小枕异绒螨的形态及生活史研究(真螨目:绒螨科)

本文报道了蚜虫的一种天敌——小枕异绒螨Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing及其饲养方法,描述了生活史各期形态,观察了实验室和田间生活史及习性,测定了温度20—30℃,湿度60—95%和光周期15L—9D条件下的生活史各期历期.     

地里恙螨两种形态及其对杀螨药剂不同耐性的研究

地里恙螨在世界上很多地区是恙虫病的主要传染媒介,我国大陆上福建和广东两地,也得到了证明。几年来我们以地里恙螨为主,进行了品种调查、生态以及防灭方法的研究,发现平潭岛上有两种不同形态特征的地里恙螨,它们的形态大小、色泽、身体各部位的特征以及生活史等,都有显著的差别。更值得注意的是对一些杀螨药剂也表现出不     

我国螨类研究的最新进展

螨类是一种对人类危害极其严重的小型节肢动物,不论从人的健康方面还是农牧林生产方面来说都需要防治及至根除。主要钛螨类的形态特征、生活史、生态类群、对人类的危害及其防治等5个方面简述了我国螨类研究的最新研究进展概况。     

龙洞东洋恙螨新种描述及其生活史观察(蜱螨目:恙螨科)

从广州郊区黄毛鼠与黄胸鼠检获的一种恙螨经过实验室培育获得生活史各期.经比较观察两代幼虫的形态,认为是一种未曾描述的种类,定名为龙洞东洋恙螨新种(Dongyangsha longdongensis sp.nov.)     

龙洞东洋恙螨新种描述及其生活史观察(蜱螨目:恙螨科)

从广州郊区黄毛鼠与黄胸鼠检获的一种恙螨经过实验室培育获得生活史各期.经比较观察两代幼虫的形态,认为是一种未曾描述的种类,定名为龙洞东洋恙螨新种(Dongyangsha longdongensis sp.nov.)     

甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素对柑橘全爪螨的亚致死效应

通过叶碟饲养的方法, 利用生命表技术,研究了甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC₂₀处理柑橘全爪螨若螨后,对试验种群当代(F₀)和后代(F₁、F₂代)生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 甲氰菊酯LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代雌成螨产卵量显著增加;F₁、F₂代的产卵前期缩短,后代雌性比例增大,且均与对照差异显著;同时,F₁和F₂代种群内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)增大,世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)缩短,且F₂代与对照相比差异显著.用阿维菌素LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代种群雌成螨产卵量显著下降; F₁和F₂代的产卵量也显著下降,但后代雌性比例增大,产卵前期显著缩短;F₁和F₂代的种群r_m和λ增大,T和Dt缩短,且F₂代比F₁代更为明显.总体来看,甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死浓度LC₂₀对柑橘全爪螨的影响并不完全相同,甲氰菊酯能够促进当代种群的发展,而阿维菌素对当代种群有一定的抑制作用;但两种杀螨剂亚致死浓度处理柑橘全爪螨对后代种群都有一定的促进作用.研究结果对柑橘全爪螨综合防治策略的制定有一定的指导意义.     

中国粉螨科五个种的新记录

本文所报导的五个种,分隶于三个属,是昆虫研究所仓虫室在1958—1959年进行仓库害虫调查和1960年作者在粉螨类区系调查工作中采集的标本。这五个种以及它们所归隶的三个属在我国都没有报导过。 1.皱皮螨属Suidasia Ouds.是皱皮螨亚科唯一的属。目前世界上已知的有三个种,在英国、苏门答腊和波多黎岛有过记载。我们发现的有二个种。 属征:体长200—400微米(不包括产卵期的雌螨);表皮有明显的皱纹;背毛(d)短而     

