花生发育果实小泡运输类型与黄曲霉抗性和发育有关

小泡运输介导的先天免疫在植物防卫中起重要作用。采用定量PCR和生物信息学的方法,该研究揭示两种不同的小泡运输类型分别在花生黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR发育的种子中起主要作用。VAMP726和RMR是黄曲霉抗性品种C20R中主要的小泡运输组分,VSRs VTI1a,b是黄曲霉敏感品种TFR中主要的小泡运输组分。在果实发育过程中,这些小泡运输组分的转录动态在整体转录组水平分别与相应的花生黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR差异表达的一系列基因表达趋势一致。因此,我们认为两类不同组合的小泡运输分别在黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR果实发育中起着主要运输作用,与发育中转录组水平基因表达的差异一致。这种差异早在蛋白质合成结束和运输起始阶段就已经显示,导致果实代谢和发育方向的差异,造就黄曲霉抗性的不同。     

嗜热四膜虫δ微管蛋白基因的克隆、鉴定及细胞定位

微管蛋白(tubulin)在细胞的结构和功能中发挥着重要作用, α微管蛋白和 β微管蛋白是组成微管的主要因子,γ微管蛋白促使α和β微管蛋白二聚体组装为微管结构. 然而, 4种新的微管蛋白δ-,ε-,ζ-, 和η- tubulin在细胞中的功能并不完全清楚. 本研究从嗜热四膜虫大核基因组数据库中鉴定了一种新的编码δ微管蛋白基因（Tetrahymena delta tubulin 1, TDT1, TTHERM_00335970, http://www. ciliate. org）, TDT1基因转录产生1 326 bp和 1 363 bp两种不同的转录本, 1 326 bp的转录本编码441个氨基酸的多肽; 而1 363 bp的转录本含有37 bp未剪切的内含子序列, 从而导致开发读框发生移码突变现象. 实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, TDT1基因在四膜虫细胞营养生长和有性生殖过程中都有表达, 且在有性生殖过程中的表达显著上调. 免疫荧光定位表明, TDT1蛋白不仅定位于四膜虫基体和有性生殖期conjugation junction结构, 而且在四膜虫的大核和小核中也有定位. TDT1基因敲除发现,该基因不能通过表型分配完全被巴龙霉素抗性基因替代, 结果表明, TDT1蛋白在四膜虫细胞中可能具有多种不同的功能, 它的正常表达对四膜虫细胞的生存是必需的.     

花生发育果实小泡运输类型与黄曲霉抗性和发育有关(英文)

小泡运输介导的先天免疫在植物防卫中起重要作用。采用定量PCR和生物信息学的方法,该研究揭示两种不同的小泡运输类型分别在花生黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR发育的种子中起主要作用。VAMP726和RMR是黄曲霉抗性品种C20R中主要的小泡运输组分,VSRs VTI1a,b是黄曲霉敏感品种TFR中主要的小泡运输组分。在果实发育过程中,这些小泡运输组分的转录动态在整体转录组水平分别与相应的花生黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR差异表达的一系列基因表达趋势一致。因此,我们认为两类不同组合的小泡运输分别在黄曲霉抗性品种C20R和敏感品种TFR果实发育中起着主要运输作用,与发育中转录组水平基因表达的差异一致。这种差异早在蛋白质合成结束和运输起始阶段就已经显示,导致果实代谢和发育方向的差异,造就黄曲霉抗性的不同。     

