适于小麦叶片蛋白质组分析的样品提取方法研究

以‘铭贤169'小麦苗期叶片为材料,分别采用传统的TCA/丙酮沉淀法、酚提取-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法以及改进的TCA/丙酮沉淀-酚/SDS联合抽提法提取叶片总蛋白,进行双向电泳分离和胶体考染,以建立适用于小麦蛋白质组分析的样品制备方法.结果表明:TCA/丙酮沉淀法较酚提取-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法获得的蛋白杂质较少,在二维电泳图谱中的蛋白点较酚抽提-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法提取的蛋白点清晰且多.相比于以上2种提取蛋白样品方法,改进的TCA/丙酮沉淀-酚/SDS联合抽提法提取的小麦叶片蛋白杂质少、二维电泳图谱上的点明显增多、分辨率较高.所选小麦的代表性蛋白点能获得成功鉴定.该方法可推广应用于水稻叶片蛋白质组分析的样品提取.     

适于双向电泳分析的酵母胞外蛋白提取方法

采用了无蛋白酵母培养基培养FFC2144酵母细胞,用硫铵沉淀法、超滤法、冻干酚提等方法提取酵母胞外蛋白,计算3种方法的提取率并分别用双向电泳的方法对提取到的蛋白样品进行分离,同时运用质谱鉴定分离后蛋白。其中冻干-平衡酚法提取后得到114个蛋白点,提取率为73.67%,图谱识别的蛋白点最多图谱最清晰,是研究分泌类蛋白质组学理想的分离方法。     

苹果属植物树皮组织总蛋白提取及分离方法的建立

为了建立适于苹果属植物树皮组织总蛋白提取的技术方法, 以8年生华月苹果(Malus domestica)树枝条为试材, 通过比较不同提取方法(TCA-丙酮沉淀法(A)、甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法(B)和改良的Tris-酚抽提方法(C))并优化提取条件, 确立了最适提取及分离方法为改良的Tris-酚抽提方法。在2-DE分离时, 该方法所获得的样品图谱中蛋白点总数为993个, 明显多于TCA-丙酮沉淀(418个)和甲醇醋酸铵沉淀(674个)方法, 并且与其它两种方法相比, 该方法获得的图谱背景更清晰, 蛋白点聚焦效果更好。此外, 经过3个梯度上样量的图谱分离效果比较, 确定了800 μg为本研究中2-DE分析的理想上样量。另外, 为了验证该提取及分离方法的可行性, 进一步对蛋白质表达谱中的部分蛋白点进行了质谱分析, 且这些蛋白点均得到了成功鉴定。该研究通过优化总蛋白提取方法及样品上样量等条件, 获得了理想的双向电泳分离图谱, 为苹果属植物树皮组织材料的蛋白质组学研究奠定了基础。     

缺铁逆境胁迫下水稻叶片蛋白的双向电泳及其蛋白质组图谱分析

水稻幼苗经缺铁胁迫诱导分别处理1、3、5天后,用酚法和TCA/丙酮法提取叶片中的可溶性蛋白进行双向电泳分析,从而研究在缺铁条件下叶片中蛋白表达的动态变化规律.结果显示1.不同pH IPG胶条分离蛋白的效果不同.用pH3-10的IPG胶条进行双向电泳,经考马斯亮蓝染色后,可在胶面上检测到大约450个蛋白点,其中约有89%的蛋白是酸性蛋白.如果用pH4-7的IPG胶条进行双向电泳,则可检测到大约600个蛋白点,其中有29个蛋白是上调表达,1个蛋白是下调表达,5个蛋白是诱导特异表达.2.不同方法提取的可溶性蛋白质量不同.TCA法简单易操作,似乎对于碱性蛋白的抽提效果更好,在2-DE图像上,减性端显示的蛋白点多;但此方法所得蛋白的再溶性差.酚法提取的蛋白再溶性好,所抽提的蛋白量较大,纯度较高.     