喀斯特小流域栓皮栎林土壤螨类群落结构特征

为比较石漠化环境与喀斯特森林土壤螨类的群落结构差异,对贵州喀斯特地区朝营小流域栓皮栎林的土壤螨类群落结构本底进行了研究,经2014年各季节的4次调查,共发现土壤螨类3目54科83属.对螨类属数、个体数量、个体密度、Shannon多样性指数(H)、Margalef丰富度指数(SR)、Pielou均匀性指数(J)、捕食性螨类成熟度指数(MI)、甲螨MGP类群和甲螨营养结构等进行了分析.结果表明:土壤螨类在类群属数和个体数量上均以甲螨亚目的属占优势,夏季和秋季具有丰富的属数、较高的个体密度与多样性,春季和秋季具有丰富的个体数量,群落分布具有明显的表聚性.捕食性螨类夏季生态类群以K选择型为主,其他季节以r选择型为主;甲螨生态类群主要为P型和O型,缝甲螨属、异珠足甲螨属和合若甲螨属等属构成了栓皮栎林土壤螨类的营养功能集团.研究表明,该区山毛榉林与其他地区山毛榉林、其他不同类型森林的土壤螨类主要类群存在差异,其中含丰富属组成的派伦螨科、厉螨科、奥甲螨科和单翼甲螨科以及多奥甲螨属、派伦满属、菌甲螨属和单翼甲螨属等数量上占优势的类群属可作为山毛榉林土壤环境的生物指示.     

恙螨染色体分带的初步研究

本文报道应用胰酶法对微红纤恙螨Leptotrombidium rubellum,苍白纤恙螨L. pallidum和小板纤恙满L. scutellarc进行G带带型分析.三种恙螨染色体分别显示17、21、19条深带带纹,用CS-190机对每条显带的染色体进行薄层扫描,结果每一条深带显示一个峰,对微红纤螨和巨螯齿恙螨Odontaearus majestivus进行BSG法的C显带实验,均未见到带纹,从C带结果及对敬红纤慧螨染色体扫描电镜的初步观察结果,提示恙螨染色体可能为泛着丝粒类型,本文根据恙螨染色体的分带情况,探讨了几种恙螨间的亲缘关系以及恙螨染色体的研究在分类上的意义.     

《储藏物昆虫和农业螨类研究》

《储藏物昆虫和农业螨类研究》——李隆述论文选,已于2000年由四川科学技术出版社正式出版。 该书主要以李隆术先生的研究论文编辑而成。全书分为仓储昆虫学研究、蜱螨学研究和农业昆虫学研究3个部分,各部分按论文发表时间的先后次序排列,可以反映出李隆术先生学术思想的发展,同时也从一个侧面反映了我国储藏物害虫和农业螨类研究领域的发展历程。 该书较全面地反映了中国仓库害虫生态研究、中国粮堆生态系统研究、以及中国农业螨类生态研究的学术成果。对仓库害虫防治、储藏物昆虫生态、城市害虫防治以及螨类研究工作者有重要的参考价值。同时该书也可供植物保护、农业昆虫及害虫防治专业、方向的教师、研究生和大学生参考。 该书印刷精美,16开精装,共45万字,定价60元,有正规发票。如需要者,请与重庆北碚西南农业大学植保系张永毅老师联系(邮编400716)。电话：023—68251795;E-mail：epcl@swau.edu.cn 丁伟 (西南农业大学植保系)     

