初夏格西沟自然保护区菌类资源调查研究Ⅰ--大型菌类的鉴定与分布

目的:对四川省雅江县格西沟自然保护区大型菌类资源种类、菌类分布状况和经济与医药价值进行调查。方法:对保护区内大型菌类的调查主要采用走样线法采集菌类标本,以子实体形态为主,孢子、菌丝形态鉴别为辅进行菌种鉴定。结果:在格西沟自然保护区共走21条样线,采集菌类标本185号,鉴定为18科45种,大型菌类资源主要分布在高山草甸、硬绿常绿阔叶林、针叶阔叶混交林、针叶林等四种生境。结论:保护区具有丰富的菌类种类,菌类的分布与保护区的各种生境密切相关。     

浙江菌类药资源调查及利用研究初报

本文较全面地了浙江菌类药中药资源。其内容包括开展本项目的方法,研究结果。分别对本省自然环境、野生菌类药中药资源的分布进行了重点论述,简要介绍了菌类药调查结果,重点研究种类,并对本省的菌类药现状和展望作了评述;文后列有本项目研究中公开发表的文献,使本方基本能反映本专题的研究内容。     

广东省沙溪自然保护区植被资源与分布

文章通过对沙溪自然保护区的植物资源调查,对保护区的植被类型进行了分类,并对野生植物资源的种类的分布进行了分析.调查发现保护区有7种植被类型,其中以亚热带常绿阔叶林为主要植被类型,主要分布于海拔100~850m左右的丘陵和山地.亚热带常绿针叶与阔叶混交林面积较大,主要分布在长坪一带.亚热带常绿与落叶阔叶混交林、亚热带常绿针叶林、灌丛草坡分布较少.竹林主要在村庄附近的沟谷两旁和山地,处于半自然状态.保护区野生维管植物191科630属1225种,其中野生国家级保护植物7种,珍稀野生保护植物7种.保护区内植物资源丰富,其中野生维管植物资源种类繁多,蕴藏量较大,不少种类具有巨大的经济价值和生态价值,这对保护区及北江流域生态环境的保护和改善提供了基础依据.     

山西省虫生真菌生态多样性研究

为探讨山西省主要植被区的虫生真菌资源区系分布特点 ,于 1996～ 2 0 0 1年连续对山西省境内芦芽山、庞泉沟、蟒河 3个国家级保护区的虫生真菌进行了生态多样性研究。采集的 4 6 9份昆虫标本中有 2 76份分离出真菌 ,总检出率为 5 8.8%。根据菌落形态、营养体、孢子等特征将 12 4株虫生真菌初步鉴定到属 ,其中 110株已鉴定到种和专化型 ,共计 10属 2 5种。对各地区和各生境中真菌类群进行统计比较的结果表明 ,各保护区内虫生真菌物种资源都很丰富 ,广泛分布在不同的生境中 ,但具有明显的地域性分布特点。从菌株数量来看 ,从大到小依次为蟒河(45株 ) >庞泉沟 (40株 ) >芦芽山 (39株 ) ;从属的种类来看 ,蟒河地区 (10属 )标本中的类群略多于其他 2个自然保护区 ;但从属内种类多样性来看 ,蟒河 (18种 )明显比其他 2个自然保护区丰富。白僵菌 (Beauveriaspp .)、绿僵菌 (Metarhiziumspp .)等优势类群具有明显的垂直分布带谱和小生境分布特点 ,中等海拔区域 (10 0 0～ 2 0 0 0m)分离菌株数最多 ,占到 6 6 %以上 ,包含种类最丰富 ,几乎囊括了所有种类 ,混交林、阔叶林和溪边灌林中 ,虫生真菌种类丰富 ,分布均匀 ,尤以混交林中菌株最多 ,共 2 3株 ,占到 37% ,种类也最丰富 ,包含 8种     

堵河源自然保护区昆虫资源调查初报

通过对堵河源自然保护区昆虫资源调查,共采集昆虫标本12 600余号,经初步鉴定有1 456种,分别隶属于23目192科.其中,鳞翅目昆虫种数最多,31科502种,鞘翅目昆虫次之,42科436种.通过对保护区昆虫资源调查的结果分析,初步了解了该自然保护区昆虫的区系和群落分布.并与七姊妹山、后湖两个自然保护区的昆虫资源分别进行了比较.     