非洲山毛豆叶片蛋白组双向电泳样品制备方法的建立

以非洲山毛豆叶片为材料,对非洲山毛豆总蛋白质3种提取方法(TCA/丙酮沉淀法、尿素/硫脲法和酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法)以及3种蛋白裂解液进行比较分析。结果表明,采用酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法提取非洲山毛豆叶片总蛋白,用蛋白裂解液(7mol/L尿素,2mol/L硫脲,4%CHAPS,40mmol/LTris-base,1%Bio-LytepH3.5-10,65mmol/LDTT)裂解蛋白1h,2-DE图谱分离到的蛋白点效果最好。此方法适合于色素、多酚及黄酮类次生代谢物含量较多的非洲山毛豆叶片总蛋白制备方法。     

巴豆醛对水稻悬浮培养细胞蛋白质表达的影响

对巴豆醛处理水稻悬浮培养细胞后蛋白质组水平的变化进行了研究,以期发现在调控水稻细胞周期活动中起重要作用的蛋白。采用双向电泳分离蛋白,PDQuest软件分析凝胶图谱确定差异蛋白点,LCQ-Fleet ion trap系统鉴定蛋白,相关数据库检索分析差异蛋白点,获得了45个差异蛋白点,经质谱鉴定和数据库分析得到26个可信蛋白,集中在胁迫反应、蛋白质命运,信号转导,物质与能量代谢和膜功能等。在这些蛋白中,小分子量热激蛋白、Skp1蛋白和26S蛋白酶,CDC48,6-磷酸葡萄糖胺乙酰基转移酶以及蔗糖合酶等蛋白已有文献报告其在植物细胞周期调控中的作用,其它一些鉴定的蛋白参与了细胞的生理活动,其与细胞周期间的相互关系需进一步的研究。巴豆醛处理影响了水稻悬浮培养细胞正常的细胞周期活动,鉴定出部分蛋白与细胞周期的调控具有密切关系,而一些与水稻细胞分化、发育相关蛋白也得到了鉴定,其在细胞周期上的作用尚未有文献报告,这些蛋白的进一步研究将有助于揭示水稻细胞周期的调控机制。     

不同生态型芦苇叶片蛋白质双向电泳系统的筛选和优化

通过优化组合植物蛋白质提取方法及与之匹配的蛋白质裂解液,采用改进的O’Farrel双向电泳系统,以自然生境野生芦苇叶片为材料,筛选出一种适合纤维含量高、革质化明显的4种不同生态型芦苇（水生芦苇、轻度盐化草甸芦苇、重度盐化草甸芦苇、沙丘芦苇）叶片蛋白质分析的双向电泳系统,即以饱和酚－醋酸铵／甲醇沉淀法提取叶片蛋白质样品,经裂解液[8mol／L尿素,2mol／L硫脲,4％CHAPS,65mmol／LDTT,2％Ampholine（pH3．5～10：pH5～8=1：4）]裂解后按80μg上样,银染后获得背景清晰、蛋白质分辨率较高的双向电泳图谱．该系统用于水稻等植物叶片蛋白质双向电泳分析,同样获得较好的电泳图谱和分辨率。     

用Far-Western印迹技术筛选人肝组织中与乙肝病毒表面抗原PreS1相互作用的蛋白

目的:利用Far-Western印迹技术从正常人肝组织中筛选乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原PreS1结合蛋白,为阐明HBV的感染致病机理提供依据。方法:提取正常人肝组织细胞膜蛋白,双向电泳展示后转膜,对表达纯化获得的PreS1的重要片段与GST的融合蛋白PreS/1-48myr-GST进行Far-Western印迹实验,对筛选获得的蛋白点切胶,质谱鉴定。结果:对PreS/1-48myr-GST融合蛋白进行Far-Western-2D筛选,共获得22个蛋白点,经质谱鉴定获得15个候选相互作用蛋白,其中膜蛋白Ezrin可能在HBV感染致病过程中具有重要作用。结论:Ezrin蛋白能够与乙肝病毒表面抗原PreS1结合,其在HBV感染致病过程中的重要作用值得探索。     

