清除草地植被中的病株,减少初侵染源而降低植物病害的发生;但对物理传播的病害,放牧通过家畜传播病原侵染植物,导致病害大面积发生。刈割阻止真菌的进一步侵入与定殖,从而减少草地病害的发生机会;另一方面,刈割形成有利于病原真菌孢子传播的条件,病原真菌通过刈割工具传播到刈割造成的叶片伤口上,为侵入植物体内提供了方便。草地围封增加了植物物种的多度同时降低植物多样性,有利于病害发生。冬末春初植被返青前,焚烧草地可清除枯枝落叶,减少越冬的病原物,降低病害的发生。同时对该领域的研究进行了展望,对今后研究提出了建议。     

生物炭介导植物病害抗性及作用机理

生物炭是生物有机材料在缺氧或限氧条件下经高温热裂解后生成的固体产物，在固碳减排、污染修复、土壤改良等方面具有较大的应用潜力。研究表明，生物炭在植物病害胁迫中也起重要的抗性作用。综述了国内外关于生物炭缓解植物病害的相关研究，重点介绍了生物炭在降低病害和提高植物抗性方面的作用机理。生物炭通过诱导植物增强系统抗性，改良土壤理化特性，改变土壤微生物群落结构，增加土壤有益微生物类群的丰度和活性，吸附病原菌及其产生的有毒物质等来降低病原菌对寄主植物的侵害作用，从而促进植物生长和增强植株抗病性。生物炭对病害的抗病效果与生物炭的原料类型、用量、土壤及病害类型等有关。未来的研究应重点应围绕"生物炭-土壤-植物病害"体系，借助组学手段，深入研究生物炭介导植物病害的分子机理。     

Spatio-temporal Development of Pea Root Rot Disease through Secondary Infections during a Crop Cycle

Spatio‐temporal development of pea root rot was experimentally characterized. Experiments performed under controlled conditions with trap plants located at varying distances from a diseased source plant indicated that disease spread from a diseased plant to a healthy one was generally below 15 cm. A field experiment was conducted to measure disease spread gradients and the rate of secondary infection at two planting densities, 70 and 140 plants/m². Relationships between plant and root disease incidences, and between root disease incidence and root disease severity indicated a strong disease intensification both within and between diseased plants. Measurement of disease gradients indicated that disease did not spread farther than 10 cm from the diseased source plant, i.e. one and two plants away along a row at low and high planting densities respectively. Disease did not spread to neighbouring rows, located 15 cm away. Rates of secondary infection over 14‐day periods ranged between zero (no disease increase) and 0.35 plant/plant/day, and was in general larger in high‐density plots than in low‐density plots. Implications of the results for disease management are discussed.     

林木抗病基因工程研究进展

植物抗病性是当前植物病理学中研究的热点和难点之一。着重讨论植物抗病机制、抗病基因的转化方法及其在林木抗病基因工程中的应用情况,并对现阶段林木抗病基因工程中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

Comparing the Effects of Rust on Plot Yield, Plant Yield, Yield Components, and Vegetative Parts of Soybean

To determine the plant variable for coupling a disease model to a soybean growth model, effects of soybean rust (caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) on soybean were quantified at four levels: vegetative parts, yield components, plant yield, and plot yield. Path analysis was conducted to determine the most correlated components to disease in each level. The responses of vegetative parts, such as shoot weight and branches/plant, to disease effects were inconsistent among cultivars. Yield components responded consistently to disease effects among the cultivars, indicated by the high values of correlation coefficients between disease and the components. Path coefficients indicated that reduction of 100-seed weight was the most important cause of yield loss in this level. No significant within-plant compensation was detected using path coefficient analysis except for that between pod length to pod width. The most consistent response to disease effect was at population level. Correlation of disease to plant yield was as significant as these to plot yield. Correlations between disease and these plant levels were in the order of plot yield, plant yield, yield components, and vegetative parts. Regression between plot yield and green leaf area duration (GLAD) from flowering to seed full size was highly significant (P < 0,001). This study suggests that green leaf area at population level was the best variable for coupling disease model to crop model.     

硼抑制植物病害作用及机制的研究进展

硼不仅是植物生长必需的营养元素,也可减少和降低植物病害的发生。本文总结了硼抑制植物病害发生的作用机制：参与植物细胞壁和膜形成,增强植物细胞稳定性;诱导植物产生系统获得性抗性;诱导植物细胞产生适量的酚类和过氧化物;抑制病原菌菌丝生长,扭曲病原菌菌丝结构形态;破坏病原茵活性氧代谢系统,加快膜脂过氧化作用;与生防菌协同控制植物病害发生等。另外,还探讨了矿质元素防治植物病害可能存在的问题以及应用前景,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。     

几丁质酶及其研究进展

本文从几丁质酶的分布、发育调节、可诱导性、分子生物学及抗病基因工程等方面近年来的进展进行了综合论述,并对其进一步的应用提出展望。     

植物凝集素类受体激酶参与抗病的研究进展

凝集素类受体激酶(Lectin receptor-like kinases,LecRLKs)是类受体激酶(Receptor-like kinases,RLKs)的一个亚族.根据结构域的不同,凝集素类受体激酶可分为L、G和C等3种类型.在植物中,凝集素类受体激酶被报道参与生物/非生物胁迫响应和植物发育调控.近年来,越来越...     

