枝孢样枝孢霉的研究概况

引起暗色丝孢霉病的枝孢霉属,属半知菌亚门、丝孢菌纲、暗色孢科。该属50余种。枝孢样枝孢霉为腐生真菌,广泛存在于自然界的土壤、某些动物的粪便、蔬菜、腐木、鸟巢、腐烂水果中。人因皮肤外伤接触后有被感染的机会。它也是真菌过敏症的重要病原菌之一。目前对枝孢样枝孢霉的系统报道较少,现就其生理生化代谢、生态学、病理学及临床和抗真菌研究等方面进行综述。     

中国的被孢霉种类

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。     

簇孢霉属一新种

本文报道了采自陕西安康的一个簇孢霉属 Sporothrix 新种:安康簇孢霉 Sporothrixankangensis M.Z.Fan,C.Guo et T.Y.Zhang。该种与本属绝大多数已知种的区别在于其初生分生孢子可产生次生分生孢子。与其相似种菌生簇孢霉 S.fungorum de Hoog et Vries的区别,在于其分生孢子呈短棒状或长椭圆形,而不为近球形、短圆柱状或椭圆形。而与链生簇孢霉 S.catenata de Hoog et Constantinescu 的主要不同点为本种的分生孢子链很短,一般二孢,极少数三孢。主模式标本及干制培养物存放于西北林学院真菌标本室。     

水稻尾孢霉毒素

水稻尾孢霉(Cercospora oryzae)是水稻条叶枯病的致病菌。24个菌株用抑制稻种胚根生长生物测定法进行产毒筛选。大部分菌株培养滤液对胚根生长有抑制作用。6个菌株:I-16,I-26,I-28,I-38,I-42和I-49选为进一步试验的菌株。添加10％稻叶汁马铃薯蔗糖培养液适于菌株的生长和产毒。生长适宜的温度和pH范围分别是25°-30℃和pH 6—7,光线和通气可促进菌株生长,但温度、光线和通气对培养滤液的毒性无影响,pH6—7的培养滤液毒性最强。接种后3周的培养滤液表现强毒性。多数菌株生长高峰出现在第4周。对水稻尾孢霉毒素进行了初步鉴定。结果表明菌株都能产生红色色素和黄色物质,红色色素经薄层色谱,可见光谱分析和颜色反应证明与尾孢霉毒素相同。培养滤液和尾孢霉毒素提取物能抑制稻种和4种作物种子胚根生长,并能在损伤稻叶上引起褪绿和枯死。这一作用与稻秧的品种抗性和秧龄无关。     

枝顶孢属真菌的抑菌活性及其代谢产物研究

用组织分离法从采集于广东鼎湖山的腐殖质中分离得到一株枝顶孢属真菌(Acremonium sp. SC0105),其固体发酵物的乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)有较强的抑制作用。经多种柱层析,从固体发酵物中分离得到5个化合物。通过光谱分析,分别鉴定为姜糖脂B (1)、姜糖脂C (2)、D-甘露醇(3)、酒渣碱(4)、枝顶孢素F(5)。其中酒渣碱是首次从枝顶孢属真菌中分离得到。     

链格孢霉醇和链格孢霉醇单甲醚产生菌株的筛选

本文对分离自小麦、马铃薯、番茄和茄子上链格孢霉属(Alternaria)2个种(链格孢和茄链格孢)的96个菌株,用枯草杆菌生长抑制试验筛选链格孢霉醇(AOH)和链格孢霉醇单甲醚(AME)的产生菌株,有48株产生毒性作用(占所测菌株的50％)。18株产强、中毒性菌用高效液相色谱分析,有13株产AOH和AME(占所测菌株的72.2％)。链格孢的产毒素菌株率比茄链格孢低。但产毒素含量却是前者明显高于后者。其中产AOH和AME的最高含量,链格孢菌株XA-8分别为280和5140mg/kg,而茄链格孢菌株SA-10分别为95.9和94.3mg/kg。     

