脑微血管内皮细胞氧糖剥夺条件培养液对PC12细胞活性的影响

目的:观察脑微血管内皮细胞氧糖剥夺后条件培养液对PC12细胞的影响.方法:原代培养大鼠脑皮质微血管内皮细胞,传至三代.制备其正常、氧糖剥夺、复糖复氧三种状态条件液,并观察内皮细胞在这三种状态下的形态改变;将这三种条件培养液作用于PC12细胞,分4组:正常对照组(Normal)、正常内皮细胞条件液组(N-CM)、氧糖剥夺内皮细胞条件液组(I-CM)、复糖复氧内皮细胞条件液组(R-CM).每组分别设6h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h 8个时间点,MTS/PMS法检测三种脑微血管内皮细胞条件液作用后的不同时间点PC12细胞活性的变化.结果:氧糖剥夺后脑微血管内皮细胞发生核固缩等明显病理改变,复糖复氧后这些改变有所恢复.N-CM组、R-CM组与相应时间点的Normal组PC12细胞活性相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).正常和复糖复氧内皮细胞条件液显著抑制了PC12细胞的增殖和活性.N-CM组、R-CM组与相应时间点的I-CM组PC12细胞活性相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:正常脑微血管内皮细胞条件液抑制了PC12细胞的活性,氧糖剥夺后的脑微血管内皮细胞务件液抑制效应消失,复糖复氧后,这种抑制效应也同时恢复.     

脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对星形胶质细胞的影响及通络中药的干预特征

目的:揭示脑微血管内皮细胞生理、病理及通络中药处理后不同状态的培养液对正常星形胶质细胞影响的特征,从细胞间相互作用角度探讨脑微血管内皮细胞与星形胶质细胞的生物学关系,为阐释脑微环境稳定的血脑屏障维护机制以及通络中药通过内皮细胞调节脑内微环境理论假说提供新的证据。方法:制备正常、拟缺血和拟缺血合并通络救脑注射液处理的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液,观察其对星形胶质细胞活性和凋亡率的影响。结果:与正常星形胶质细胞相比,正常内皮细胞条件培养液能够降低正常星形胶质细胞的活性,并促进星形胶质细胞的凋亡;而拟缺血处理的内皮细胞条件培养液能够提高正常星形胶质细胞的活性和凋亡率;拟缺血合并通络药物处理的内皮细胞条件培养液对正常星形胶质细胞的活性有提高作用,并显著降低其凋亡率。结论:三种不同处理方式的内皮细胞条件培养液对正常星形胶质细胞活性和凋亡产生不同的影响,提示不同状态的微血管内皮细胞对脑内微环境产生影响,通络救脑注射液可能通过调节微血管内皮细胞的分泌而对星形胶质细胞发挥作用。     

通络救脑注射液对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞活性 及其条件培养液影响的初步研究

目的：观察通络救脑注射液对正常及拟缺血大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞的活性影响,并初步探讨细胞条件培养液内蛋白分泌的时效特征、奠定可溶性蛋白深入分析的技术基础。方法：通络救脑注射液作用于正常夏拟缺血脑微血管内皮细胞之后,用MTS／PMS比色分析法测定细胞的活性,Bradford法测定细胞培养液总蛋白含量,比色分析法测定细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出值,同步观察了5个时间点的细胞活性及条件培养液总蛋白量及LDH释放量。结果：通络救脑注射液能够提高拟缺血细胞的活性,且抑制LDH释放量;正常组分泌总蛋白量3h达到高峰,此时细胞活性最佳,LDH释放量亦少。拟缺血组分泌总蛋白量是6h达到高峰,此时LDH释放量最少,但细胞活性与3h比较有所下降。结论：通络救脑注射液对拟缺血细胞损伤具有保护作用：以3h至6h的细胞条件培养液做为收集目标是研究条件培养液的最佳时间段。     

