长江口拟长脚数量变化和对环境变暖的响应

据1959年和2002年在长江口29°00′～32°00′ N, 122°00′～123°30′ E海域四季调查资料,研究结合拟长脚丰度和同步水温资料进行曲线拟合、构造数学模型和计算最适温度.分析拟长脚(Parathemisto gaudichaudi)的生态类型、空间分布、数量动态以及对变暖趋势的响应.结果表明:长江口海域拟长脚平均丰度和出现率都表现为夏秋季较低和冬春季较高.1959年春季平均丰度最高,为1.8 ind/m3;1959年秋季平均丰度最低,为0.03 ind/m3.1959年春季出现率最高,为62.96%;1959年秋季出现率最低,为6.90%.长江口拟长脚在1959年春季丛生指标最大(7.12),在1959年秋季最小(-1.00).这说明该种春季在长江口海域有明显的集群性,秋季集群性则不明显.温度是影响拟长脚季节变化和年间变化的主要因素.长江口海域拟长脚丰度和同步温度资料曲线拟合结果符合Yield Density模型,最适温度是17.0 ℃,置信度分析和拟合统计结果均有非常高的置信度.综合拟长脚最适温度和季节变化特征,可认为该种是暖温种.近年来在春季长江口水域的拟长脚丰度有所降低,这种数量年间变化趋势应与全球气候变暖相关.该种可作为海洋变暖长期变化的指示种.     

海洲湾强壮箭虫的生态学特征研究

根据海洲湾2006年8月—2007年11月的强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)调查数据,采用聚集强度指标、Iwao和Taylor模型分析了强壮箭虫的空间分布特征和丰度的时空变化。结果表明:强壮箭虫在调查海域呈聚集分布;强壮箭虫平均丰度的时空变化差异显著,空间上,中、北部海域的平均丰度高于南部海域,时间上,强壮箭虫春、冬季节的平均丰度明显高于夏、秋季节。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物数量分布特征

依据2006年8月(夏)、2007年1月(冬)、5月(春)和11月(秋)在舟山渔场及其邻近海域(29°30′-31°30′N,124°30′E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查时,用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物样本资料,分析了浮游动物总丰度及中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)、肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)等主要种类的数量分布和季节变化特征。结果表明:调查海域浮游动物平均丰度季节变化明显,春季(555.87ind./m3)夏季(270.87ind./m3)秋季(138.39ind./m3)冬季(127.70ind./m3);其水平分布呈现南部高、北部低的特点。中华哲水蚤为广温广盐种,春季数量最大且分布均匀,大部分海域丰度≥100.00ind./m3;夏季丰度急剧下降,主要分布在30°00′N以南海域;秋、冬季丰度较低,无明显高密集区。精致真刺水蚤为热带种,以夏、冬季丰度较高,主要分布在沿岸水与外海高盐水交汇区和调查海域的南北两端;春、秋季丰度较低且分布均匀。百陶箭虫、肥胖箭虫分别属于暖水种和热带大洋性种,冬、春季丰度都很低,无明显密集区,夏、秋季丰度较大。百陶箭虫主要分布在盐度梯度较大、外海高盐水与沿岸水的交汇区,肥胖箭虫则主要分布在外海高盐水与沿岸水交汇区的靠高温高盐水一侧,其分布与外海高温高盐水的消长有密切关系,可作为暖流指示种。温盐和水系消长变化是影响舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物丰度水平分布的重要因素。     

长江口海域真刺唇角水蚤的分布及其对全球变暖的响应

基于1959和2002年在长江口28°00′—32°00′N、122°00′—123°30′ E海域4个季节8个航次的海洋调查资料,分析了长江口海域真刺唇角水蚤的水平分布和季节变化特征及其对气候变暖的响应.结果表明：长江口海域真刺唇角水蚤平均丰度在夏秋季较低、冬春季较高,冬季真刺唇角水蚤的出现率最高,春、夏季具明显的集群性;盐度是影响真刺唇角水蚤水平分布的主要因素,该种分布的最适温度约16 ℃,最适盐度在12～20,属暖温性咸淡水种;与1959年相比,2002年长江口海域真刺唇角水蚤丰度明显降低,这可能与全球变暖有关,可作为长江口海洋变暖的一个重要指示种.春季真刺唇角水蚤的高丰度值出现在长江口最大浑浊带水域,这对于维持该水域渔场功能和生态系统的其他功能具有重要意义.     

