二斑叶螨对六种植物的选择性及生长发育

采用“Y”形嗅觉仪研究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对接骨木(Sambucus williamsii Hance)、苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne)、苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)、火炬树(Rhus typhina Torner)、大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonica Thunb)6种植物的嗅觉选择性差异。结果表明,该螨对苹果叶片的气味表现明显的趋向性,对木瓜叶片的气味表现明显的忌避性,而对其余4种叶片无趋向性或者表现中性。采用海绵水盘法研究在6种植物上的生长发育差异,该螨在接骨木、苹果、苦楝、火炬树上均能正常生长发育至成螨,且具有一定的繁殖力。但在木瓜和大叶黄杨上发育状况较差,繁殖力较差。     

二斑叶螨为害对菜豆生理指标的影响

二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae)是为害菜豆的重要害虫。本文研究了二斑叶螨不同密度和不同时间为害对菜豆各种生理指标的影响。结果表明:在二斑叶螨2头·叶-1的低密度和为害少于5 d的短时期内,菜豆叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量变化不大,但随着二斑叶螨为害时间的延长和密度的增大,叶绿素含量下降明显增加;总糖和还原糖的含量与二斑叶螨的为害程度关系密切,即为害时间越长、受害程度越严重,还原糖降低幅度越大,总糖的含量则先升高再降低;随着二斑叶螨为害程度的加重,菜豆叶片中全磷、全钾损失显著,全氮含量变化不显著。     

火炬树抗螨性生物测定

本文分别测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher对火炬树的选择性,以及限制性条件下火炬树对叶螨的生存及产卵的影响。结果表明：在火炬树叶和苹果叶之间,二斑叶螨和山楂叶螨在2 h, 6 h, 10 h, 12 h对火炬树的选择率分别为9.5%, 6.5%,5%,5%和2%,5%,1%和0,显著低于对苹果的选择率。被限制于火炬树叶上生存的山楂叶螨144 h后死亡率100%,产卵力随生存时间增加而下降,至96 h后产卵终止; 被限制于火炬树叶上生存的二斑叶螨240 h后全部死亡,整个观察期内（24～216 h）始终没有产卵。据此认为： 叶螨强烈拒食火炬树,火炬树对叶螨具有生存、产卵抑制作用,但这种抑制作用呈现种间差异。     

二斑叶螨为害对番茄叶片主要营养物质和防御酶活性的影响

本文研究了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对寄主植物番茄营养物质和防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:二斑叶螨为害对番茄植株体内营养物质含量和防御酶活性均有一定影响,且为害密度和为害时间存在交互作用。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片可溶性糖含量下降幅度与叶螨为害密度和时间呈正比;可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量在二斑叶螨高密度为害3 d时最低。二斑叶螨为害后番茄叶片防御酶活性普遍增强,过氧化物酶POD活性在5头/叶密度时与为害时间呈正比;苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL、多酚氧化酶PPO和脂氧合酶LOX活性的变化一致,均在中密度为害时活性最高。以上结果说明番茄叶片通过调节其体内营养物质含量和各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的胁迫产生了应激反应。     

二斑叶螨为害对草莓叶片H2O2、MDA含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响

本文旨在探究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对草莓Fragaria×ananassa Duch.叶片内过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响。在草莓苗上接种不同数量（5~25头）的二斑叶螨,分别在接种后的24 h、48 h和72 h取样,分析草莓叶片内H2O2、MDA的含量以及部分防御酶的活性。结果显示,二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片内H2O2和MDA的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性随着时间的延长而呈现先升后降的趋势,在二斑叶螨持续为害草莓叶片24 h、48 h和72 h时,受损草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,不同密度二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但与取食时间关系不大。当为害时间达到48 h时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性均达到最高峰,此时它们均与二斑叶螨的密度密切相关。当二斑叶螨为25头/叶时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性分别约是对照的3.6倍和10倍。过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性随时间延长不断升高,均在二斑叶螨为害72 h时达到最高峰。同时,二斑叶螨的为害时间和为害密度之间存在一定的交互作用。以上结果表明草莓叶片主要通过调节其体内H2O2和MDA的含量以及各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的为害产生应激反应。     

二斑叶螨的卵和丝网对西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探讨二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch的卵和丝网对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)的影响,本文研究了西花蓟马分别取食健康菜豆叶片、带二斑叶螨卵的菜豆叶片、带卵+丝网的菜豆叶片3种不同情况下,西花蓟马生长发育、存活和繁殖情况,并获得了其生命参数。结果表明西花蓟马在带二斑叶螨卵的菜豆叶片上发育最快,其未成熟期为11.35 d,明显短于另外两个处理,在带有二斑叶螨卵和丝网的菜豆叶片上成虫获得率最低为63%,西花蓟马在不同处理之间的成虫寿命和繁殖力没有明显的差异;西花蓟马取食3种菜豆叶片的内禀增长率分别为0.1779、0.1827和0.1710。以上结果说明取食二斑叶螨的卵可缩短西花蓟马发育时间,对种群增长有利,二斑叶螨的丝网可降低西花蓟马的存活率。     

