mRNA的出核转运

mRNA的出核转运是真核生物基因表达的重要步骤之一,它与pre-mRNA的各个加工过程都存在密切的偶联。这种偶联对于基因表达的高效准确完成至关重要。本文介绍了mRNA出核转运与pre-mRNA加工及质量监控之间的关联,并总结了近年来关于mRNA出核转运的研究进展。     

mRNA出核转运及其偶联网络

真核细胞中,编码蛋白质基因的表达是一个复杂的、分步骤进行的过程,这个过程从转录和新生pre-mRNA的核内加工开始,经过正确加工的成熟mRNA从加工位点释放,出核转运后在细胞质内翻译成蛋白质。mRNA出核转运是基因表达中的关键步骤,由进化上高度保守的特定蛋白质介导完成。mRNA出核与转录和mRNA加工步骤密切偶联,这样的偶联可以提高基因表达的有效性和准确性。     

IBDV多聚蛋白基因真核表达质粒的构建与表达

将IBDV上海超强毒株的多聚蛋白基因(vp2-4-3)克隆入真核表达载体pALTER-MAX,构建成功pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3真核表达质粒,经纯化后,pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3在Lipofectamie^TM2000介导下转染Vero细胞、11日龄鸡胚的绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)和肌肉注射2日龄的雏鸡,1周后,分别提取细胞或组织中的总DNA或总RNA,用DIG标记探针均可检测到阳性杂交信号;转染的Vero细胞飞片和肌肉冰冻切片,进行免疫荧光检测均呈现阳性结果;转染的鸡胚CAM匀浆上清,用兔抗IBDV超强毒的高免血清,经Dot—ELISA检测呈现阳性。表明转染后基因获得表达,表达的蛋白具有免疫反应性。     

全鱼基因的构建及其在鲫鱼体内的整合与转录

利用PCR技术删除大麻哈鱼生长激素基因的启动序列,通过基因重组构建出全鱼基因（鲤鱼MT启动子－大麻哈鱼生长激素基因）;以融合全鱼基因为外源基因,通过显微注射方法将其线性片段导入鲫鱼受精卵内,研究其整合与转录效率。结果表明,全鱼基因在鲫鱼基因组中的整合率为36．4％（16／44）,对转基因阳性鱼的RNA样本进行Northern印迹杂交检测,转录率为25％（1／4）。因此,该全鱼基因可以作为转基因鱼研究和应用的外源基因。     

多聚谷氨酰胺延伸蛋白募集细胞内转录因子及对基因转录调控的影响

多聚谷氨酰胺（polyglutamine,PolyQ）疾病是由特定基因序列中CAG三核苷酸的不稳定重复扩增所引发的一类神经退行性疾病。至今已发现9种类型的PolyQ疾病,其中多数疾病的致病蛋白质在转录调控中发挥着重要的病理作用。PolyQ蛋白中谷氨酰胺的异常重复延伸会引发蛋白质错误折叠并在细胞中积聚形成包涵体。积聚的蛋白质可通过自身结构域、泛素修饰和RNA等介导的相互作用,有效地募集细胞内的转录因子、泛素接头或受体蛋白,以及分子伴侣等组分到包涵体中。这些组分在细胞中的可溶性比例减少,使得机体内的转录调控系统功能受损,造成转录失调从而诱发疾病。因此,研究异常延伸的PolyQ蛋白对细胞内转录因子及其他组分的募集作用,可在分子水平上解释神经退行性疾病的发病机制,从而为临床应用提供潜在的预防和治疗方法。     

提高外源基因在植物体内表达的策略

介绍提高外源基因在植物体内表达的方法。从外源基因的优化、整合、转录、翻译、运输以及基因间的相互作用等方面,总结提高外源蛋白在植物宿主体内表达的常用策略。     

真核细胞基因转录抑制的分子机理

基因转录水平的调控是个复杂的过程,该方面的研究多集中于转录激活的机制上,但转录抑制也在基因表达中起重要作用．研究发现,核小体可抑制RNA聚合酶、转录因子与基因的结合,阻断转录起始．另外,基因转录抑制因子也可特异性地作用于转录过程．依作用机理,这些因子又可分为被动抑制因子和主动抑制因子两种．前者主要通过与激活因子竞争性结合基因的DNA结合位点或消弱激活因子与DNA结合的能力而减慢转录速率;后者通过与基因阻遏元件结合,直接抑制转录的起始．     