TNF-α激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对培养的海马星形胶质细胞的兴奋作用

目的：揭示星形胶质细胞在癫痫发病中的作用。方法：将TNF-α激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液(Astrocytic Conditioned Medium,ACM)作用于纯化培养的海马星形胶质细胞,运用免疫细胞化学的方法观察核转录因子NF-kBp65的表达情况。结果：ACM作用后30min即可诱导NF-kBp65的核内表达,2h达高峰。结论:TNF-α激活的星形胶质细胞可通过释放可溶性的神经活性物质使培养的海马星形胶质细胞激活,兴奋性升高。     

马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对正常大鼠脑内TNF-α的影响

目的揭示激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对正常大鼠脑内TNF-α的影响.方法将马桑内酯(coriaria lactone,CL)激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液(astrocytic conditioned medium, ACM)注射入正常SD大鼠侧脑室,观察大鼠的行为变化,运用免疫组织化学及放射免疫分析的方法,观察脑组织匀浆及脑脊液内肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量的变化.结果ACM组大鼠在注射ACM 30min后出现癫痫行为,2h后恢复正常;免疫组织化学显示: ACM作用后2h,TNF-α免疫反应阳性神经元数和平均光密度值明显增高,4h达高峰(P<0.05),12h恢复正常水平;放射免疫分析方法显示ACM作用后2h大鼠大脑皮质、海马及脑脊液中TNF-α含量均开始增加,4h达高峰(P<0.05).结论以上实验结果提示马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液可增强大鼠TNF-α的表达,并与癫痫发病有关.     

星形胶质细胞在血脑屏障发育与稳态维持中的作用机制

血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)由脑微血管内皮细胞及包绕内皮细胞的基膜、周细胞和星形胶质细胞的足突构成,它将血液与脑组织分隔开来,从而维持神经功能包括神经环路、突触连接和重塑等微环境的稳定。BBB稳态失衡与包括神经退行性疾病在内的许多中枢神经系统疾病有关,但目前BBB稳态维持与失衡的机制尚不清楚。星形胶质细胞作为BBB的组成成分,也是神经血管单元中联系神经元与脑微血管的枢纽,在BBB发育特别是BBB稳态维持中起重要作用。本文在简要介绍BBB的发育过程之后,综述了星形胶质细胞诱导BBB发育、成熟及其在BBB稳态维持中的作用和机制的研究进展,并指出了与BBB稳态失衡有关的A1型星形胶质细胞异质性的概念,以期为深入研究BBB稳态维持机制及加深理解BBB稳态失衡诱发神经退行性疾病提供新启示。     

马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对正常大鼠脑内孕激素及其受体的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞对大鼠脑内孕激素及其受体的影响以及在癫痫发病中的作用。方法将马桑内酯(Coriaria lactone,CL)激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液(Astrocytic conditioned medium,ACM)注射入正常SD大鼠侧脑室后,观察大鼠的行为变化;运用免疫组织化学方法观察大脑皮质及海马中孕激素受体(PR)表达的变化;运用放射免疫分析方法,观察脑组织匀浆及脑脊液内孕酮含量的变化。结果ACM组大鼠在注射ACM后30min出现癫痫行为,2h恢复正常;免疫组织化学显示:ACM作用后2h,PR免疫反应阳性神经元数和平均光密度值明显降低,4h达最低(P<0.05),12h恢复正常水平;放射免疫分析方法显示ACM组大鼠在侧脑室注射ACM后2h,脑脊液中孕酮含量明显升高;而海马组织和大脑皮质中孕酮含量则在注药后4h明显降低,与对照组比较均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论以上实验结果提示马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液可通过降低大鼠脑内孕激素及其受体的表达参与癫痫的反复发作。     

马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对大鼠脑内钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ表达的影响