迎春花花粉对伪钝绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

伪钝绥螨Amblyseius fallacis Garman是控制害螨的有效天敌,研究迎春花花粉和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticaeKoch对伪钝绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响,比较伪钝绥螨取食2种食料时各种参数的异同。结果表明,迎春花花粉可使伪钝绥螨正常生长发育并产卵,但发育时间较取食二斑叶螨的长,产卵量与取食二斑叶螨的相当。取食迎春花花粉时伪钝绥螨的内禀增长率、净增殖率和周限增长率均低于取食二斑叶螨时的值,世代平均周期较取食二斑叶螨略短,而种群倍增所需时间更长。由以上结果可知迎春花花粉可作为伪钝绥螨的替代或补充食料。     

火炬树(Rhus typhina)叶挥发性成分及其对两种叶螨选择行为的影响

火炬树为我国于1959年引进的速生绿化观赏性植物,其生长快,长势旺盛,抗病虫害和抗螨能力强,但还未见到其抗螨性和抗螨机理的研究报道.测定了火炬树叶挥发性成分及其对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher选择行为的影响,利用固相微萃取(Solid phase microextraction, SPME)采集、GC-MS测定火炬树叶挥发物,"Y"型嗅觉仪分别测定挥发物对两种叶螨选择行为的影响.结果表明,火炬树叶挥发性成分含量由高至低依次为4,6-二特丁基-2-甲基苯酚、4-庚醇、3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-二十二三烯-1-醇、丁基化羟基甲苯、α-法呢烯、十八烯、4-甲基-1-丙烯-3-醇、水杨酸甲酯和苯甲酸乙酯等;在两组气味源(火炬树叶与苹果树叶、火炬树叶与空气)中,二斑叶螨对火炬树叶的选择率分别为9.3%和28.9%,山楂叶螨则分别为5.6%和28%,与对照差异显著,但种间差异不显著.因此可以看出,火炬树叶挥发物对叶螨的选择行为具有一定的影响.     

不同氮水平对麦二叉蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】探究施肥量与蚜虫生长发育和繁殖的关系。【方法】对小麦进行不同氮水平处理,观察并检测麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum(Rondani)发育历期、生殖力和小麦叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量的变化。【结果】随着氮水平增加,麦二叉蚜发育历期缩短;高氮水平(600 mg/L)处理的麦二叉蚜生殖力明显高于其他氮水平(60、150、300 mg/L)处理,其中150 mg/L氮水平处理,蚜虫的内禀增长率、净增殖率、周限增长率等最低,种群数量增加最小;不同氮水平处理小麦叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量有明显变化,随着氮水平的增加,可溶性糖含量降低、可溶性蛋白含量增加;蚜虫内禀增长率与叶片可溶性糖含量呈负相关,与可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关,且均达到显著水平。【结论】不同氮水平可通过改变叶片内可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量影响蚜虫的繁殖和种群的增长。     

不同三叶草对二斑叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确红三叶、白三叶和杂三叶3种寄主对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及3种寄主间二斑叶螨的生物学差异。【方法】在室内(25±1)℃条件下,采用离体叶片法研究了3种三叶草对二斑叶螨种群参数的影响。【结果】3种三叶草对二斑叶螨生长发育、雌成螨寿命以及繁殖力有显著影响(P<0.05)。在杂三叶上,二斑叶螨发育历期、产卵前期明显比红三叶和白三叶上要长,而且雌成螨寿命和产卵期也明显缩短。每雌产卵量在红三叶上最高(150.87粒),白三叶次之(139.43粒),而杂三叶上最低(86.95粒)。二斑叶螨在3种三叶草上的存活曲线均为Ⅰ型,存活率高低依次为红三叶、白三叶和杂三叶。净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)在红三叶上最高、杂三叶上最低,而平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)在杂三叶上最长、红三叶上最短。【结论】3种三叶草对二斑叶螨的适合度具有一定差异,红三叶和白三叶对二斑叶螨具有更高的适合度。     

栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育与几种寄主内含物的关系

【目的】探讨饲喂不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang生长发育及繁殖的影响,分析寄主植物内含物与其生长发育及繁殖的关系,为研究不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾种群动态的影响提供理论依据。【方法】在室内条件下,利用沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides、山杏Armeniaca sibirica、山杨Populus davidiana、旱柳Salix matsudana饲养该虫,观察幼虫发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量等指标,同时测定寄主叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、水分、单宁及黄酮的含量,并进行线性回归分析。【结果】不同寄主植物饲喂栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量均存在显著差异。取食沙棘的幼虫历期最短,仅为(74.50?1.76)d,而取食旱柳历期最长,达(106.00?1.51)d。取食山杨的蛹历期最长,为(44.00?1.41)d,最短的是取食旱柳的,仅为(32.70?3.13)d。饲喂沙棘和山杏的雌、雄蛹重和成虫产卵量显著高于饲喂山杨和旱柳的。对不同寄主的营养物质、次生物质和水分含量测定结果表明:不同寄主间营养物质、次生物质与水分的含量差异显著。回归相关分析表明:幼虫发育历期与寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量呈显著负相关;雌蛹重和产卵量与寄主植物可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关;雌、雄蛹重与寄主植物含水量呈显著正相关;蛹历期与单宁含量呈显著正相关,但黄酮含量的高低与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育等指标无相关性。【结论】沙棘是栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的最适寄主植物;并且寄主植物中可溶性糖、单宁的含量低、含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量高有利于栎黄枯叶蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