斜纹夜蛾中肠糖代谢相关基因的克隆及表达模式分析

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura是一种世界性分布的重要农业害虫, 在生长发育过程中要经历幼虫 蛹的变态发育过程。由于变态发育前后昆虫的食性发生了明显的改变, 作为食物消化吸收的中肠也发生了解体和重建。与此相适应, 昆虫中肠的各种物质和能量代谢也可能会相应地发生改变。为研究斜纹夜蛾中肠变态发育过程中糖代谢途径的变化情况, 我们从斜纹夜蛾中肠EST文库中鉴定出了12个糖代谢相关基因, 克隆了其中3个基因的全长cDNA, 并应用半定量PCR和定量PCR的方法检测了其在幼虫 蛹变态发育期中肠组织的转录表达以及对激素和饥饿等因素的响应情况。结果表明： 这3个基因（α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、 N-乙酰葡萄糖胺-6-磷酸去乙酰酶和烯醇化酶基因）的开放阅读框分别为1 461, 1 200和1 299 bp, 预测的分子量分别为56.3, 43.3和46.7 kDa。这12个糖代谢相关的基因在变态发育期的中肠组织中具有5种不同的mRNA表达模式： （Ⅰ）只在幼虫期高表达（唾液麦芽糖酶前体蛋白、 糖基水解酶31家族成员蛋白、 线粒体乙醛脱氢酶、 β-1,3 葡聚糖酶基因）; （Ⅱ）只在预蛹期高表达（β-葡萄糖醛酸酶、 β-N-酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶3基因）; （Ⅲ）只在蛹期高表达（葡萄糖胺-6-磷酸异构酶基因）; （Ⅳ）在预蛹期和蛹期高表达（α-葡萄糖苷酶、 α-淀粉酶、 N-乙酰葡糖胺 6 磷酸脱乙酰酶和α-L-岩藻糖苷酶基因）; （Ⅴ）在变态发育期恒定表达（烯醇化酶基因）。这说明, 为适应变态发育斜纹夜蛾中肠糖代谢途径发生了明显的改变。保幼激素对这些基因的表达没有明显的影响, 但蜕皮激素对Ⅰ类基因（如糖基水解酶31家族成员蛋白基因）具有一定的抑制作用, 对Ⅲ类基因（如葡萄糖胺-6-磷酸异构酶基因）有显著的上调作用。此外, 我们还发现饥饿对几乎所有这些基因的表达都有显著的抑制作用。这些结果说明, 昆虫中肠变态发育过程中糖代谢相关基因的动态变化可能受到蜕皮激素以及饥饿相关因素的共同调控。这一研究对从代谢角度揭示昆虫变态发育的分子机理具有重要意义。     

白叶枯病菌胁迫下云南普通野生稻SSH文库的构建及抗病相关基因分析

以云南普通野生稻为材料,利用抑制差减杂交技术（SSH）,构建了白叶枯病菌胁迫的云南普通野生稻特异表达基因的差减文库.通过对文库所有阳性单克隆进行测序,聚类分析后共获得494条高质量的表达序列标签（EST）.经过BlastN分析,有417条与已知功能的序列有较高同源性;经BlastX分析,有104条EST与未知功能蛋白或假定蛋白有较高相似性,49条EST未能找到同源匹配,341条EST与已知功能蛋白有较高同源性.初步分析发现,这些基因主要涉及能量代谢、蛋白质代谢、核酸代谢、防御与抗逆应答反应、信号转导、光合作用及膜运输等代谢过程.使用半定量RT-PCR研究了7个可能与白叶枯病抗性相关的EST序列在云南普通野生稻对照和白叶枯病菌处理的叶片中的表达情况,并获得这些基因的表达谱.结果发现,克隆编号为OR7,OR68和OR826的EST受白叶枯病菌胁迫诱导上调表达,其中OR826 EST在蛋白数据库中无同源序列,可能是一类新的白叶枯病抗性基因,而组成型表达的OR143 EST在对照和接菌处理的叶片中均能检测到其mRNA的表达,但其表达量在白叶枯病菌胁迫48 h后逐渐增强,推测这些基因直接参与了云南普通野生稻抗病防御反应.本研究为从云南普通野生稻中发掘和克隆新的白叶枯病抗性基因提供了理论依据,为进一步研究云南普通野生稻抗白叶枯病的分子机制奠定了基础.     

茶树种子发育过程的转录组分析

该研究以‘铁观音’茶树品种的种子为试验材料,采用转录组测序技术分析种子发育的3个时期(幼果期、膨大期、成熟期)的表达差异,探究茶树种子油脂代谢的分子机制。结果表明:(1)经转录组测序、组装后共获得30 940 581个clean reads,经数据合并拼接最终得到36 951条非冗余Unigene序列,其中28 476个Unigene可得到功能注释;在转录本中能够被注释到GO分类的Unigene有11 201条(30.3%),KEGG分析发现共有17 172个基因参与了127个代谢通路。(2)经KEGG通路筛选出14条与脂肪酸代谢相关的通路,且随着茶籽的发育,大部分脂肪酸调控途径相关基因呈下调趋势,其中上调基因数最多的有α-亚麻酸代谢途径和脂肪酸降解途径(有17个基因表达量上调),下调基因数最多的是甘油磷脂代谢途径(有58个基因表达量下调);在茶籽发育幼果期α-亚麻酸代谢途径中表达量上调的基因数超过表达量下调的基因数。(3)研究发现茶籽脂肪酸合成相关的基因涉及14个脂类调控途径,共409条差异基因;随着茶树种子发育到成熟期,上调的差异表达基因数量在减少,下调的差异表达基因数量增加,其中α-亚麻酸途径中的基因PLA2G16、DAD1、pldA、FabF、FabI表达量上调显著,随后表达量下调。(4)qRT-PCR检测结果表明,7个茶树FAD和1个ACP差异表达基因的水平与转录组测序结果基本一致;随着茶籽的发育,基因CsFAD7和Δ6-CsFAD从幼果期、果实膨大期至果实成熟期都为差异下调表达,CsFAD2、CsFAD6和Δ7-CsFAD为差异上调表达,CsFAD8、Δ8-CsFAD和CsACP在幼果期至果实膨大期差异上调表达,在果实膨大期至果实成熟期差异下调表达。     