Angiostatin基因真核表达载体的构建及对B16黑色素瘤体内生长抑制作用

Angiostatin是一种新发现的对肿瘤生长有特异抑制作用的抗血管生成因子,实验已证实其对多种肿瘤有明显的抑制作用。本文报告构建了含Angiostation基因的真核表达载体pAG3,通过建立荷瘤小鼠模型来研究Angiostation对人黑色素瘤B16的原位生长,植入及与化疗药物DTIC的联合作用等来探讨Angiostation裸DNA肌肉注射的体内抗瘤效应。实验结果表明Angiostation可明显抑制C57荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长;人黑色素瘤B16细胞植入前5天肌肉注射pAG3能显著阻止下C57小鼠新肿瘤的形成;但在pAG3与DTIC联合化疗实验中,两者未表现出明显的增强效应。本实验为拓展非病毒介导的Angiostation抗血管生成基因治疗途径奠定了基础。     

水动力转染基因在小鼠体内的长期高效表达

水动力转染技术是近年新出现的一种体内基因转染方法,可以实现目的基因在小鼠体内的高效表达,有可能作为受精卵显微注射的一种简单替代技术。但该技术的缺点是转染基因多瞬时表达,外源基因在体内高效表达的时间通常不超过1周,而且局限于肝、肾等器官,从而限制了该技术广泛应用。为了延长水动力转染基因在小鼠体内长期高效表达的时间,从而能对目的基因的体内功能进行长期研究,国外研究进行了广泛的探索,本综述了相关研究的最新进展。     

基于转录组的肝豆状核变性调控网络的构建和分析

本研究旨在利用生物信息学方法构建经铜诱导的ATP7B基因敲除HepG2细胞系的转录调控网络。探讨关键转录因子在肝豆状核变性发生、发展中的潜在作用机制。收集公共基因表达数据库(gene expression omnibus, GEO)中包含野生型、ATP7B基因敲除型、铜诱导的野生型和铜诱导的ATP7B基因敲除型HepG2细胞系数据。筛选由铜诱导产生的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)后进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)富集分析。基于蛋白相互作用网络,识别疾病关键基因和功能模块,并对关键功能模块中的基因进行富集分析。最后,构建转录调控网络,筛选核心转录因子。共筛选出1 034个差异表达基因,其中上调525个,下调509个。上、下调关键功能模块分别包括了3785个和3931个基因。关键功能模块中的基因主要定位于细胞-基质连接、染色体、剪接复合体、核糖体等区域,共同参与了mRNA加工、组蛋白修饰、RNA剪切...     

Translational control by the poly(A) binding protein: A check for mRNA integrity

The eukaryotic mRNA 3′ poly(A) tail and the 5′ cap cooperate to synergistically enhance translation. This interaction is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein network that contains, at a minimum, the poly(A) binding protein (PABP), the cap-binding protein eIF4E, and a scaffolding protein, eIF4G. eIF4G, in turn, contains binding sites for eIF4A and eIF3, a 40S ribosome-associated initiation factor. The combined cooperative interactions within this “closed loop” mRNA among other effects enhance the affinity of eIF4E for the 5′ cap, by lowering its dissociation rate and, ultimately, facilitate the formation of 48S and 80S ribosome initiation complexes. The PABP-poly(A) interaction also stimulates initiation driven by picornavirus’ internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs), a process that requires eIF4G but not eIF4E. PABP, therefore, should be considered a canonical initiation factor, integral to the formation of the initiation complex. Poly(A)-mediated translation is subjected to regulation by the PABP-interacting proteins Paip1 and Paip2. Paip1 acts as a translational enhancer. In contrast, Paip2 strongly inhibits translation by promoting dissociation of PABP from poly(A) and by competing with eIF4G for binding to PABP. Published in Russian in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2006, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 684–693. The article is published in the original.     

外源SOD和APX基因在转基因烟草中的表达与遗传

分析转超氧化物歧化酶基因（SOD）或抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（APX）烟草及其自交和杂交后代的叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的结果表明：转基因烟草的SOD和POD活性在终花期最强,不同叶位叶中SOD活性差异不明显,POD活性以下部叶为最高;转基因烟草的SOD或POD活性显著高于近等基因的非转基因品系。杂交后代（F1、F2）的SOD活性能保持稳定,略高于亲本;自交后代（S1～S3）与自交亲本的SOD和POD活性相当。     

Highly efficient gene transfer with degradable poly(ester amine) based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and polyethylenimine in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND: Polyethylenimine (PEI) is toxic although it is one of the most successful and widely used gene delivery polymers with the aid of the proton sponge effect. Therefore, development of new novel gene delivery carriers having high efficiency with less toxicity is necessary. METHODS: In this study, a degradable poly(ester amine) carrier based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and low molecular weight linear PEI was prepared. Furthermore, we compared the gene expression of the polymer/DNA complexes using two delivery methods: intravenous administration as an invasive method and aerosol as a non-invasive method. RESULTS: The synthesized polymer had a relatively small molecular weight (MW = 7980) with 25 h half-life in vitro. The polymer/DNA complexes were formed at an N/P ratio of 9. The particle sizes and zeta-potentials of the complexes were dependent on N/P ratio. Compared to PEI 25K, the newly synthesized polymer exhibited high transfection efficiency with low toxicity. Poly(ester amine)-mediated gene expression in the lung and liver was higher than that of the conventional PEI carrier. Interestingly, non-invasive aerosol delivery induced higher gene expression in all organs compared to intravenous method in an in vivo mice study. Such an expressed gene via a single aerosol administration in the lung and liver remained unchanged for 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that poly(ester amine) may be applied as an useful gene carrier.     