兴隆山国家级自然保护区不同生境的蝴蝶群落结构与种-多度分布

为明确甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区内的蝴蝶种类, 以及不同生境的蝴蝶群落结构与种-多度分布的变化情况, 在全部5个林场选取6条样线, 于2015-2018年连续4年采用样线法对保护区的蝴蝶进行调查和采集, 并分析了其多样性指数及种-多度分布。4年共采集蝴蝶标本5,719号, 经鉴定隶属8科69属120种。眼蝶科(3,093号)是保护区的优势类群, 喙蝶科仅采集到1号标本(朴喙蝶, Libythea lepita), 为保护区的稀有种类。其中, 各样线的种数、个体数、多样性指数以及物种丰富度表现为: 样线I最高, 样线IV次之, 说明其生境结构稳定, 环境良好, 适合蝶类生存; 样线III蜜源植物丰富, 各项指数较高; 样线V海拔较高, 各项指数较低; 样线II植物群落结构单一, 各项指数最低。相似性系数分析结果表明: 样线I和VI、III和IV、III和VI均为中等相似; 其余各样线间为中等不相似。区系分析结果表明: 古北种有63种, 占总种数的52.5%; 东洋种2种, 占总种数的1.7%; 广布种55种, 占总种数的45.8%。说明古北种占绝对优势, 且明显高于东洋种, 具有很强的地区代表性。种-多度分布分析结果表明: 样线I和IV呈现出对数正态分布, 模型拟合效果较好; 样线II和VI为非典型的对数级数模型, 符合生态位优先占领假说。说明不同生境以及人为干扰因素与蝶类多样性关系密切, 表现出单一生态系统蝴蝶群落的多样性指数较低, 复杂生态系统其多样性指数较高的特点。     

化石菌类的分类系统

讨论化石菌类及其孢子的分类系统,即自然分类及人为分类系统,自然分类系统在孢粉学发展初期曾被广泛采用,随着孢粉学的发展,一些化石菌类缺乏明显的自然属性,其分类采用人为分类系统,Elsik依据细胞数目及萌发器特征首次建立了化石菌类的人类分类系统,但该分类系统未被广泛接受,Norris研究了加拿大第三纪菌类化石,但他未将菌类孢子的形态属归入相应的科、目和纲,宋之琛主要根据菌类孢子的萌发器特征,建立了菌类孢子分类系统,并将菌类孢子及其遗留体分为以下类型：无萌发器类型,单孔类型,双孔类型,三孔类型或三岐菌丝类型,子囊果状或多细胞类型及其他,依据宋之琛及Elsik分类系统及隔壁孔的特征,系统整理了已发现的中国第三纪化石菌类孢子,并将其归入相应的分类位置。     

牡丹峰山地暗针叶林大型真菌多样性调查名录

2011—2012年对牡丹峰山地暗针叶林带大型真菌资源进行调查和采集,共得到标本130余份,鉴定出大型真菌69种,隶属于3门7纲12目25科39属,其中包括黑龙江省新记录种2种。此外,根据大型真菌获得营养的方式划分出腐生菌类58种,寄生菌类2种,共生菌类9种。     