KLF7通过抑制缺氧诱导因子1α转录影响肉鸡脂肪组织发育

Krüppel样转录因子7(Krüppel-like factor 7, KLF7)是脂肪形成的负调控因子,而缺氧诱导因子1(hypoxia-inducible factor 1, HIF1)促进缺氧诱导的哺乳动物脂肪组织发育。本实验室前期利用ChIP-seq技术,发现在鸡的缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, HIF1α)基因上游存在1个KLF7的结合峰,提示KLF7可能调控HIF1α基因转录。为此,本研究首先利用ChIP-PCR技术验证ChIP-seq结果,发现KLF7能够与HIF1α基因5′侧翼区结合。双荧光素酶报告基因与qRT-PCR结果显示,过表达KLF7能够显著下调HIF1α(-4 432/-4 182)的荧光素酶报告基因活性（P<0.01）,抑制HIF1α基因表达。与野生型质粒相比,将生物信息学预测的KLF7结合基序“TGCGCAGCAA”(-4 300/-4 290)缺失突变后, HIF1α(-4 432/-4 182)报告基因活性显著增强（P<0.01）。此外,选取第19代1～7周龄东北农业大学高、低脂双向选择品系肉鸡(Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content, NEAUHLF)作为实验材料,利用qRT-PCR检测HIF1α基因在肉鸡腹部脂肪组织中的表达规律。结果显示,HIF1α在1～7周龄高脂系肉鸡中的相对表达量均高于低脂系,提示HIF1α对鸡脂肪组织发育具有促进作用。在永生化鸡前体脂肪细胞系(immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell line, ICP1)诱导分化过程中,HIF1α相对表达量逐渐升高。综上所述,HIF1α是转录因子KLF7的一个靶基因,KLF7可能通过抑制HIF1α基因转录参与鸡脂肪组织发育过程。     

γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟和活化中的分布

微管蛋白(tubulin)是一蛋白质超家族,其中α-,β-微管蛋白是主要的微管蛋白,而γ-微管蛋白主要在微管组装中起作用. 我们利用蛋白质印迹和激光共聚焦技术研究了γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟、受精和活化中的分布. γ-微管蛋白存在于猪卵母细胞中,并且在减数分裂成熟各个时期的量保持不变. 它聚集在微管上,特别是中期纺锤体的两极和后末期的中板. 体外受精和孤雌活化后,γ-微管蛋白聚集在雌雄原核的周围.另外它也存在于精子的顶体帽和颈部.在早期卵裂中,γ-微管蛋白聚集在胚胎的细胞核周围.实验结果表明,γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞、精子和胚胎的微管组装中起重要的调节作用,在猪受精过程中,精子和卵子都向受精卵贡献中心体物质.     

棉蚜抗氧化乐果品系的羧酸酯酶基因突变

用氧化乐果对室内敏感品系棉蚜Aphis gossypii (Glover)进行抗性选育,经24代筛选,抗性指数达到124.7倍。以α-乙酸萘酯（α-NA）为底物,比较了氧化乐果敏感和抗性品系棉蚜羧酸酯酶的比活力,发现抗性品系羧酸酯酶比活力明显小于敏感品系。对这两个品系的羧酸酯酶基因进行了克隆,通过对抗性和敏感品系羧酸酯酶基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列比较,发现抗性品系有4个氨基酸残基发生了替代 (His¹⁰⁴→Arg, Ala¹²⁸→Val, Thr³³³→Asp, Lys⁴⁸⁴→Arg)。对其蛋白质三维结构分析推测只有His¹⁰⁴→Arg的替代是位于其活性中心。棉蚜氧化乐果敏感和抗性品系羧酸酯酶基因cDNA全长的GenBank登录号分别为AY485216和AY485214。     