链格孢霉醇和链格孢霉醇单甲醚产生菌株的筛选

本文对分离自小麦、马铃薯、番茄和茄子上链格孢霉属２个种的９６个菌珠,用枯草杆菌生长抑制试验筛选链格孢霉醇（ＡＯＨ）和链格孢霉醇单甲醚（ＡＭＥ）的产生菌株,有４８株产生毒性作用。１８株产强、中毒性菌用高效液相色谱分析,有１３株产ＡＯＨ和ＡＭＥ。链格孢的产毒素菌株率比茄链格孢低,但产毒素含量却是前者明显高于后者。其中产ＡＯＨ和ＡＭＥ的最高含量,链格孢菌株ＸＡ－８分别为２８０和５１４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,而茄链     

球囊霉目一新种：长孢球囊霉

从福建厦门市郊芒果园,南靖县鳞苞锥和广西玉林市郊巨尾按根区采集的土样中分离到一个球囊霉属的新种－长孢球囊霉。本文描述了该种的形态特征及生态环境。     

棘孢木霉挥发性次级代谢产物检测及抑菌活性分析

木霉是一类具有重要生防价值的丝状真菌。文中首先对分离自浙江省绍兴市和广东省佛山市共12株棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum进行平板拮抗评价,然后采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测拮抗性较好的两株菌的挥发性次级代谢产物。结果表明,棘孢木霉ZJSX5003和GDFS1009菌丝生长迅速,对尖孢镰孢菌Fusariumoxysporum抑制率分别达73%和74%。挥发性次级代谢产物主要是醇类和酮类,其中包含异丁醇、异戊醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2,3-丁二醇和6-正戊基-2H-吡喃-2-酮(6-PAP)。进一步通过体外抑菌试验,证实6-PAP具有较好的抑制尖孢镰孢菌的效果,为开发以木霉菌代谢产物如6-PAP为主要成分的生防制剂提供指导。     

地生枝顶孢固体培养的形态学研究

本文利用固体培养方法,对地生枝顶孢（Acremonium terricola)AT-01菌株的部分形态特征进行了研究,结果表明：低温有利于ＡＴ－０１菌株表现原始的淡粉红色菌落特征。在利用不同的氮源时,其微观形态常有所不同,宏观上的菌落特征也有差异。蔗糖浓度为６％时显著抑制该菌株菌落直径生长,而不同的蔗糖浓度均对菌落高度有显著影响。     

Influence of pH regulation and nutrient content on cephalosporin C production in solid-state fermentation by Acremonium chrysogenum C10

Aims: To investigate the effect of pH regulation and nutrient concentration on cephalosporin C (CPC) production in solid‐state fermentation (SSF), using sugarcane bagasse as inert support, impregnated with liquid medium. Methods and Results: Solid‐state fermentation using different initial pH values, buffer and nutrient concentrations were performed. Results revealed pH as a key parameter in CPC SSF, as it hampered the antibiotic production not only above 7·8, but also under 6·4. Using initial pH lower than 6·8 and PB in the solid medium, it was possible to keep pH within the production range, increase the production period (from 1 to 3 days) and hence the CPC yield from 468 to 3200 μg gdm^?1 (g^?1 of dry matter). Conclusion: Parameters that help to keep pH in adequate values for CPC production in SSF, such as initial pH, buffering system and nutrient concentration, can greatly increase the production time and CPC yields in this fermentation technique. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first work on CPC production on impregnated support, and the only one revealing pH as a key parameter; it is also shown that high nutrient concentration can improve CPC yields in SSF as long as pH is kept under control.     

Enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation in the fungus Acremonium persicinum

Abstract Acremonium persicinum grown in batch culture with ammonium tartrate as the nitrogen source possessed an NADP⁺-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and a glutamine synthetase. Glutamate synthase was not detected under the culture conditions used. Kinetic studies of the NADP⁺-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase at 25°C and pH 7.6 revealed an apparent K _m of 3.2 × 10⁻⁴ M for 2-oxoglutarate and an apparent K _m of 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M for ammonium ions, with corresponding apparent V _max values of 0.089 and 0.13 μmol substrate converted/min/mg of protein, respectively. Glutamine synthetase was measured by the γ-glutamyl transferase reaction at 30°C and pH 7.55. This transferase reaction of glutamine synthetase had a higher rate at 30°C than at 25°C or 37°C.     