长江口及邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类生态学

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00'～32°00'N、122°00'～123°30'E海域4个季节的海洋调查,运用定量、定性方法,探讨长江口邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类总丰度的季节变化特征,以及丰度的季节差异与水团的关系,分析了种类的数量变动,并与东海外海的生态特征进行比较.结果表明,长江口及邻近海域涟虫类丰度的季节变化主要受温度的影响,而平面分布变化与盐度有关.平均丰度夏季最高(0.59 ind./m3),春季最低(0.05 ind./m3).本次调查共发现涟虫类4种,分别为三叶针尾涟虫(Diastylis tricincta)、卵圆涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)、亚洲异针尾涟虫(Dimorphostylis asiatica)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera).其中,三叶针尾涟虫四季均出现,四季优势度分别为0.04、0.03、0.04和0.06;卵圆涟虫出现在夏、秋和冬季,优势度分别为0.11、0.00和0.07;亚洲异针尾涟虫和细长涟虫仅秋季出现,优势度分别为0.17和0.002.仅在夏季发现两种枝角类,分别为肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)和鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris).在长江口,枝角类和涟虫类的分布特征与长江冲淡水都有一定的关系,显示出这两大类浮游动物具有咸淡水分布的特征.     

长江口海域浮游糠虾类生态特征

利用2002—2003年长江口近海（122°00′—123°30′ E,29°00′—32°00′ N）四季调查资料,研究了长江口近海浮游糠虾类多样性、数量波动过程及其与渔场的关系.结果表明：长江口近海共有浮游糠虾14种,秋季10种,春、秋季8种,冬季2种.种类组成季节更替明显,其中从秋季到冬季更替率最高（90.9%）,春、夏和秋季多样性指数（H′）值均大于2,冬季为1- 夏季丰度均值最高［234.70 ind·(100 m³)^-1］,秋季为103.34 ind·(100 m³)^-1,春季80.36 ind·(100 m³)^-1,冬季最低12.40 ind·(100 m^3)-1,丰度变化与温度一致.因温、盐适应范围最广,漂浮囊糠虾是春、秋、冬3季的优势种;短额刺糠虾是夏、秋两季的优势种;长额刺糠虾是冬季的优势种各季节优势种对总丰度贡献均较大.夏季短额刺糠虾的聚集强度最高.长江口近海浮游糠虾类对长江口渔场及舟山渔场的形成具有重要意义.     

东海浮游枝角类和涟虫类生态适应性

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′-33°00′N、118°30′-128°00′E海域4个季节海洋综合调查资料,以及2002-2003年长江口外海29°00′-32°00′N、122°00′-123°30′E海域4个季节资料,对浮游枝角类、涟虫类丰度和同步的表层温、盐度数据进行曲线拟合,构造数学模型,计算各物种分布的最适温度和盐度,分析其地理分布和生态特征,确定物种的生态类型。结果表明:鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris)、肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)是亚热带近海种,具有广温广盐的生态特征;诺氏三角溞(Evadne nordmanni)、萨氏异涟虫(Heterocumasarst)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera)是亚热带外海种,其中诺氏三角溞具有暖温种的特征,后两种涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)是典型的亚热带外海种;卵圆涟虫仅仅在长江口近海出现,是亚热带近海种。东海浮游枝角类大多数物种最适盐度偏低,尤其是鸟喙尖头溞和肥胖三角溞,它们的高丰度分布区是沿岸水团的标志。     