塔玛亚历山大藻双向电泳蛋白的三种提取方法比较

【目的】比较3种蛋白质提取方法,找到适用于塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的最佳的提取方法,为后续用双向电泳(2-DE)技术研究不同条件下塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的差异表达奠定基础。【方法】以塔玛亚历山大藻为研究对象,运用Tris-HCl提取法、TCA沉淀法和lysis buffer提取法分别提取塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白,并通过双向电泳技术,对这3种方法进行了比较分析,筛选出最适于塔玛亚历山大藻的蛋白提取方法。并运用以上得出的方法,以不加杀藻物质的无菌塔玛亚历山大藻为对照,比较分析了塔玛亚历山大藻在加入杀藻物质后的蛋白差异表达状况。【结果】在这3种方法中,lysis buffer提取法得到的蛋白溶解性好,进行双向电泳时,可得到干净的背景、清晰的蛋白点,并且蛋白点的数目较多,酸性蛋白、碱性蛋白、大分子量和小分子量的蛋白均有提出来,蛋白点在胶面上分布均匀。用这种方法初步分析了加入杀藻物质后塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白的差异表达情况,并鉴定出14个与塔玛亚历山大藻生理活动密切相关的蛋白质。【结论】lysis buffer提取法获得了最多的蛋白点,双向电泳图谱清晰,适于用来提取塔玛亚历山大藻蛋白。     

家蝇幼虫血淋巴蛋白组及血淋巴中热稳定蛋白研究

目的 初步研究家蝇幼虫血淋巴蛋白组学特征及其中的热稳定蛋白.方法 使用破壁法提取三龄幼虫血淋巴原液,设置全血淋巴组、沸水浴处理组,采用不同pH范围双向电泳胶条,分析血淋巴中蛋白的pH、分子量分布特点,采用二级质谱对蛋白点进行分子鉴定.结果 家蝇幼虫血淋巴中蛋白的分子量主要分布在10 kDa～66kDa之间,采用pH3～10的IPG胶,检测到286个蛋白点,采用pH4～7的IPG胶,测到601个蛋白点;血淋巴经沸水浴处理后,检测到41个蛋白点,分子量低于30 kDa,比未处理组减少了93.1％,对其中11个蛋白点进行质谱分析,鉴定出4个功能蛋白,包括存储蛋白、气味结合蛋白、铁蛋白重链样蛋白和铁蛋白2轻链蛋白同系物.结论 双向电泳能很好地分析家蝇幼虫血淋巴中的蛋白,血淋巴中的蛋白等电点主要分布在pH4～7之间;血淋巴经沸水浴处理后可去掉大量变性蛋白,其上清中可能包含耐热性较好的功能蛋白.     

Characterization of metaproteomics in crop rhizospheric soil

Soil rhizospheric metaproteomics is a powerful scientific tool to uncover the interactions between plants and microorganisms in the soil ecosystem. The present study established an extraction method suitable for different soils that could increase the extracted protein content. Close to 1000 separate spots with high reproducibility could be identified in the stained 2-DE gels. Among the spots, 189 spots representing 122 proteins on a 2-DE gel of rice soil samples were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. These proteins mainly originated from rice and microorganisms. They were involved in protein, energy, nucleotide, and secondary metabolisms, as well as signal transduction and resistance. Three characteristics of the crop rhizospheric metaproteomics seemed apparent: (1) approximately one-third of the protein spots could not be identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF/MS, (2) the conservative proteins from plants formed a feature distribution of crop rhizospheric metaproteome, and (3) there were very complex interactions between plants and microorganisms existing in a crop rhizospheric soil. Further functional analysis on the identified proteins unveiled various metabolic pathways and signal transductions involved in the soil biotic community. This study provides a paradigm for metaproteomic research on soil biology.     

Evaluation of sample extraction methods for proteomic analysis of coniferous seeds

In this study, three methods of protein extraction from the seeds of the Chinese fir were compared by examining the quality (including the number of protein spots observed) in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), obtained by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the total released protein. Three protein extraction methods were: TCA-acetone precipitation, SDS extraction/acetone precipitation, and phenol extraction methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation. The results showed that TCA-acetone precipitation was the most effective method for protein extraction; it gave the highest yield of total protein (8.9 mg protein per g seed weight) and the greatest number of proteins spots (1,034 spots) on the 2-DE gel. Further, several proteins were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS), which are legumin-like storage protein, similar to AMP binding/acetate-CoA ligase, similar to 40S ribosomal protein S20, actin, ascorbate peroxidase, Similar to cysteine synthase, and unknown protein. These data demonstrates that TCA-acetone precipitation followed by 2-DE and LC MS/MS is a suitable method for proteomic analysis of coniferous species, such as Chinese fir and provides a valuable starting point for similar proteomic analysis of other coniferous tree species.     