目的揭示马桑内酯(coriaria lactone,CL)激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液(astrocyte contined medium,ACM)对大鼠脑内钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ(calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡ,CaMKⅡ)表达的影响。方法按照McCarthy和DeVellis的方法作海马星形胶质细胞的纯化培养,然后收集对照组ACM和CL激活的ACM。取成年健康雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组(8只)和CL组(32只),对照组侧脑室注射未加任何刺激物的ACM 10μl,CL组侧脑室注射CL激活的ACM 10μl(按注射后的时间分为2h、4h、8h和12h,每个时间点8只)。观察两组大鼠的行为表现,用免疫组化检测脑内CaMKⅡ表达的变化,Western blot检测脑内CaMKⅡ含量的变化。结果CL组大鼠有痫样发作,而对照组无痫样发作;免疫组化检测结果显示,CaMKⅡ在CL组的皮质和海马表达与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);Western blot检测皮质和海马CaMKⅡ亚基含量的结果显示,α和β亚基在CL各时间组与对照组的比较,表达均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论CL激活的ACM对致痫大鼠脑内CaMKⅡ亚基α和β的表达水平无明显影响。     

高雄激素对大鼠胎盘P450芳香化酶表达的影响

目的:探讨孕晚期高雄激素环境对大鼠胎盘绒毛P450芳香化酶(cytochrome P450 aromatase,P450arom)表达的影响.方法:于妊娠15～20d实验组大鼠给予丙酸睾丸酮0.6mg颈部皮下注射,对照组给予中性茶油0.6mg颈部皮下注射.于妊娠21d处死大鼠留取胎盘,应用半定量逆转录-聚合酶键反应(RT-PCR)检测实验组与对照组P450aroma mRNA的表达;采用免疫组化(PV-6002)二步法测定P450aroma的蛋白表达.结果:RT-PCR法测实验组与对照组mRNA相对表达量分别为0.294±0.251和0.077±0.056,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).免疫组化法测得实验组P450aroma蛋白表迭高于对照组,P<0.05.结论:大鼠孕晚期暴露于高雄激素环境可以诱导胎盘绒毛P450芳香化酶在转录和翻译水平表达增强.     

激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液致痫效应及其对大鼠脑内Glu和IL-2R表达的影响

目的探讨激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液(astrocytic conditioned medium,ACM)的致痫效应及其对脑内谷氨酸(Glu)和白细胞介素-2受体(interleukin-2recepter,IL-2R)表达的影响。方法本研究通过体外分离纯化培养,获取大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞(Ast),用睫状神经营养因子(cliary neurotrophic factor,CNTF)激活Ast,取其培养液。将大鼠随机分为2组:A组(生理盐水对照组)和B组(ACM组)。对大鼠行侧脑室注射相应试剂后,观察并记录大鼠行为,采用免疫组织化学方法检测海马及大脑皮质内Glu的含量及IL-2R的表达变化。结果大鼠在侧脑室注射ACM后,有痫样发作,程度达III-IV级。免疫组化染色显示,在注药后2h,该组的海马区及大脑皮质内Glu、IL-2R免疫应答阳性神经元均较对照组明显增多,免疫应答增强,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论星形胶质细胞激活后,其释放物有明显的致痫效应,其机制与促进脑内Glu和IL-2R表达有密切关系。     

大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞培养及其药物转运体Oatp2和P-gp的表达

贴块法培养脑微血管内皮细胞(BMECs),倒置显微镜动态观察细胞生长及形态,Ⅷ因子相关抗原、CD34免疫细胞化学联合鉴定细胞并确定纯度。免疫细胞化学和Western印迹法检测药物转运体有机阴离子转运多肽亚型2(Oatp2)及P-糖蛋白(P-gp)在培养内皮细胞上的表达。结果显示,获得的BMECs呈多角形或铺路石形,单层贴壁生长;培养细胞Ⅷ因子相关抗原免疫细胞化学、CD34免疫荧光染色均为阳性,细胞纯度90%;培养细胞有Oatp2及P-gp表达,且二者均主要表达于BMECs细胞膜。提示贴块法可获得原代培养BMECs,方法简便易行,细胞纯度较高。原代培养的BMECs上有药物转运体Oatp2及P-gp的表达,为血脑屏障上药物转运体的体外研究提供了可能途径。     