长江口及邻近海域浮游磷虾类数量和分布的季节特征

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00′～32°00′N、122°00′～123°30′E海域4个季节的海洋调查,运用定量、定性方法,探讨长江口邻近海域浮游磷虾类总丰度的季节变化特征以及与渔场的关系,丰度的季节差异与水团的关系,分析了优势种的数量变动、对磷虾类的贡献及对环境的适应情况,并与东海外海的生态特征作了比较。结果表明,长江口及邻近海域磷虾类丰度季节变化主要受温度的影响,平面分布变化与盐度有关。平均丰度夏季最高（10.46ind/m3）,冬季最低（0.32ind/m3）。本次调查共发现8种,优势种为中华假磷虾（Pseudeuphausia sinica）、太平洋磷虾（Euphausia pacifica）和小型磷虾（Euphausia nana）,其中中华假磷虾四季皆为优势种,太平洋磷虾是春、秋和冬季的优势种,小型磷虾仅仅是春秋季的优势种。中华假磷虾在春、夏和冬季对总丰度的贡献率较高,并占绝对优势,其更适应夏季咸淡水交错水域的环境,而太平洋磷虾和小型磷虾更适应东海近海暖温高盐环境。长江冲淡水势力强弱和中华假磷虾的数量对磷虾类时空分布有重要影响,中华假磷虾对咸淡水环境的适应则是影响该种数量变化的另一个重要原因。     

福建北部近海浮游动物数量分布与水团季节变化的关系

根据2015—2016年在福建北部近海水域(120.10°E—120.65°E, 26.35°N—27.07°N)夏、秋、冬、春4个季节的海洋生态调查资料, 探讨了该水域浮游动物的数量分布、季节变化及其与水团变化的关系。结果表明, 调查水域浮游动物的平均生物量依次是: 夏季(479.51 mg/m3)>秋季(257.37 mg/m3)>春季(241.86 mg/m3)>冬季(84.05 mg/m3), 平均丰度依次是: 夏季(156.36 ind./m3)>春季(91.57 ind./m3)>秋季(40.34 ind./m3)>冬季(21.82 ind./m3), 生物量和丰度均值都呈现出夏季、秋季到冬季依次减少, 春季增多的趋势, 不同的是秋季生物量均值高于春季, 而丰度均值低于春季。在夏、冬和春三季, 浮游动物的总生物量和总丰度的分布总体较为一致; 而在秋季, 浮游动物的总生物量和总丰度的分布几乎相反。百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)和微剌哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)是影响夏季总丰度分布最主要的种类; 链钟水母(Desmophyes annectens)是影响秋季总丰度分布最主要的种类; 驼背隆哲水蚤(Acrocalanus gibber)、亚强真哲水蚤(Eucalanus subcrassus)和百陶箭虫对冬季总丰度的分布起到了重要影响; 五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)和微剌哲水蚤是春季占总丰度比例较高的种类。浮游动物数量各季不同分布模式的根本原因是台湾暖流和浙闽沿岸流水团的季节性变化所致。研究结果不仅对了解与评价区域海洋生态系统动态和生物多样性变化具有重要的理论意义, 而且还可以丰富我国近海水域浮游动物的生态特征与水团变化之间的关系。     

海州湾海域浮游动物种类组成与丰度的季节变化

根据2015年冬(3月)、春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(11月)季4个航次对海州湾海域的浮游动物进行的调查采样,分析了浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种、生物多样性以及不同季节的变化特点。结果表明:本次调查共鉴定到浮游动物47种(不含浮游幼体17种),种类数夏季(31种)秋季(29种)春季(27种)冬季(17种);平均丰度为117.31ind·m~(-3),春季(256.24 ind·m~(-3))秋季(89.81 ind·m~(-3))冬季(74.93 ind·m~(-3))夏季(48.26 ind·m~(-3));平均生物量为249 mg·m~(-3),秋季(369 mg·m~(-3))冬季(274 mg·m~(-3))春季(214 mg·m~(-3))夏季(140 mg·m~(-3));主要优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)和强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa);生物多样性指数(H)、均匀度(J)和丰富度(d)都是夏季最高,分别为2.81、0.73、3.21;中华哲水蚤对海州湾海域浮游动物丰度贡献最大;本海域浮游动物具有明显的季节性和南北过渡性;温度在大尺度范围内影响浮游动物时空分布,下行效应在小尺度范围内直接控制浮游动物的空间分布格局。     

