Glossary of Terms Frequently Encountered in Soviet Psychology

Numerous terms are used in Soviet psychology, the direct translation of which may be misleading to American psychologists because they are habitually used in a different sense from that familiar to Western psychology. For example, righteous indignation has been vented by Western psychologists over the "Russian preoccupation" with interpreting all behavior in terms of Pavlovian reflexes. To the Russian psychologist, the word refleks is no more a specific term than the word "response" is to an American psychologist. Its use does not imply the classical Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Since interpreters are not necessarily aware that the cognates are not synonymous, it is worthwhile for any Western psychologist to become aware of the most common and easy sources of terminological confusion. The following is a glossary of terms which are so familiar to the Russian psychologist that he will seldom stop to explain them. Most of them are cognates. Some are synonymous with their usual English translations; many are not.     

Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine

Nanobiotechnology is a new direction in the technological science, which plays a key role in creation of nanodevices for analysis of living systems on a molecular level. Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnologies in medicine for maintenance and improvement of human life using the knowledge on human organism at the molecular level. Application of nanoparticles and nanomaterials for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is now significantly extended in nanomedicine. Use of nanotechnological approaches and nanomaterials opens new prospects for creation of drugs and systems for their directed delivery. Implementation of optical biosensor, atomic force, nanowire and nanoporous approaches into genomics and proteomics will significantly enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of diagnostics and will shorten the time of diagnostic procedures that will undoubtedly improve the efficiency of medical treatment. The review highlights recent data on application of nanobiotechnologies in the field of diagnostics and creation of new drugs.     

Nanobiotechnology and biosensor research

Nanobiotechnology is defined as an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the application of fine-sized biological objects (of nanoscale, 1-100 nm) to design the devices and systems of the same size that utilize for new purposes the unusual, known, or previously unknown effects. Analysis demonstrates that the final goals, approaches, solution methods, and applications of nanostructures and biological sensors have much in common. This brief review attempts to systematize a number of the available data and pick out an organic connection of the new research direction with the field of biosensor technology, which have reached the level of sustainable development.     

Nanobiotechnology and biosensor research

Nanobiotechnology is defined as an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the application of fine-sized biological objects (of nanoscale, 1–100 nm) to design the devices and systems of the same size that utilize for new purposes the unusual, known, or previously unknown effects. Analysis demonstrates that the final goals, approaches, solution methods, and applications of nanostructures and biological sensors have much in common. This brief review attempts to systematize a number of the available data and pick out an organic connection of the new research direction with the field of biosensor technology, which have reached the level of sustainable development.     

纳米生物技术

纳米生物技术将纳米技术和生物技术有机集成 ,将成为现代生物工程的重要组成部分 ,简要介绍纳米生物技术中的纳米生物材料 ,生物芯片、分子马达、纳米探针等方面的最新进展。     

Nanobiotechnology: protein-nanomaterial interactions

We review recent research that involves the interaction of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes with proteins. We begin with a focus on the fundamentals of the structure and function of proteins on nanomaterials. We then review work in three areas that exploit these interactions: (1) sensing, (2) assembly of nanomaterials by proteins and proteins by nanomaterials, and (3) interactions with cells. We conclude with the identification of challenges and opportunities for the future.     

Nanobiotechnology in combating CoVid-19

Emergence of novel pandemic viral disease CoVid-19 and its mutational behaviour are alarming. The potential use of nano-biotechnology in combating CoVid-19 is promising. We glean available data to explore such possibility in this short note.