通络救脑注射液对脑微血管内皮细胞活性影响的特征

目的：观察通络救脑注射液对培养的正常及缺血脑微血管内皮细胞的活性影响。揭示其通络作用的效应靶点与特征。方法：原代培养大鼠脑皮质微血管内皮细胞,传至第三代。分为正常及拟缺血组,采用培养基氧糖刺夺（OGD）法建立拟缺血模型。通过四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）比色分析法测定不同浓度的通络救脑注射液对正常及OGD内皮细胞的活性影响。结果：通络救脑注射液作用于正常脑微血管内皮细胞,与未加药组比较,小剂量药物抑制细胞活性趋势,大剂量促进细胞活性趋势,剂量总趋势呈反抛物线形;通络救脑注射液作用于OGD组脑微血管内皮细胞,小剂量范围促进内皮细胞的增殖活性,呈显著和极显著差异,而大剂量组则抑制细胞活性,剂量总趋势呈抛物线形。结论：通络救脑注射液对正常及缺血脑微血管内皮细胞具有双向调节作用,药物剂量与细胞增殖活性呈非线性关系。天剂量与小剂量可能是不同的作用机制,反映了中药复方药效的多维性。     

A Novel Brain Neurovascular Unit Model with Neurons,Astrocytes and Microvascular Endothelial Cells of Rat

A novel triple cell neurovascular unit (NVU) model co-culturing with neurons, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes was established in this study for investigating the cerebral diseases and screening the candidates of therapeutic drug. We have first performed the cell identification and morphological characterization, analyzed the specific protein expression and determined the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function of the co-culture model under normal condition. Then, we further determined the BBB function, inflammation, cell injury and the variation of neuroprotective factor in this model after anoxia-reoxygenation. The results suggest that this model exhibited a better BBB function and significantly increased expression of P-glycoprotein (Pg-P) and ZO-1 compared with BMECs only or co-culture with astrocytes or neurons. After anoxia-reoxygenation, the pathological changes of this model were basically resemblance to the pathological changes of brain cells and BBB in vivo. And nimodipine, an antagonist of calcium, could reverse those changes as well. According to our observations, we deduce that this triple cell co-culture model exhibits the basic structure, function and cell-cell interaction of NVU, which may offer a more proper in vitro system of NVU for the further investigation of cerebral diseases and drug screening.     

运用植块法培养脑微血管内皮细胞

探讨简易可行的脑微血管内皮细胞(brain microvascular endothelial cells,BMECs培)养方法,为研究BMECs细胞在脑血管疾病中的重要作用提供技术支持。分离出生后1~7天内的SD乳鼠大脑皮质区,植块法培养BMECs细胞。用倒置显微镜观察BMECs细胞的形态以及从皮质块迁出的过程;MTT比色法检测BMECs细胞的生长曲线;采用免疫组化染色检测VIII因子相关抗原和CD34抗原,以鉴定内皮细胞。结果发现,大脑皮质块植块法培养的大鼠BMECs细胞呈单层贴壁生长,细胞形态以长梭形、多角形三角形、四边形为主,呈典型的“铺路石”样征象,经鉴定为内皮细胞,第三代纯度达95%以上。提示该方法具有经济、简便、要求条件不高,易于纯化的优点,可作为大鼠BMECs细胞体外培养的良好模型。     