Evaluation of three different protocols of protein extraction for Arabidopsis thaliana leaf proteome analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis

This work was performed to compare three precipitation protocols of protein extraction for 2-DE proteomic analysis using Arabidopsis leaf tissue: TCA-acetone, phenol, and TCA-acetone-phenol. There were no statistically significant differences in protein yield between the three methods. Samples were subjected to 2-DE in the 5 to 8 pH and 14-80 kDa ranges. The TCA-acetone-phenol protocol provided the best results in terms of spot focusing, resolved spots, spot intensity, unique spots detected, and reproducibility. In all, 93 qualitative or quantitative statistically significant differential spots were found between the three protocols. The 2-DE map of TCA-acetone-phenol extracts presented more resolved spots above 40 kDa, with no pI-dependent differences observed between the three protocols. 54 spots were selected for trypsin digestion, and the peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. After database search using peptide mass fingerprinting, and MS/MS combined search, 30 proteins were identified, the proteins from chloroplastic photosynthetic and carbohydrate metabolism being those most highly represented. From these data, we were able to conclude that each extraction protocol had its main features. Considering this, the workflow of any standard comparative proteomic experiment should include the optimization and adaptation of the protein extraction protocol to the plant tissue and to the particular objective pursued.     

Towards global analysis of mosquito chorion proteins through sequential extraction, two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

This study describes the separation and identification of chorion proteins through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) techniques. Due to their high hydrophobicity, chorion proteins are difficult to be solubilized and absorbed into the immobilized pH gradient strip for isoelectric focusing. By optimizing the applied conditions for chorion protein extraction and sample application, we were able to solubilize the majority of the chorion proteins and resolve them by 2-DE. Under optimized conditions, there are more than 700 protein spots resolved by 2-D analysis. Trypsin digestions of individual protein spots, MALDI-TOF MS analysis of their digested peptides, and subsequent BLAST search of peptide masses resulted in the tentative identification of 38 protein spots. Our data show that sequential extraction of the isolated chorion, 2-DE of the solubilized chorion proteins, in-gel digestion of the resolved protein and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the protein digests is an effective overall strategy towards determination of chorion proteins in mosquitoes. The merits of the method described for the determination of mosquito chorion proteins and its feasibility for the separation and identification of membrane proteins and chorion or eggshell proteins from other insect species are discussed.     

适用于盐生植物的双向电泳样品制备方法

比较了三氯乙酸,丙酮沉淀法（TCA）、三氯乙酸沉淀法（E-TCA）和酚抽法（Phe）3种方法对盐生植物盐角草（Salicornia europaea L．）总蛋白的提取效果。3种方法分别得到579、343和535个蛋白点;TCA和E-TCA法所得图谱均存在严重的横向纹理,Phe法所得图谱则背景干净,基本上没有纹理。说明Phe法不仅能很好地提取盐角草蛋白,而且能有效去除样品中的盐分。对Phe法的提取液进行了改进,所得图谱背景更加清晰,蛋白点数增加。为其他盐生植物以及嗜盐微生物蛋白质的提取提供了重要参考。     

Investigation of Proteomic Profiles of Lamina of Ecklonia kurome (Laminariales): Homology-Based Cross-Species Protein Identification and Analysis of the Post-translational Processing of Vanadium-Dependent Bromoperoxidases Using MALDI-TOF/TOF

Proteomic profiles of the lamina of Ecklonia kurome Okamura, one of the Japanese dominant laminarialean kelps, were investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Due to the absence of E. kurome DNA or protein databases, homology-based cross-species protein identification was performed using a combination of three database-searching algorithms, Mascot peptide mass fingerprinting, Mascot MS/MS ion search, and mass spectrometry-based BLAST. Proteins were extracted from the lamina by an ethanol/phenol method and subjected to 2-DE (pI 4–7, 10 % polyacrylamide gel). More than 700 spots were detected in the 2-DE gel with CBB, and 93 spots (24 proteins) were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF and the cross-species database searching. The identified proteins mainly consisted of cytoplasmic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, chloroplast proteins involved in photosynthesis, and haloperoxidases. Interestingly, vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases (vBPO), which is thought to be involved in halogen uptake, synthesis of halogenated products, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, were separated into at least 23 different spots. By comparing mass spectra, amino acid sequences predicted from tandem mass spectra and haloperoxidase activities of the vBPOs, we found that (1) at least two types of vBPOs were expressed in the lamina of E. kurome and (2) two pro-vBPOs might be activated by specific cleavage at N- and C-terminal regions.     