Exploiting a wheat EST database to assess genetic diversity

Expressed sequence tag (EST) markers have been used to assess variety and genetic diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this study, 1549 ESTs from wheat infested with yellow rust were used to examine the genetic diversity of six susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars. The aim of using these cultivars was to improve the competitiveness of public wheat breeding programs through the intensive use of modern, particularly marker-assisted, selection technologies. The F₂ individuals derived from cultivar crosses were screened for resistance to yellow rust at the seedling stage in greenhouses and adult stage in the field to identify DNA markers genetically linked to resistance. Five hundred and sixty ESTs were assembled into 136 contigs and 989 singletons. BlastX search results showed that 39 (29%) contigs and 96 (10%) singletons were homologous to wheat genes. The database-matched contigs and singletons were assigned to eight functional groups related to protein synthesis, photosynthesis, metabolism and energy, stress proteins, transporter proteins, protein breakdown and recycling, cell growth and division and reactive oxygen scavengers. PCR analyses with primers based on the contigs and singletons showed that the most polymorphic functional categories were photosynthesis (contigs) and metabolism and energy (singletons). EST analysis revealed considerable genetic variability among the Turkish wheat cultivars resistant and susceptible to yellow rust disease and allowed calculation of the mean genetic distance between cultivars, with the greatest similarity (0.725) being between Harmankaya99 and Sönmez2001, and the lowest (0.622) between Aytin98 and Izgi01.     

Gene identification and expression analysis of 86,136 Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) from the rice genome

Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) analysis has pioneered genome-wide gene discovery and expression profiling. In order to establish a gene expression index in the rice cultivar indica, we sequenced and analyzed 86,136 ESTs from nine rice cDNA libraries from the super hybrid cultivar LYP9 and its parental cultivars. We assembled these ESTs into 13,232 contigs and leave 8,976 singletons. Overall, 7,497 sequences were found similar to the existing sequences in GenBank and 14,711 are novel. These sequences are classified by molecular function, biological process and pathways according to the Gene Ontology. We compared our sequenced ESTs with the publicly available 95,000 ESTs from japonica, and found little sequence variation, despite the large difference between genome sequences. We then assembled the combined 173,000 rice ESTs for further analysis. Using the pooled ESTs, we compared gene expression in metabolism pathway between rice and Arabidopsis according to KEGG. We further profiled gene expression pattern     

Effects of fully open-air [CO2] elevation on leaf ultrastructure, photosynthesis, and yield of two soybean cultivars

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of elevated (550 ± 17 ??mol mol^?1) CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) on leaf ultrastructure, leaf photosynthesis and seed yield of two soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Zhonghuang 13 and cv. Zhonghuang 35] at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experimental facility in North China. Photosynthetic acclimation occurred in soybean plants exposed to long-term elevated [CO₂] and varied with cultivars and developmental stages. Photosynthetic acclimation occurred at the beginning bloom (R1) stage for both cultivars, but at the beginning seed (R5) stage only for Zhonghuang 13. No photosynthetic acclimation occurred at the beginning pod (R3) stage for either cultivar. Elevated [CO₂] increased the number and size of starch grains in chloroplasts of the two cultivars. Soybean leaf senescence was accelerated under elevated [CO₂], determined by unclear chloroplast membrane and blurred grana layer at the beginning bloom (R1) stage. The different photosynthesis response to elevated [CO₂] between cultivars at the beginning seed (R5) contributed to the yield difference under elevated [CO₂]. Elevated [CO₂] significantly increased the yield of Zhonghuang 35 by 26% with the increased pod number of 31%, but not for Zhonghuang 13 without changes of pod number. We conclude that the occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation at the beginning seed (R5) stage for Zhonghuang 13 restricted the development of extra C sink under elevated [CO₂], thereby limiting the response to elevated [CO₂] for the seed yield of this cultivar.     

Identification of a gene for alpha-tubulin in Aspergillus nidulans.