温度、盐度对强壮箭虫耗氧率和窒息点的影响

研究了不同温度、盐度下强壮箭虫的耗氧率和窒息点.结果表明:温度和盐度均对强壮箭虫的耗氧率和比耗氧率有显著影响.试验温度在5℃-25℃,强壮箭虫个体耗氧率(IO)和比耗氧率(SO)开始随温度的升高而升高,之后呈明显下降趋势.其回归方程分别为y=0.0058x3 -0.2956x2+4.415x-8.7816(R2=0.99,P＜0.05)和y=0.0011x3 -0.0546x2+0.8161x-1.6232(R2=0.99,P＜0.05),数值分别为6.30～11.71μg·ind-1·h-1和1.22 ～2.16μg· mg-1·h-1,窒息点为4.18～6.87 mg·L-1.盐度10 ～40条件下,IO和SO随盐度的升高逐渐下降,回归方程分别为y=-0.0068x2 -0.1412x+21.702(R2=0.89,P＜0.05)和y=-0.0013x2-0.0261x+4.0114( R2 =0.89,P＜0.05),数值分别为4.98～17.73μg ·ind-1·h-1和0.92～3.56 μg·mg-1 ·h-1,窒息点为4.02～6.24 mg·L-1.对强壮箭虫与其他水生动物的耗氧率和窒息点进行比较得出,强壮箭虫是一种狭氧性浮游动物.     

Polarisationsoptische Untersuchungen an Sagitta setosa und Sagitta hexaptera

Zusammenfassung Die doppelbrechenden Lipoide in der Körperwand der Sagitta setosa werden an Aufnahmen in polarisiertem Licht nach dem lebenden Objekt vorgeführt, und zwar sowohl die Lipoidstreifen und die Lipoidspindeln der Hauptmuskulatur als auch die nur polarisationsoptisch nachweisbaren Lipoideinlagerungen in den Fasern der lateralen Muskelfelder. Weiter wird die Lokalisation der Lipoide an Quer- und Längsschnitten durch die Körperwand der Sagitta hexaptera dargelegt.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the three pelagic chaetognaths Sagitta nagae,Sagitta decipiens and Sagitta enflata

The complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genomes were determined for the three pelagic chaetognaths, Sagitta nagae, Sagitta decipiens, and Sagitta enflata. The mitochondrial genomes of these species which were 11,459, 11,121, and 12,631 bp in length, respectively, contained 14 genes (11 protein-coding genes, one transfer RNA gene, and two ribosomal RNA genes), and were found to have lost 23 genes that are present in the typical metazoan mitochondrial genome. The same mitochondrial genome contents have been reported from the benthic chaetognaths belonging to the family Spadellidae, Paraspadella gotoi and Spadella cephaloptera. Within the phylum Chaetognatha, Sagitta and Spadellidae are distantly related, suggesting that the gene loss occurred in the ancestral species of the phylum. The gene orders of the three Sagitta species are markedly different from those of the other non-Chaetognatha metazoans. In contrast to the region with frequent gene rearrangements, no gene rearrangements were observed in the gene cluster encoding COII–III, ND1–3, srRNA, and tRNA^met. Within this conserved gene cluster, gene rearrangements were not observed in the three Sagitta species or between the Sagitta and Spadellidae species. The gene order of this cluster was also assumed to be the ancestral state of the phylum.     

Evolution of invertebrate nervous systems: the Chaetognatha as a case study

Harzsch, S. and Wanninger, A. 2010. Evolution of invertebrate nervous systems: the Chaetognatha as a case study. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 35–43 Although recent molecular studies indicate that Chaetognatha may be one of the earliest Bilaterian offshoots, the phylogenetic position of this taxon still is a matter of ongoing debate. In this contribution, we review recent attempts to contribute phylogenetic information on the Chaetognatha by analysing structure and development of their nervous system (neurophylogeny). Analysing this group of organisms also has a major impact on our understanding of nervous system evolution in Bilateria. We review recent evidence from this field and suggest that Urbilateria already was equipped with the genetic toolkit required to build a complex, concentrated central nervous system (CNS), although this was not expressed phenotypically so that Urbilateria was equipped with a nerve plexus and not a CNS. This implies that in the deep metazoan nodes, concentration of the ancestral plexus occurred twice independently, namely once after the protostome–deuterostome split on the branch leading to the protostomes (resulting in a ventrally positioned nerve cord) and once along the chordate line (with a dorsal nerve cord).     

