糖苷合酶应用于糖蛋白和鞘糖脂的合成

糖苷合成酶是糖苷酶的亲核体氨基酸突变酶,催化寡糖的高效合成,可应用于寡糖的大规模生产。最近,糖苷合成酶被成功地应用于两类重要的生物分子——糖蛋白和鞘糖脂的高效合成,这必将对糖生物学和制药业的发展起到重要的推动作用。     

菊糖蔗糖酶的性质鉴定及菊糖的酶法合成

菊糖作为益生元和膳食纤维,具有许多重要的生理功能,广泛应用于食品、医药等领域.微生物菊糖蔗糖酶可以以蔗糖为底物合成较植物菊糖具有更高分子量的菊糖.文中通过基因数据库筛选获得一段拟表达菊糖蔗糖酶的基因.通过N-端和C-端截断的方式,保留中间催化域,构建重组质粒.将重组质粒在大肠杆菌表达系统中表达,粗酶液经Ni2+亲和层析...     

螺旋藻多糖对核酸内切酶活性和DNA修复合成的增强作用

本文用核酸内切酶实验和放射自显影术研究了螺旋藻水溶性多糖对DNA切除修复的效应。结果表明,该多糖能显著增强辐射引起DNA损伤的切除修复活性和程序外DNA合成(UDS)。考察切除修复的时程,发现螺旋藻多糖的存在不但能加快损伤DNA切除反应和UDS的初时速度,而且能延缓以上两个重要修复反应的饱和。     

共表达SHMT和TPase载体的构建及双酶法合成L-色氨酸

利用重组大肠杆菌表达丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)和色氨酸酶(TPase),并利用双酶法合成L-色氨酸。采用PCR从大肠杆菌K12基因组中扩增上述两种酶的基因,利用pET-28a载体,构建单表达重组质粒pET-SHMT、pET-TPase和共表达重组质粒pET-ST。将上述3种重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行表达。SDS-PAGE结果表明,单表达基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/pET-SHMT和BL21(DE3)/pET-TPase分别在47kDa(SHMT)和50kDa(TPase)处有蛋白表达带;共表达基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/pET-ST在上述两处均有蛋白表达带。与宿主菌相比,单表达SHMT基因工程菌产酶活性提高了6.4倍;单表达TPase基因工程菌产酶活性提高了8.4倍;共表达SHMT和TPase基因工程菌产酶活性分别提高了6.1和6.9倍。利用工程菌所产酶进行双菌双酶法和单菌双酶法合成L-色氨酸。两菌双酶合成L-色氨酸的累积量达到41.5g/L,甘氨酸转化率为83.3%,吲哚转化率为92.5%;单菌双酶合成L-色氨酸的累积量达到28.9g/L,甘氨酸转化率为82.7%,吲哚转化率为82.9%。     

内切葡聚糖酶产生菌的分离、筛选和识别

采用6种培养基对淡水水库、反刍动物粪便和植物组织共3种环境来源的110份样品进行微生物纯培养物的分离、培养,获得414株细菌纯培养物,其中171株来源于淡水水库环境,70株来源于反刍动物粪便,173株来源于植物内生环境.以羟甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)作为唯一碳源对新分离菌株进行内切葡聚糖酶活性筛选,在活性初筛中获得阳性菌197株,复筛验证确认149株为内切葡聚糖酶产生菌.通过16S rRNA基因序列分析初步确定了具内切葡聚糖酶活性菌株的分类学信息,其中64株产酶活性菌株来源于淡水水库环境,归属于10个科的11个属,19株活性菌株来源于反刍动物粪便,归属于10个科的10个属,66株活性菌株来源于植物内生环境,归属于16个科的19个属.实验表明在纤维素储备丰富的自然环境中,具内切葡聚糖酶活性的细菌资源丰富多样,值得进一步深入研究.     