An astigmatid defence volatile against a phytoseiid mite

Numerous semiochemicals have been isolated from several species of astigmatid mites with various identified or unidentified functions. Alarm pheromonal activity is widespread with neryl formate and neral, being the most common compounds eliciting alarm response in conspecifics. The cosmopolitan astigmatid mite Suidasia medanensis (= S. pontifica) Oudemans (Acari: Suidasidae) has been reported to use neral as an alarm pheromone, but neral can also act as an allomone towards predators of oribatid mites. Suidasia medanensis can be utilised as a factitious prey for mass‐rearing of the phytoseiid predatory mite Amblyseius (= Typhlodromips) swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), which is used for biological control of insect and mite pests in protected crops. This study investigated the potential defence properties of the S. medanensis volatiles against A. swirskii, comparing the repellency to pollen‐reared (naïve) vs. S. medanensis‐reared (experienced) predators using a synthetic blend of the isomers neral and geranial (1:1) as a model compound. In a repellency bioassay, the synthetic blend elicited a significant repellence to A. swirskii with no difference between naïve and experienced predators. During capture success studies, S. medanensis under repeated attack could release sufficient quantities of the defence volatile to deter 1–5 attacks from A. swirskii, whereas hexane‐treated S. medanensis artificially depleted of volatiles were significantly more vulnerable to an attack. This is the first report of an astigmatid defence volatile with repellent activity to a phytoseiid mite and the starting point to understanding semiochemical interactions in any current or novel factitious predator‐prey mass‐rearing system.     

Mites associated with stored grain commodities in Benin, West Africa

After insects, mites are the major arthropod pests that inhabit stored agricultural products worldwide. To determine the acarofauna that infests cowpea, maize, paddy rice and sorghum in Benin (West Africa), surveys were conducted in some principal markets (Dantokpa, Glazoue and Parakou) of this country. A total of 555 samples of grains and debris were collected in May and September 2011. More than 56 species belonging to 24 mite families were recorded in the four products. These mite species included predators, parasites, fungivorous, phytophagous and other groups whose feeding habits are not well known. The family Cheyletidae was the most prevalent and the most diverse predatory mite family encountered, in which Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans was the most abundant species. Several families of mite pests and mites responsible for allergies (Acaridae, Glycyphagidae, Pyroglyphidae, Pyemotidae and Saproglyphidae) were also detected. The three most dominant and frequent species were C. malaccensis, Suidasia nesbitti (Hughes) and Suidasia sp. Statistical analysis showed that densities of these three mite species were higher in Parakou than in Glazoue and Dantokpa, on one hand, and higher in debris than in grains, on the other hand. The densities of S. nesbitti and Suidasia sp. decreased significantly during the dry season, whereas C. malaccensis remained stable throughout the two samplings. Of all grains, sorghum was the least infested with mites. This study shows that in Benin mites are present in stored agricultural products to which they cause serious damage, and may cause various allergies to people.     

The functional and numerical response of Typhlodromips swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the factitious prey Suidasia medanensis (Acari: Suidasidae) in the context of a breeding sachet

The whitefly and thrips predator Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) can be reared on the factitious astigmatid mite Suidasia medanensis (Oudemans) (Acari: Suidasiidae). The predator–prey relationship allows the system to be incorporated into a breeding sachet which releases predators into a crop over several weeks ensuring predator presence on arrival of the target pests and increased predator numerical response on the crop through immigration from the breeding sachet. This study investigated whether the prey preference and functional and numerical response of T. swirskii to different development stages of S. medanensis can provide understanding of the predator–prey interactions sustaining such a breeding sachet. T. swirskii elicited a strong preference to egg stages of S. medanensis, exhibited a Type II functional response and increased oviposition rate with increasing prey density. The relevance of these attributes to a balanced breeding sachet is discussed.     