A unique system for regulating mitochondrial mRNA poly(A) status and stability in plants

Poly(A) status is the major determinant of mRNA stability, even in endosymbiotic organelles. Poly(A) specific ribonuclease (PARN) is distributed widely among eukaryotes and has been shown to regulate the poly(A) status of cytoplasmic mRNA in various organisms. Surprisingly, our recent study revealed that PARN also directly regulates poly(A) status of mitochondrial mRNA in Arabidopsis. In this addendum, we discuss whether this mitochondrial function of PARN is common in plants and why PARN has been assigned such a unique function.     

DNA芯片技术中利用内标对数据归一化后检测基因的表达变化

在DNA芯片技术中 ,通过反转录反应 ,由mRNA合成带有荧光标记物的cDNA的过程中 ,往往要参入已知质量的poly(A) + RNA ,以对DNA芯片的检测灵敏度进行归一化处理 .通过体外转录的方法 ,以真核生物的cDNA克隆中的DNA片段为模板合成poly(A) +RNA ,对之定量后 ,以不同的质量比参入到样品的反转录体系中 ,代表不同的RNA拷贝丰度 ,从而对DNA芯片检测的灵敏度进行了定量 ,并得到DNA芯片上杂交点的荧光信号强度与基因表达的RNA拷贝数成正相关的关系 .利用含有内标的DNA芯片检测了热击反应后酵母细胞的基因表达变化 ,结果与Northern印迹方法检测结果是相符的     

Poly (beta-amino ester) as an in vivo nanocarrier for therapeutic nucleic acids

Therapeutic nucleic acids are an emerging class of therapy for treating various diseases through immunomodulation, protein replacement, gene editing, and genetic engineering. However, they need a vector to effectively and safely reach the target cells. Most gene and cell therapies rely on ex vivo gene delivery, which is laborious, time-consuming, and costly; therefore, devising a systematic vector for effective and safe in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids is required to target the cells of interest in an efficient manner. Synthetic nanoparticle vector poly beta amino ester (PBAE), a class of degradable polymer, is a promising candidate for in vivo gene delivery. PBAE is considered the most potent in vivo vector due to its excellent transfection performance and biodegradability. PBAE nanoparticles showed tunable charge density, diverse structural characteristics, excellent encapsulation capacity, high stability, stimuli-responsive release, site-specific delivery, potent binding to nucleic acids, flexible binding ability to various conjugates, and effective endosomal escape. These unique properties of PBAE are an essential contribution to in vivo gene delivery. The current review discusses each of the components used for PBAE synthesis and the impact of various environmental and physicochemical factors of the body on PBAE nanocarrier.     

Identification of new poly(A) polymerase-inhibitory proteins capable of regulating pre-mRNA polyadenylation

The 3' ends of nearly all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs undergo cleavage and polyadenylation, thereby acquiring a poly(A) tail added by the enzyme poly(A) polymerase (PAP). Two well-characterized examples of regulated poly(A) tail addition in the nucleus consist of spliceosomal proteins, either the U1A or U170K proteins, binding to the pre-mRNA and inhibiting PAP via their PAP regulatory domains (PRDs). These two proteins are the only known examples of this type of gene regulation. On the basis of sequence comparisons, it was predicted that many other proteins, including some members of the SR family of splicing proteins, contain functional PRDs. Here we demonstrate that the putative PRDs found in the SR domains of the SR proteins SRP75 and U2AF65, via fusion to a heterologous MS2 RNA binding protein, specifically and efficiently inhibit PAP in vitro and pre-mRNA polyadenylation in vitro and in vivo. A similar region from the SR domain of SRP40 does not exhibit these activities, indicating that this is not a general property of SR domains. We find that the polyadenylation- and PAP-inhibitory activity of a given polypeptide can be accurately predicted based on sequence similarity to known PRDs and can be measured even if the polypeptides' RNA target is unknown. Our results also indicate that PRDs function as part of a network of interactions within the pre-mRNA processing complex and suggest that this type of regulation will be more widespread than previously thought.