萌发花生种子子叶肽链内切酶的纯化和性质

萌发花生种子子叶的肽链内切酶经硫酸铵沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶层析,ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素２３阴离子交换层析和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ５０层析,得到纯化的酶,该酶有两条同工酶,分子量分别为５８和５５ＫＤ,Ｋｍ为９．９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,是半胱氨型肽链内切酶（ＥＣ３．４．２２）,对未萌发花生种子的贮藏蛋白没有明显降解作用．     

脱落酸和抑制剂对萌发花生子叶肽链内切酶和花生球蛋白降解的影响

脱落酸（Ａｂｓｃｉｓｉｃａｃｉｄ,ＡＢＡ）抑制花生种子萌发的作用与核酸和蛋白质合成抑制剂的作用不同．ＡＢＡ（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）在萌发零时施用,明显抑制肽链内切酶活性和同工酶表现以及花生球蛋白降解,萌发４８ｈ施用ＡＢＡ（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）只降低肽链内切酶活性．ＡＢＡ的抑制作用不依赖于核酸和蛋白质合成．核酸合成抑制剂（３＇－脱氧腺苷,放线菌素Ｄ,５－氟尿嘧啶）和蛋白质合成抑制剂（亚胺环己酮）只能部分降低肽链内切酶活性,对肽链内切酶同工酶表现和花生球蛋白降解无明显影响．实验结果表明花生子叶肽链内酶不是在种子萌发过程中重新（ｄｅｎｏｖｏ）合成,文中讨论了肽链内切酶活性调节和花生贮藏蛋白降解的起始模式．     

蚀木链霉菌KX6耐热内切葡聚糖酶的产生及酶学性质研究

从堆肥中筛选到一株产耐热内切葡聚糖酶的放线菌菌株,通过形态观察和16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定为蚀木链霉菌(Streptomyces Xylophagus)。实验中对其产酶的液态发酵条件进行了研究,碳源为1%（w/v）羧甲基纤维素钠,氮源为1%（w/v）豆粕粉,250ml三角瓶30 %装液量,接种量为2%,培养基初始pH为8.0,培养温度为40℃,200r/min培养48h后,发酵液中内切葡聚糖酶活达到0.538IU/ml。该酶的最适作用温度和pH分别为50℃和7.0,50℃下酶活保持1 h不变,60℃保温1h,仍有60%的原酶活性,pH为6.0~7.0酶活稳定,该酶属于一种耐热的中性内切葡聚糖酶。     

乌桕金带蛾核型多角体病毒的理化性质和内切酶分析

1985年我们从自然罹死的乌桕金带蛾(Eupterote sapivora yang)幼虫分离到一株核型多角体病毒,经电镜观察认为是杆状病毒属(Baculovirus)中的一种病毒(简称EsNPV)。研究昆虫病毒的分子遗传学及基因重组和表达,制备安全有效的昆虫病毒杀虫剂等,首先都要纯化病毒,对其理化性质需要有较全面的了解。为此,本文对该病毒的理化性质和限制性     

苜蓿链霉菌内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶的克隆、表达及酶学性质

内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶广泛应用于糖生物学研究和工业生产。本研究从苜蓿链霉菌Streptomyces alfalfae ACCC 40021中克隆并原核表达了一个新的内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶,该酶最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH为6.0,具有良好的pH稳定性、温度稳定性和高比活(1×10⁶ U/mg)的特性,可催化不同蛋白底物去糖基化,具有作为工具酶和生物催化剂的潜力。     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 2-azidoethyl-ganglio-oligosaccharides GD3, GT3, GM2, GD2, GT2, GM1, and GD1a

We have synthesized several ganglio-oligosaccharide structures using glycosyltransferases from Campylobacter jejuni. The enzymes, alpha-(2-->3/8)-sialyltransferase (Cst-II), beta-(1-->4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (CgtA), and beta-(1-->3)-galactosyltransferase (CgtB), were produced in large-scale fermentation from Escherichia coli and further characterized based on their acceptor specificities. 2-Azidoethyl-glycosides corresponding to the oligosaccharides of GD3 (alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-), GT3 (alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-), GM2 (beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-), GD2 (beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-), GT2 (beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->8)-alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-), and GM1 (beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-) were synthesized in high yields (gram-scale). In addition, a mammalian alpha-(2-->3)-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal I) was used to sialylate GM1 and generate GD1a (alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-D-Neup5Ac-(2-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-) oligosaccharide. We also cloned and expressed a rat UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-4'epimerase (GalNAcE) in E. coli AD202 cells for cost saving in situ conversion of less expensive UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-GalNAc.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the sialyl Lewis X glycan and its derivatives