Mites associated with stored products in Greece

A faunistic survey of mites was conducted in many product stores during a 6-year study period, 2000–2005, in Greece. A total of 1,073 samples were taken from 34 Greek counties. The survey was carried out on grains (wheat, maize, oat, barley), flour, bran, manufactured agricultural foodstuffs, dried fruits (figs, raisins), residues and dust, stored in varying quantities in five types of storage facilities (stores of agricultural cooperative unions, farm stores, commercial stores, flour mills and silos). Dominance-frequency analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to reveal the preferences of the collected taxa. Approximately 55% of the samples contained mites and 65 mite taxa were identified, belonging to 15 families in four orders. Six species, namely, Acarus gracilis Hughes, A. immobilis Griffiths, Caloglyphus oudemansi (Zachvatkin), Suidasia medanensis Oudemans, Tyrophagus perniciosus Zachvatkin and Kleemania plumigera (Oudemans), were new to the fauna of Greece. Five species, Tyrophagus similis Volgin, Blattisocius mali (Oudemans), Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes), Cheyletus cacahuamilpensis Baker and Storchia robustus (Berlese), were recorded for the first time in stored products in Greece. Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Acarus siro L. were dominant or intermediate in all storage facilities examined. Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans was the most common predatory mite. The highest percentage of infestation (65.3) was recorded in the samples from stores of agricultural cooperative unions. Residue-type materials had the highest degrees and percentages of infestation.     

Candidate natural enemies for control of Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari: Astigmata) in lily bulbs: exploration in the field and pre-selection in the laboratory

To find suitable candidates for biological control of the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari: Astigmata) on lilies, exploration was undertaken in areas where the bulb mite is an established pest (The Netherlands, Taiwan and Japan). Among the predators, found in association with R. robini in the field and under storage conditions, mesostigmatic mites predominate. The most abundant species were Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini), Lasioseius bispinosus Evans and Parasitus fimetorum (Berlese). These predators appeared to feed and reproduce on a diet of exclusively R. robini and they were able to control the bulb mite in small-scale population experiments initiated with a 1:20 predator-prey ratio. Under laboratory conditions corresponding to lily bulb propagation (lily scales mixed with vermiculite and stored at 23°C and >90% RH) the laelapid mite, H. aculeifer, was the most effective predator; the ascid predator, L. bispinosus, was much less effective, but being relatively small and being successful in attacking the juvenile stages of the bulb mite it may be better able to search for bulb mites hidden inside the lily bulb. The parasitid predator, P. fimetorum, failed to control the bulb mite when vermiculite was used as a medium, but turned out to suppress this prey when peat was used instead. Various strains of H. aculeifer or closely related species were compared with respect to their impact and performance on bulb mites as prey: two Dutch strains, one obtained from Breezand and the other from 'tZand, a Taiwanese strain, a German strain that in contrast to the previously mentioned strains was not collected from lily bulbs, but from agricultural areas near Bremen and, in addition, a Canadian strain of a related species (Hypoaspis miles Berlese), known to control sciarid fly larvae. These comparative experiments showed that H. miles died out without noticeable impact on the bulb mite population whereas all strains of H. aculeifer were able to suppress the bulb mites to very low numbers. However, the numerical responses of the H. aculeifer strains differed in that those collected in association with the pest (Breezand > Taiwan > 'tZand) were superior to the strain from Bremen. These results do not provide support to the Hokkanen and Pimentel hypothesis, which states that predators forming an evolutionary new association with the pest are often more effective in biological control.     

Life-cycle of Suidasia medanensis (=pontifica) (Acari: Suidasiidae) under laboratory conditions in a tropical environment

The life cycle of Suidasia medanensis (= pontifica) was studied under laboratory conditions at 26°C and 86% relative humidity. Freshly laid eggs were observed until they developed into adults and the periods between stages were recorded. Production of eggs by mated females was monitored until they died. The eggs required an average of 12.6 ± 0.6 days to develop into adults. Mean longevity of mated females and males was similar (48.6 ± 13 and 49.1 ± 20 days, respectively). The conditions used in this study may be considered optimal for in vitro culture of S. medanensis.     