Effect of early cold stress on the maturation of rice anthers

Male reproductive development in rice (Oryza sativa Linnaeus is very sensitive to various forms of environmental stresses including low temperature. Here, we present our findings on the proteomic analysis of the later developmental consequences of low temperature treatment on rice anthers. Anther proteins at the trinucleate stage, with or without cold treatment for four days at 12 degrees C at the young microspore stage, were extracted, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and compared. More than 3000 rice anther proteins of cold-sensitive cultivar Doongara plants at the trinucleate stage were resolved on 2-DE gels over a pH range of 4-7 and detected by silver-staining. Seventy protein spots were differentially displayed after four days of cold treatment at the young microspore stage. Of these, 12 protein spots were newly-induced, 47 were up-regulated, and 11 were down-regulated by cold treatment at the early microspore stage. We identified 18 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. Of the identified proteins, seven were observed as breakdown (cleavage) products by a combination of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF analysis, thus demonstrating for the first time that cold temperature stress at the young microspore stage enhances and induces partial degradation of proteins in the rice anthers at the trinucleate stage.     

Comprehensive analysis of exported proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

Proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis play an essential role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The culture filtrates of M. tuberculosis H37Rv made by Sadamu Nagai (Japan), are considerably enriched for secreted proteins compared to other culture filtrates. Complementary approaches were used to identify the secreted proteins in these culture filtrates: (i) 2-DE combined with MALDI-TOF MS and (ii) LC coupled MS/MS. Peptides derived from a total of 257 proteins were identified of which 144 were identified by more than one peptide. Several members of the immunologically important early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) family of proteins were found to be major components. The majority of the identified proteins, 159 (62%), were predicted to be exported through the general secretory pathway. We experimentally verified that the signal peptides, which mediate translocation through the cell membrane, had been removed in 41 of the identified proteins, and in 35 of those, there was an AXA motif N-terminally to the cleavage site, showing that this motif is important for the recognition and cleavage of signal peptides in mycobacteria. A large fraction of the secreted proteins were unknown, suggesting that we have mapped an unexplored part of the exported proteome of M. tuberculosis. complement.     

灵芝子实体原基双向电泳和总蛋白质提取方法的建立

比较了Tris-饱和酚法和三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法对灵芝子实体原基总蛋白质的提取效果。用Image Master 2D Platinum6.0软件分析两种方法所提蛋白质的双向电泳图谱,分别得到565和273个蛋白质点;(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法在碱性端低分子量区域有些蛋白质斑点存在拖尾现象,Tris-饱和酚法能有效去除样品中的盐分,使蛋白质的聚焦效果更好,蛋白点数增加。Tris-饱和酚法可做为灵芝子实体原基总蛋白质的提取方法并为其他药用真菌总蛋白质的提取提供参考,同时为本实验室后续研究灵芝双向性固体发酵雷公藤的蛋白差异表达奠定了基础。     

Proteomic Screening of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick,Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of proteome. For detection of antigens from Haemaphysalis longicornis, 1-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) quantitative immunoblotting technique combined with 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) immunoblotting was used for whole body proteins from unfed and partially fed female ticks. Reactivity bands and 2-DE immunoblotting were performed following 2-DE electrophoresis to identify protein spots. The proteome of the partially fed female had a larger number of lower molecular weight proteins than that of the unfed female tick. The total number of detected spots was 818 for unfed and 670 for partially fed female ticks. The 2-DE immunoblotting identified 10 antigenic spots from unfed females and 8 antigenic spots from partially fed females. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) of relevant spots identified calreticulin, putative secreted WC salivary protein, and a conserved hypothetical protein from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Swiss Prot protein sequence databases. These findings indicate that most of the whole body components of these ticks are non-immunogenic. The data reported here will provide guidance in the identification of antigenic proteins to prevent infestation and diseases transmitted by H. longicornis.