Sperm emission in the chaetognath Sagitta crassa

Sagitta crassa which had just extruded a sperm ball, togetherwith a tube-like secretion, was obtained from Tokyo Bay forthe first time. The question of spermatophores in chaetognathsis discussed.     

Copulation in the neritic chaetognath Sagitta crassa

The number of spermatophores found attached to Sagitta crassa,the dominant chateognath in Tokyo Bay, ranged from one to four.Individuals with one spermatophore were most abundant, accountingfor 70% of chaetognaths with spermatophores (A). Using the meanminimum body length of chaetognaths with spermatophores (A),those without spermatophores were subdivided into two categories:those >7 mm (B) were considered to be mature animals, andthose <7 mm (C) to be immature. The ratio of chaetognathswith spermatopbores (A) to all chaetognaths (A+B+C) varied withtime, with high values from 0040 through 0120 h as in a previousstudy. Variations in the ratio of chaetognaths with spermatophores(A) to all adults (A+B) showed a pronounced peak at 0100 h.Thus, it was confirmed that copulation of S. crassa is a periodicactivity with a peak soon after midnight. Most of the chaetognathpairs exchange one spermatophore. The frequency of copulationis considered to be two times per night at most because thechaetognaths have a single pair of seminal vesicles. However,the presence of chaetognaths with 3–4 spermatophores suggeststhat occasionally a reciprocal exchange of spermatophores doesnot occur. This could be called false copulation. It is suggestedthat copulation in S. crassa including false copulation occursat most four times per night.     

Chaetognaths of the United States South Atlantic Bight: Distribution, abundance and potential interactions with newly spawned larval fish

Chaetognaths are one of the most numerous organisms in the zooplankton community off the coast of North Carolina. During two years of offshore sampling in the late winter to early spring, sixteen chaetognath species were identified, four of which had not previously been reported in the waters of the United States South Atlantic Bight. Offshore samples were dominated by Sagitta enflata Grassi, 1881, one of the larger species, which contributed > 61% of total chaetognath abundance while dominant coastal species were S. tenuis Conant, 1896 and S. hispida Conant, 1895. Abundances, body sizes and spatial distributions were determined for the most abundant chaetognath species along with the overall abundance of three common co-occurring larval fish species (spot, Atlantic croaker and Atlantic menhaden). In addition, laboratory feeding experiments were conducted using S. tenuis and S. hispida to estimate the potential impact of chaetognath predation on representative North Carolina larval fish which spawn offshore and subsequently migrate into local estuaries. Feeding rates (no. prey items day^− 1) varied with prey type and the condition (starved/fed) of the chaetognath. Weight specific daily rations (SDR) were found to vary inversely with chaetognath size, decreasing exponentially with an increase in chaetognath length. The observed abundance and distribution data indicate that wintertime chaetognath populations in offshore waters of Onslow Bay, North Carolina have the potential to interact with recently spawned larval fish and may simultaneously act as competitors, predators, or prey. Furthermore, calculations using published values of chaetognath abundance, zooplankton standing crops, and our SDR estimates indicate that chaetognaths in a representative North Carolina estuary would require a minimum of 5.96 cal m^− 3 day^− 1 to sustain their biomass. Allowing for the reported spatial and temporal variability in zooplankton abundance in these systems, chaetognaths should consume 4.4%-20.9% of the estimated total zooplankton production day^− 1. This further emphasizes the role of chaetognaths not only as predators, but also as competitors with larval fish for zooplankton food stocks in southeastern United Sates estuaries.     

Further studies on the junctional complex in the intestine of Sagitta setosa

Summary The intramembrane structures of the pleated septate junction which occur in the junctional complex of the intestine of the chaetognath Sagitta setosa have been investigated.The pleated septate junction is made up of linear rows of irregularly shaped and sized particles, often fused into short rods, and pits which can be fused into furrows. The distribution of these structures on E and P faces depends upon the preparative methods used. Many of the morphological characteristics are the same as those of the lower invertebrate pleated septate junction type defined by Green (1981a). The physiological significance of this junction is obscure.On the basis of the presence of septate junctions (both of the paired septate junction and pleated septate junction types) which have mainly morphological characteristics of the lower invertebrate pleated septate junction we can add to the hypothesis that chaetognaths are not related to the molluscs and arthropods.