厦门市桂花病虫害种类及防治

1998~2004年对厦门市桂花病虫害进行系统调查,查明桂花病虫害10种,其中病害6种,虫害4种;文中提出这些病虫害的防治方案。     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏性反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

壳聚糖调节植物生长发育及诱发植物抗病性研究进展

综述了壳聚糖在调节植物生长发育和诱导植物抗病性方面所起的重要作用及其可能的作用机制。壳聚糖对植物氨同化关键酶具有明显的生理调节功能,可以提高植物同化NH4 的能力,有利于蛋白质的生物合成与积累,改善植物的营养品质及园艺性状;并能迅速激发植物的防卫反应,启动植物的防御系统,有效地提高植物的抗病性。同时通过壳聚糖结合蛋白的分离、纯化及其生化特性的研究为进一步确定壳聚糖的作用机制奠定了基础。     

PCR-RAPD分子生物学技术及其在植物抗病性研究中的应用

PCR—RAPD技术是一种高效的基因组DNA多态性分析技术,能够在对生物细胞或组织中DNA遗传多样性、亲缘关系及系统进化分子标记检测的同时进行基因定位与遗传作图。本综述了PCR—RAPD技术的基本原理和应用范围,以及近年来在植物抗感病品种(品系)间亲缘远近关系分析、植物抗病性遗传基因的DNA分子标记与检测、植物抗病基因的标记和定位、植物抗病基因的分离与克隆、植物抗病育种的分子标记辅助选择与检测等植物抗病性分子机制研究方面的应用,并对该技术所存在的问题及应用前景进行了探讨。     

Pathological hormone imbalances

Plant hormones play important roles in regulating developmental processes and signalling networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA) and ethylene (ET) are well known to play crucial roles in plant disease and pest resistance. However, the roles of other hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroid (BL) in plant defence are less well known. Much progress has been made in understanding plant hormone signalling and plant disease resistance. However, these studies have mostly proceeded independently of each other, and there is limited knowledge regarding interactions between plant hormone-mediated signalling and responses to various pathogens. Here, we review the roles of hormones other than SA, JA and ET in plant defence and the interactions between hormone-mediated signalling, plant defence and pathogen virulence. We propose that these hormones may influence disease outcomes through their effect on SA or JA signalling.     

植物抗病相关启动子及其研究进展

启动子是调控基因表达的重要顺式元件。植物抗病相关启动子的调控特性研究、分离及其应用对于提高植物抗病性极其关键。本文综述了植物基因启动子的基本结构、克隆方法,着重介绍了组成型、组织特异型、天然与人工合成的病原诱导型启动子的研究进展,及其在植物抗病基因工程中的应用现状和存在问题,并展望了植物抗病相关启动子的应用前景。     

从生物工程技术认识植物保护研究的发展趋势

本文从生物工程技术研究角度讨论了植物保护的发展和应用,提出了植物病虫害防治方法应多样化,完善、充实植物保护系统工程。认识到植保工作与植物遗传、生理、生化相结合,特别是对分子生物学领域的开拓和利用,多元化的研究。开僻经济、有效、无公害的病虫害管理途径,为提高农业生产的经济效益和社会效益服务。     

Restoration of the mycobiome of the endangered Hawaiian mint Phyllostegia kaalaensis increases its resistance to a common powdery mildew

Beneficial microbes such as plant mutualistic fungi, hold the promise of ameliorating challenges faced in native plant conservation such as disease management. As an alternative to costly chemical pest control, conservation efforts could potentially harness the benefits of plant mutualistic fungi to aid in defense and disease resistance, but there are few tests of this notion. We set out to test the efficacy of controlling a common foliar pathogen, the powdery mildew Neoerysiphe galeopsidis, by inoculating the endangered Hawaiian plant species Phyllostegia kaalaensis with potentially beneficial members of its wild-type mycobiome. We tested whether inoculating plants with above or belowground fungal mutualists, or both, led to increased disease resistance in the host. We found that while all treatments reduced average disease incidence, colonization by the foliar yeast Moesziomyces aphidis was the only treatment to do so significantly. These results provide an exciting new strategy for plant conservation practices.     

植物抗病基因的进化

植物抗病基因在进化中形成了几种共有的进化形式。植物祖先抗病基因的复制创造了新基因座。基因间和基因内重组导致了变异,也导致了新特异性抗病基因的产生。另外,与特异性识别相关的富含亮氨酸重复区顺应于适应性选择。同样,类转座元件在抗病基因座中的插入加速了抗病基因的进化。随着抗病基因的进化,抗病反应也呈现出多样化,代表着植物与病原物动态进化的不同阶段。     

Progress of Study on Chitosan in Regulating Plants’Growth and Eliciting Plants’Defense Responses

Important effect of chitosan on regulating plant growth , eliciting plant resistance to disease and it’s possible operating mechanism are reviewed . Chitosan shows evidence physiological effect on the key enzymes of ammonia assimilation and enhances the amination capacity in plant, which is in favor of biology synthesize and accumulation of protein . Thus , chitosan improves nutrition quality and horticulture properties of plant . Moreover , chitosan rapidly stimulates plant defense responses , then startups defensive system and elevates resistance to disease . To a further understanding of the mechanism of chitosan on plant , we have isolated and determined some biochemical properties of a chitosan-bingding protein .