顶头孢霉遗传育种研究进展

顶头孢霉是一类重要的工业微生物,其发酵产物头孢菌素C可用来生产7-ACA,而后者是临床常用抗感染药物头孢类抗生素的重要中间体。头孢菌素C的发酵水平决定了其下游头孢类抗生素的生产水平、产品质量及价格,因此对顶头孢霉的菌种选育工作显得尤其迫切。随着分子生物学的发展,基因工程分子改造在遗传育种领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。文章综述了对头孢菌素C的生物合成以及调控的研究进展,并将国内外对顶头孢霉进行遗传育种的结果进行了归纳总结,提出了可以从提高头孢菌素C发酵水平、延伸代谢途径等不同方面对头孢菌素C生物合成及调控基因,包括外源基因的导入和表达进行改造优化,并对进一步的研究目标进行了展望,认为可以结合比较蛋白质组和基因组改组使遗传育种所获得的工程菌尽快进入产业化。     

Studies on the microbial transformation of androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione with Acremonium strictum

The strain of Acremonium strictum PTCC 5282 was applied to investigate the biotransformation of androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (I; ADD). Microbial products obtained were purified by preparative TLC and the pure metabolites were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic features (¹³C NMR, ¹H NMR, FTIR, MS) and physical constants (melting points and optical rotations). The 15α-Hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (II), 17β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (III), androst-4-en-3,17-dione (IV; AD), 15α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (V), 15α,17β-dihydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (VI) and testosterone (VII) were produced during this fermentation. Formation of the 15α,17β-dihydroxy derivative of ADD is reported for the first time during steroid biotransformation. The bioconversion reactions observed were 1,2-hydrogenation, 15α-hydroxylation and 17-ketone reduction. From the time course profile of this biotransformation, ketone reduction and 1,2-hydrogenation were observed from the first day of fermentation while 15α-hydroxylation occurred from the third day. Optimum concentration of the substrate, which gave the maximum bioconversion efficiency, was 0.5 mg ml⁻¹ in one batch. The highest yield of the microbial products recorded in this work was achieved within the pH range 6.5–7.3 and at the temperature of 27 °C.     

Efficient production of cellulase in the culture of Acremonium cellulolyticus using untreated waste paper sludge

Cellulase was produced by Acremonium cellulolyticus using untreated waste paper sludge (PS) as the carbon source. The clay present in PS did not show any inhibitory effect on cellulase production but did alter the pH during fermentation. On the flask scale, the maleate buffer concentration and pH were key factors that affected the efficiency of cellulase production from PS cellulose. Optimum cellulase production in a 3-L fermentor of working volume 1.5 L was achieved by controlling the pH value at 6.0 using 2 M NaOH and 2 M maleic acid, and the productivity reached 8.18 FPU/mL. When 40.89 g/L PS cellulose, 2.2 g/L (NH(4) )(2) SO(4) , and 4.4 g/L urea were added to a 48-h culture, the cellulase activity was 9.31 FPU/mL at the flask scale and 10.96 FPU/mL in the 3-L fermentor. These values are ～80% of those obtained when pure cellulose is used as the carbon source. The method developed here presents a new route for the utilization of PS.     

发酵法生产富铁姬松茸菌丝体的产业化研究

对发酵法生产富铁姬松茸菌丝体进行了产业化研究.结果表明,姬松茸的耐铁能力和富铁能力都很强,在铁浓度为0.1～1.5g/L的液体培养基上,菌丝均能生长,当铁浓度超过1.5g/L 时,菌丝生长受到一定影响;采用液体深层培养,最佳的铁源为FeSO4·7H2O ,最佳铁添加量为0.4～0.5g/L.此时,姬松茸菌丝体的生物量得率和富铁率达到最高,同时,菌丝体含铁量和多糖含量也较高.另外,扩大到10t罐进行工业化生产,富铁姬松茸干菌粉得率达到2.82%,菌丝体含铁量可达14.77mg/g.姬松茸菌丝体产品产量高,质量稳定, 已推向市场,提供给一些企业,初步实现了产业化.     

Short Note: Effect of Acremonium obclavatum glucan on groundnut leaf rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg.

A water soluble glucan purified from the culture filtrate of Acremonium obclavatum, an antagonist to the groundnut rust, Puccinia arachidis, inhibited germination of uredospores of P. arachidis. Prior treatment of groundnut leaves with glucan prolonged the incubation period between inoculation and development of rust disease, and caused a decrease in the number of pustules and uredospores/sorus. Treated groundnut leaves showed an increase in endogenous salicylic acid, intercellular chitinase and -1,3 glucanase activities.