植物地理影响蝉类的生物地理分布

在位于美国德克萨斯州最西南的联合国教科文组织生物保护区内,研究了蝉类昆虫的分布格局与寄主植物分布的相关性。对该保护区(已被指定为美国国家公园)进行全面的蝉类标本采集,并精确记录采集地点、生境特征和植物种类等数据。将每种蝉的分布地与其各个采集地的植被类型建立相互对应的关系。该保护区共有蝉类昆虫6属12种(均为本地种)。其中,Tibicen chisosensis Davis是惟一的特有种,Diceroprocta canescens Davis和Okangodes terlingua Davis的分布稍超出保护区的边界。每种都与特定的植被类型紧密联系。蝉类昆虫的分布均限制在其寄主植物的分布范围内,据此,可推断出在特定的生境中会发现哪些蝉类物种。     

广西元宝山自然保护区蝴蝶种类组成及垂直分布

2001年8月调查表明,目前广西元宝山自然保护区已知有蝴蝶122种,隶属于11科,23亚科,85属;有4种珍稀保护种类,发现了中国新纪录种——何华灰蝶。该保护区的蝴蝶呈现明显的垂直分布规律,从下往上划分为3个垂直分布带：人工林与常绿阔叶林带、亚热带山地常绿阔叶林带、亚热带中山山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔叶混交林带。     

蕈菌及其应用

蕈菌的定义是:具有明显的、肉眼可辨的子实体的大型真菌。其菌肉为肉质、木质或革质。大多数的种属担子菌,部份种属子囊菌,有些种可形成菌根。蕈菌有重要的经济价值,不少种类可供食用和药用。过去三年内,世界食用蕈菌年产量每年平均增加24.5%,总增加率为72.5%。1989—1990年度产量为3763000吨,年产值约为74.85亿美元。今后预计产量还会增加。一些药用菌已作为医药制剂进行工业生产并在临床上应用,有的已开发成为保健饮料和化妆品的重要原料。     

Changes of trehalose content and trehalose-degrading activity during fruit-body formation and autolysis in Pleurotus sp.

We studied how the content and degrading activity of trehalose changed during fruit-body development and autolysis. During the process of autolysis, the trehalose content of whole fruit-bodies decreased sharply whereas the trehalose-degrading activity increased toward the inner region from the outer region of the pilei. Conversely, the trehalose content during autolysis decreased toward the inner region from the outer region of the pilei, and further decreased toward the bottom region from the top region of the stipes.     

N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (NAT) as a Substrate for Mushroom Tyrosinase

N-acetyl tyrosine (NAT) is hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase and the N-acetyl dopa formed is oxidized by the enzyme to N-acetyl dopaquinone (λ_max= 390 ± 10 nm). H₂O₂ and NH₂OH each shortened the lag period of NAT hydroxylation by the enzyme. H₂O₂ had an effect on the changes with time in the spectrum of product(s) formed and on the spectrum of the final product(s) obtained when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase, in a manner suggesting that H₂O₂ converts N-acetyl dopaquinone to a pink-violet product(s) (λ_max= 490 nm), whereas such a product(s) was not formed in the absence of H₂O₂. A pink-violet product(s) (λ_max 490 ± 20 nm) was also formed when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase in the presence of NH₂OH or para amino benzoic acid (PABA), probably as a result of an interaction between N-acetyl dopaquinone and NH₂OH or PABA forming mono- or di-oximes. Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one) inhibited effectively the rate of NAT hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase in the absence or presence of H₂O₂. When NAT was oxidized by the enzyme in the absence of kojic acid, N-acetyl dopaquinone was formed at once and a shoulder at 490–530 nm appeared later. Under identical conditions but in the presence of kojic acid, a yellow product(s), characterized by a peak at 320±10 nm, was detected, suggesting that N-acetyl dopaquinone oxidizes kojic acid to the yellow product(s). Maltol(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one), a γ-pyrone derivative structurally related to kojic acid, also inhibited the rate of NAT hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase. The addition of maltol at the plateau phase of the reaction resulted in an immediate decline in absorbance at 400 nm, suggesting that maltol conjugates with N-acetyl dopaquinone, yielding a product(s) characterized by a lower extinction coefficient at 400 nm than that of N-acetyl dopaquinone alone. The final brown-red product(s) formed when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase was bleached in the presence of ascorbic acid or H₂O₂.     