防尘螨药物的实验室药效测试方法

建立防螨药物的药效测试装置与操作方法很有必要。由于尘螨形体微小 ,给防螨药效测试的操作带来诸多困难 ,作者利用螨虫的生物习性及特点 ,建立了布块集螨法、成螨自动分离与净化法、标定计数法 ,布块浸水计数法以及螨虫的驱避和杀灭效果的测试装置与测试方法。结果表明 ,采用成螨自动分离与净化法获得的成螨比例为 ( 94 0± 1 7) %;采用标定计数的精度 (成螨数 刻度 )为 ( 2 0 4± 6 6)只。标定计数 1 0 0 0只螨的实际回收率平均为 ( 75 9± 1 4 6) %,与手工计数无显著性差别 (P >0 0 5 )。实践表明 ,此技术与方法操作简便 ,结果可靠 ,使测试的速度及效果有明显提高     

Cold storage of Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae) for use in experiments

Survival of medium sized nymphal stages of redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (mainly tritonymphs and deutonymphs) stored under low temperature (1.5°C) in sealed plastic boxes remained more than 50% after 12 days of storage, with some mites surviving for up to eight weeks. Adding fresh subclover leaves into the storage box increased the survival rate of mites from 12% to 28%, 19 days after the storage started. Mites stored for two weeks at low temperatures showed feeding activity in a screening experiment similar to mites collected directly from the field. This indicated that cold storage of redlegged earth mite can be used to build up mite numbers for large screening experiments, or to extend the period of availability of mites collected from the field. However, their reproductive ability was greatly reduced after three weeks at low temperature. Thus, care should be taken when using mites for experiments measuring reproduction. The implications of low temperatures for reducing field populations of mites in midwinter are also discussed.     

Diseases of Mites

An overview is given of studies on diseases of mites. Knowledge of diseases of mites is still fragmentary but in recent years more attention has been paid to acaropathogens, often because of the economic importance of many mite species. Most research on mite pathogens concerns studies on fungal pathogens of eriophyoids and spider mites especially. These fungi often play an important role in the regulation of natural mite populations and are sometimes able to decimate populations of phytophagous mites. Studies are being conducted to develop some of these fungi as commercial acaricides.Virus diseases are known in only a few mites, namely, the citrus red mite and the European red mite. In both cases, non-occluded viruses play an important role in the regulation of mite populations in citrus and peach orchards, respectively, but application of these viruses as biological control agents does not seem feasible. A putative iridovirus has been observed in association with Varroa mites in moribund honeybee colonies. The virus is probably also pathogenic for honeybees and may be transmitted to them through this parasitic mite.Few bacteria have been reported as pathogens of the Acari but in recent years research has been concentrated on intracellular organisms such as Wolbachia that may cause distorted sex ratios in offspring and incompatibility between populations. The role of these organisms in natural populations of spider mites is in particular discussed. The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on mites is also treated in this review, although its mode of action in arthropods is mainly due to the presence of toxins and it is, therefore, not considered to be a pathogen in the true sense of the word.Microsporidia have been observed in several mite species especially in oribatid mites, although other groups of mites may also be affected. In recent years, Microsporidia infections in Phytoseiidae have received considerable attention, as they are often found in mass rearings of beneficial arthropods. They affect the efficacy of these predators as biological control agent of insect and mite pests. Microsporidia do not seem to have potential for biological control of mites.     

Spider-Mite Problems and Control in Taiwan

Problems with spider mites first appeared in Taiwan in 1958, eight years after the importation of synthetic pesticides, and the mites evolved into major pests on many crops during the 1980s. Of the 74 spider mite species recorded from Taiwan 10 are major pests, with Tetranychus kanzawai most important, followed by T. urticae, Panonychus citri, T. cinnabarinus, T. truncatus and Oligonychus litchii. Most crops suffer from more than one species. Spider mites reproduce year-round in Taiwan. Diapause occurs only in high-elevation areas. Precipitation is the most important abiotic factor restricting spider-mite populations. Control is usually accomplished by applying chemicals. Fifty acaricides are currently registered for the control of spider mites. Acaricide resistance is a serious problem, with regional variation in resistance levels. Several phytoseiid mites and a chrysopid predator have been studied for control of spider mites with good effect. Efforts to market these predators should be intensified so that biological control can be a real choice for farmers.