A combination of recombinant FKP and α-(1→3)-fucosyltransferase allows the facile synthesis of the sialyl Lewis X tetrasaccharide glycan and its derivatives in excellent yield. In this system, the universal fucosyl donor, guanidine 5′-diphosphate-β-l-fucose (GDP-fucose), or its analogues can be generated in situ by cofactor recycling using pyruvate kinase.     

Structural Analysis of Free N-Glycans Occurring in Soybean Seedlings and Dry Seeds

The structures of unconjugated or free N-glycans in stems of soybean seedlings and dry seeds have been identified. The free N-glycans were extracted from the stems of seedlings or defatted dry seeds. After desalting by two kinds of ion-exchange chromatography and a gel filtration, the free N-glycans were coupled with 2-aminopyridine. The resulting fluorescence-labeled (PA-) N-glycans were purified by gel filtration, Con A affinity chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, and size-fractionation HPLC. The structures of the PA-sugar chains purified were analyzed by the combination of two-dimensional sugar chain mapping, jack bean α-mannosidase digestion, α-1,2-mannosidase digestions, partial acetolysis, and ESI-MS/MS. The free N-glycan structures found showed that two categories of free N-glycans occur in the stems of soybean seedlings. One is a high-mannose type structure having one GlcNAc residue at the reducing end (Man_9~5GlcNAc₁, 93%), that would be derived by endo-GM (Kimura, Y. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1381, 27-36 (1998)). The other small component is a xylose-containing type one having two GlcNAc residues at the reducing end (Man₃Xyl₁GlcNAc₂, 7%), which would be derived by PNGase-GM (Kimura, Y. and Ohno, A., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62, 412-418 (1998)). The detailed structural analysis of free glycans showed that high-mannose type free N-glycans (Man_9~5GlcNAc₁) in the soybean seedlings have a common core structural unit; Manα1- 6(Man1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAc.

Comparing the amount of free N-glycans in the seedling stems and dry seeds, the amount in the stems of seedlings was much higher than that in the dry seeds; approximately 700 pmol per one stem, 8 pmol in one dry seed. This fact suggested that free N-glycans in soybean seedlings could be produced by two kinds of N-glycan releasing enzymes during germination or seedling-development.     

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Heparin Oligosaccharides with both Anti-factor Xa and Anti-factor IIa Activities

Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides. Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug that inhibits the activities of factors Xa and IIa (also known as thrombin) to prevent blood clot formation. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of size-defined oligosaccharides to probe the minimum size requirement for an oligosaccharide with anti-IIa activity. The synthesis was completed by a chemoenzymatic approach involving glycosyltransferases, HS sulfotransferases, and C(5)-epimerase. We demonstrate the ability to synthesize highly purified N-sulfo-oligosaccharides having up to 21 saccharide residues. The results from anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity measurements revealed that an oligosaccharide longer than 19 saccharide residues is necessary to display anti-IIa activity. The oligosaccharides also exhibit low binding toward platelet factor 4, raising the possibility of preparing a synthetic heparin with a reduced effect of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The results from this study demonstrate the ability to synthesize large HS oligosaccharides and provide a unique tool to probe the structure and function relationships of HS that require the use of large HS fragments.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antileukemic activity of novel C9- and C14-functionalized parthenolide analogs