Characterization,feasibility and optimization of Agaricus subrufescens growth based on chemical elements on casing layer

The aim of this study was to analyze yields, biological efficiency, earliness (expressed as days to first harvest), and precociousness and establish models for the mushroom growing according to these parameters. The experiment followed a double factorial design with four sources of calcium (calcitic limestone, calcitic limestone + gypsum, dolomitic limestone and dolomitic limestone + gypsum) and 2 application times (25 days before casing and at the moment of casing), with 4 replicates for each treatment. Different calcium sources influenced differently Agaricus subrufescens production, especially as regards earliness, which showed significantly higher values when dolomitic limestone with gypsum was applied. Yield and biological efficiency were negatively correlated with H + AL, organic matter and Mg amount. Furthermore, earliness was positively correlated with H + Al, organic matter, and the amount of Mg and Fe. Finally, negative correlations were observed between precociousness and the amount of Ca, SB (sum of base), CEC (cation exchange capacity) and V% (percentage of base saturation). The models presented in this work are extremely important for predicting the agronomic performance of Agaricus subrufescens on the basis of chemical analysis provided by the casing soil.     

A ribonuclease with distinctive features from the wild green-headed mushroom Russulus virescens

A ribonuclease with an N-terminal sequence different from those of other ribonucleases has been purified from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Russula virescens. The RNase was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose in 10mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.1-7.3) and on CM-Sepharose in 10mM NH(4)OAc buffer (pH 4.6), unlike other mushroom ribonucleases which are unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose. The RNase demonstrated a molecular mass of 28kDa in both gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to other mushroom ribonucleases which are monospecific, it exhibited co-specificity towards poly A and poly C. It demonstrated a pH optimum of 4.5, which is lower than values reported for other mushroom ribonucleases, and a temperature optimum of 60 degrees C.     

An alkaline protease from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus citrinopileatus</Emphasis>

A protease was purified from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. The isolation procedure included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, and Q-Sepharose and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protease was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose, but adsorbed on CM-cellulose. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the protease demonstrated a single band with a molecular mass of 28 kDa. The protease showed an optimal pH at 10 and an optimal temperature at 50°C. The activity of the protease was not affected by EDTA, indicating that it is not a metalloprotease. The protease exhibited a higher activity in the presence of K⁺ and Li⁺, but its activity was potently inhibited by Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Hg²⁺ ions. It manifested a K _m of 3.44 mg/ml and a V _max of 0.139 mg ml⁻¹ min⁻¹. It was devoid of ribonuclease and antifungal activities.     

New Hypogastrura species and new distributional data for Hypogastrura distincta (Axelson 1902) from China (Collembola: Poduromorpha: Hypogastruridae)

Two new species, Hypogastrura analpapillata n. sp., on mushrooms from Yunnan Province, and Hypogastrura microspinata n. sp., on moss from Hunan Province, are described. Hypogastrura analpapillata n. sp. is the sixth species with highly modified mouthparts in the trybomi group. Hypogastrura microspinata n. sp. is close to H. yosii Stach 1964, but can be differentiated from the latter by body granules, tenent hair and lateral teeth on tibiotarsus. A key to Chinese species of Hypogastrura is provided and a list of Chinese Hypogastrura species and their distributional data are given.     

食药用真菌: 天然抗氧化剂的重要来源

生物体在新陈代谢过程中不断产生自由基。自由基在机体内的生成和去除通常处于平衡状态,不会对机体造成严重损伤,但当机体内的自由基过剩时,常引起生物大分子如脂类、蛋白质和核酸的氧化损伤,进而引发机体衰老以及癌症、动脉粥样硬化、风湿性关节炎、肺气肿等疾病。过去20年中,自由基在细胞损