This paper demonstrates that revertants of temperature-sensitive benA (β-tubulin) mutations in Aspergillus nidulans can be used to identify proteins which interact with β-tubulin. Three benomyl-resistant benA (β-tubulin) mutants of Aspergillus nidulans, BEN 9, BEN 15 and BEN 19, were found to be temperature-sensitive (ts^?) for growth. Temperature sensitivity co-segregated with benomyl resistance among the progeny of outcrosses of BEN 9, 15 and 19 to a wild-type strain, FGSC#99, indicating that temperature sensitivity was caused by mutations in the benA gene in these strains. Eighteen revertants to ts⁺ were isolated by selection at the restrictive temperature. Four had back-mutations in the benA gene and fourteen carried extragenic suppressor mutations. Two of the back-mutated strains had β-tubulins which differed from the β-tubulins of their parental strains by one (1^?) or two (2^?) negative charges on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although the β-tubulins of the extragenic suppressor strains were all electrophoretically identical to those of the parental strains, one of the suppressor strains, BEN 9R7, had an electrophoretic abnormality in α1-tubulin (1⁺). A heterozygous diploid between this strain and a strain with wild-type α1-tubulin was found to have both wild-type and mutant (1⁺) α1-tubulins. This experiment rules out post-translational modification as a possible cause of the α1-tubulin abnormality. Thus the suppressor mutation in BEN 9R7 must be in a structural gene for α1-tubulin. We propose that this gene be designated tubA to denote that it is a gene for α1-tubulin in A. nidulans.     

The rpl16a gene for ribosomal protein L16A identified from expressed sequence tags is differentially expressed during sexual development of Aspergillus nidulans

We obtained 305 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which are from the poly(A) site to the most proximal MboI site, from mycelia at the early sexual developmental (ESD) stage of Aspergillus nidulans. By comparison of these ESTs with those obtained previously from the vegetative stage and from the late sexual developmental stage followed by Northern blot analyses, genes of 17 ESTs were identified as being expressed more abundantly at the ESD stage than at the vegetative stage. Five of 17 genes were expressed more abundantly in the presence of the veA gene or the nsdD gene, suggesting that these 5 genes may be involved in sexual development. In a gene of one EST, appearing three times among 305 ESTs and identified by GenBank, polyadenylation seemed to occur at two sites. Nucleotide sequences of the gene having the EST and its cDNA revealed that the gene can code for a 202-amino-acid polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 23 kDa. The deduced amino acid showed 73% identity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein L16A (RPL16A), and therefore the gene was named rpl16a. A. nidulans RPL16A had a putative leucine zipper motif and a basic leucine zipper motif like those of other organisms. The expression level of the rpl16a gene, present as a single copy in this organism, reached a maximum after 2 h, decreased thereafter, and increased again 30 to 50 h after the end of induction of sexual development. These results clearly indicated that the rpl16a gene is expressed differentially during sexual development.     

Aflatoxin formation and varietal difference of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars

Different cultivars of cow pea and garden pea seeds were surveyed for susceptibility or resistance towards the toxigenic and aflatoxin-producing mould (Aspergillus flavus IMI 102135). The results show that aflatoxin production varied among the different cultivars of both cow pea and garden pea. Morphological and histological characters of the different cultivars tested did not show any relation between colour, shape and size of seeds and the amount of aflatoxin produced. The chemical analysis of the different constituents obtained from both seed coats and seed kernels with susceptible, partially resistant and resistant cow pea and garden pea cultivars revealed that the resistant cultivars of cow pea (namely: Balady cultivar) and garden pea (namely: Melting Sugar cultivar) contained lower levels of sodium and higher levels of phosphate and potassium.     

Research on the aflatoxin problem in groundnut at ICRISAT

Summary Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut is a serious problem in most groundnut producing countries and as such is given high research priority by the Groundnut Improvement Program of ICRISAT. Since 1979 we have concentrated on selecting cultivars resistant to seed invasion and colonization by toxigenicAspergillus flavus, and/or to aflatoxin production following invasion by the fungus. Resistance to invasion and colonization byA. flavus of rehydrated, mature seed has been found, and confirmed, in some cultivars. We have also screened several groundnut cultivars for seed resistance in the field, both under natural conditions and with the inoculum of the fungus added to the soil in the pod zone. Some cultivars with resistance to seed colonization also showed resistance to seed invasion byA. flavus. None of the cultivars tested has shown complete resistance to aflatoxin production but significant cultivar differences occurred in the amounts of aflatoxin produced in seeds inoculated with a toxigenic strain ofA. flavus.ICRISAT Journal Article No. JA-316