机械力对鼠脑微血管内皮细胞膜电流的影响

采用膜片钳技术以全细胞方式在鼠脑微血管内皮细胞中记录到一延迟外向电流,对Ｋ＾＋具有高度特异性,胞外施加２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＴＥＡ－Ｃｌ在明显抑制该电流。实验的保持电位定在－１００ｍＶ,测试电位从－１００ｍＶ至＋９０ｍＶ,每次增加１０ｍＶ,刺激波宽为２１００ｍｓ。该电流具有ＴＥＡ敏感,并有浓度依赖性,其ＩＣ５０约为２．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,类似延迟整流性钾电流特征（ＩＫｖ）。机械力作用下可引出一外向电流,膜     

Isolation of Primary Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional complex of tight and adherens junctions. Together with other cell-types such as astrocytes or pericytes, they form the neurovascular unit (NVU), which specifically regulates the interchange of fluids, molecules and cells between the peripheral blood and the CNS. Through this complex and dynamic system BMECs are involved in various processes maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. A dysfunction of the BBB is observed as an essential step in the pathogenesis of many severe CNS diseases. However, specific and targeted therapies are very limited, as the underlying mechanisms are still far from being understood. Animal and in vitro models have been extensively used to gain in-depth understanding of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. By reduction and simplification it is possible to focus the investigation on the subject of interest and to exclude a variety of confounding factors. However, comparability and transferability are also reduced in model systems, which have to be taken into account for evaluation. The most common animal models are based on mice, among other reasons, mainly due to the constantly increasing possibilities of methodology. In vitro studies of isolated murine BMECs might enable an in-depth analysis of their properties and of the blood-brain-barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further insights into the complex mechanisms at the BBB potentially provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies.This protocol describes a method to isolate primary murine microvascular endothelial cells by a sequence of physical and chemical purification steps. Special considerations for purity and cultivation of MBMECs as well as quality control, potential applications and limitations are discussed.     

Paracrine Effects of Conditioned Medium during Its Cross-Addition to Arterial and Venous Endothelial Cells

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology - Endothelial dysfunction is among the major triggers of cardiovascular disease, also promoting thrombosis, restenosis, and neoatherosclerosis...     

Effects of Organotins on Rat Brain Astrocytes in Culture

Abstract: The interaction of triethyltin (TET) and trimethyltin (TMT) with rat brain astrocytes in vitro was investigated. Both compounds are highly neurotoxic after in vivo application, cause neurobehavioral changes, and elicit neuronal and glial responses in the CNS. In this study, 5-week-old cultures were exposed to TMT or TET (0.1–2.5 µM) for 24 h. A concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was observed for both agents by vital dye uptake assay using neutral red (NR). The order of potency for half-maximal cytotoxicity (NR-50) was TET (0.7 µM)> TMT (2.5 µM), in agreement with results found after in vivo administration. TET and TMT caused similar morphological changes: large holes extending through the plasma membrane appeared initially in the flattened cell bodies, cytoplasmic extensions were retracted, and long cellular processes formed. Later, the cell bodies rounded up and had only a few extremely long and thin processes. Indirect immunofluorescence staining using anti-vimentin and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies revealed that the orderly array of the intermediate filament system was severely disturbed. At lower concentrations, an increased bundling was observed, and at higher concentrations the disassembly of the intracellular framework was seen, and cellular staining appeared rather diffuse. Western blot analysis of cellular extracts was carried out to determine the protein levels of GFAP and vimentin. In this culture system, TET and TMT caused an almost two-fold increase in the levels of GFAP at concentrations around and below NR-50, indicating that astrocytes react to organotics independently of neuronal signals. Concomitantly, TET (0.7 µM) and TMT (2.5 µM) led to a 63% decrease in the activity of ecto-5′-nucleotidase, which in addition to its enzymatic function, represents a transmembrane cell surface protein and has been implicated in cellular adhesion and cell communication processes. Thus, triorganotins directly affect astrocytes in culture and alter their functional stage even in the absence of neurons.     

In vitro Effects of Plasma Acid on Proliferation of Rat Brain Endothelial Cells

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology - The proliferative activity of brain microvascular endothelial cells is regulated by a wide range of factors: regulatory molecules, toxic...