Parthenolide is a naturally occurring terpene with promising anticancer properties, particularly in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Optimization of this natural product has been challenged by limited opportunities for the late-stage functionalization of this molecule without affecting the pharmacologically important α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety. Here, we report the further development and application of a chemoenzymatic strategy to afford a series of new analogs of parthenolide functionalized at the aliphatic positions C9 and C14. Several of these compounds were determined to be able to kill leukemia cells and patient-derived primary AML specimens with improved activity compared to parthenolide, exhibiting LC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range. These studies demonstrate that different O–H functionalization chemistries can be applied to elaborate the parthenolide scaffold and that modifications at the C9 or C14 position can effectively enhance the antileukemic properties of this natural product. The C9-functionalized analogs 22a and 25b were identified as the most interesting compounds in terms of antileukemic potency and selectivity toward AML versus healthy blood cells.     

Synthesis of 3,6-branched arabinogalactan-type tetra- and hexasaccharides for characterization of monoclonal antibodies

Synthesis of tetra- and hexasaccharides built up from a β-(1→6)-linked galactopyranosyl backbone with arabinofuranosyl side chains at position 3 and with a 3-aminopropyl spacer related to arabinogalactans is described. These oligosaccharides were prepared for investigation of monoclonal antibodies raised against arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) from pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea.     

Synthesis of tetra- and pentasaccharides corresponding to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9A&L, 9N and 9A

Two tetrasaccharides, alpha-D-GlcAp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp and alpha-D-GlcAp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp (protected form), and a pentasaccharide, alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcAp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp have been synthesised from 2-aminoethyl glycoside trisaccharide acceptors in a linear approach via consecutive alpha-glycosylations. Ethyl thioglycosides were used as glycosyl donors and DMTST in Et(2)O or NIS/TfOH in CH(2)Cl(2) were employed as promoters.     

Synthesis and inhibitory activity of a di- and a trisaccharide corresponding to an erythrocyte glycolipid responsible for the nor polyagglutination

The polyagglutinable erythrocytes NOR contain unusual neutral glycolipids reactive with anti-NOR antibodies. The disaccharide alpha-D-Galp-(1-->4)-D-GalpNAc and the trisaccharide alpha-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->3)-D-Gal corresponding to the non-reducing end of a NOR glycolipid (NOR1) were chemically synthesized. The syntheses were based on a common (1-->4)-beta-D-GalNAc precursor, and utilized benzyl glycoside and benzyl ether functions for persistent blocking of hydroxyls. The alpha-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GalpNAc structural element has been found only recently in Nature, and derivatives thereof have not been synthesized before. Both the synthesized oligosaccharides inhibited specifically human anti-NOR antibodies, the trisaccharide being 300 times more active than the disaccharide.     

Synthesis of the β-1,3-glucan, laminarahexaose: NMR and conformational studies

The synthesis of laminarahexaose is described. NMR studies of several of the intermediates leading to the β-1,3-glucan show anomalously small coupling constants for some of the C-1 hydrogens. An X-ray structure for the protected hexasaccharide shows that the small coupling constants are due to some of the glucopyranose rings adopting a twist-boat conformation. The X-ray studies also explain other unexpected NMR observations.     

Synthesis of phosphorylated 3,4-branched trisaccharides corresponding to LPS inner core structures of Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae

2-(N-Benzyloxycarbonyl)aminoethyl 7-O-acetyl-6-O-allyl-2-O-benzoyl-4-O-benzyl-3-O-chloroacetyl-l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranosyl-(1→3)-[2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-6,7-di-O-acetyl-2-O-benzyl-l-glycero-α-d-manno-heptopyranoside, a spacer-equipped protected derivative of the common 3,4-branched diheptoside trisaccharide structure of the lipopolysaccharide core of Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae has been synthesized. The protecting group pattern installed allows regioselective introduction of phosphoethanolamine residues in the 3- and 6-position of the second heptose unit in accordance with native structures. From this intermediate the 3-and 6-monophosphoethanolamine as well as the non-phosphorylated deprotected trisaccharides have been synthesized to be used in evaluation of antibody binding specificity and in investigation of the substrate specificity of glycosyl transferases involved in the biosynthesis of LPS core structures.