Acaricidal properties of spinosad against Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to characterize the activity of the insecticide spinosad against the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). T. urticae females and larvae were individually placed on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae), leaf disks treated with four rates of spinosad (25, 55, 121, and 266 ppm) and a water control. Significantly fewer T. urticae completed development on any spinosad rates (<15%) compared with the control (>85%), whereas spinosad exhibited no significant effects on P. ulmi development; 72.5 and 83.1% of P. ulmi completed development on apple (Malus pumila P. Mill, Rosaceae) leaf disks treated with 75 ppm spinosad and the control, respectively. T. urticae adult females placed on spinosad-treated disks had significantly higher mortality and lower oviposition rates compared with the water control; no significant mortality effects were observed until 3 d after placing adults on leaf disks. In choice tests where half of a bean leaf was treated with 55 ppm spinosad transversally or longitudinally, T. urticae females were repelled by spinosad and largely oviposited and fed on nonspinosad treated areas. Spinosad did not affect the behavior of P. ulmi females. When T. urticae females were released on potted bean plants (two-leaf stage) in which leaves received spinosad sprays on the adaxial or abaxial leaf surfaces, or complete spinosad coverage on one or two of the leaves, mite population increase lagged significantly behind those released on control plants. These results indicate that spinosad has significant acaricidal effects against T. urticae but not P. ulmi.     

Factors determining the host plant range of the phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): a method for quantifying host plant acceptance

The host plant acceptance of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae was experimentally quantified. Host plant acceptance is described as the proportion of adult females settling on the test plant on which they have been placed. On the other hand, the host plant suitability of T. urticae on different plant species is expressed as the mean number of eggs produced by the females within 5 days (hereafter 'fecundity'). An inbred T. urticae line was tested with regard to host plant acceptance and fecundity on 11 potential host plants. These two variables were positively correlated across host plants; host plant species on which the fecundity was low were also those on which females settled less readily compared to host plants with high fecundity. The characteristics of host plant acceptance of the T. urticae are discussed in light of their potential food resource under natural conditions.     

黄曲条跳甲为害下十字花科蔬菜可溶性糖含量的动态变化

采用蒽酮比色法测定了十字花科蔬菜上黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata（Fabricius）不同危害程度下叶片可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明黄曲条跳甲的为害显著影响十字花科蔬菜的可溶性糖含量。萝卜接虫2d,甘蓝接虫4d、12d,芥蓝接虫2d、8d、12d,白菜、芥菜、菜心接虫2d、4d、6d、8d、10d、12d时,健叶、轻度为害叶、中度为害叶、重度为害叶的可溶性糖含量均低于对照。但萝卜接虫4d、6d时,中度为害叶、重度为害叶的可溶性糖含量高于对照,4d时,重度为害叶升高28．65％,甘蓝接虫2d时,可溶性糖含量分别升高18．70％、24．40％、30．88％、30．50％,芥蓝接虫2d、4d时,轻度为害叶、重度为害叶的可溶性糖含量均高于对照。十字花科蔬菜可溶性糖含量的变化是植株对害虫胁迫的一种响应。     

Effect of elevated CO2 on the demography of a leaf-sucking mite feeding on bean

The effect of elevated CO₂ on the demography of the arachnid species Tetranychus urticae feeding on Phaseolus vulgaris plants was analysed. This class of herbivores (Arachnida) and its feeding guild (cell content feeders) are under-represented in studies of the combined effects of herbivory and CO₂. The growth of bean was strongly stimulated by elevated CO₂. The number of leaves on lateral stems and of flowers increased but pod weight decreased. Leaf nitrogen content was 25% lower at elevated CO₂ due to an increase in non-structural sugar concentration. Leaf water content was lower at elevated CO₂ while leaf-specific mass and epidermis thickness were higher. Females of the mite raised at ambient or elevated CO₂, but all fed with leaves grown at ambient CO₂, had similar progenies. When females were raised on plants grown at elevated CO₂, the numbers of their progeny were reduced by 34% and 49% in the first and second generation respectively. Later stages of development were more reduced in elevated CO₂, suggesting that both fecundity and rate of development were affected. This study suggests that the abundance of T. urticae, and consequently the damage to the many crops it infests, might decrease in a future elevated-CO₂ environment. Received: 8 May 1999 / Accepted: 4 November 1999     

施钾对苜蓿上牛角花齿蓟马产卵选择、生长发育、 成虫寿命和繁殖力的影响

【目的】为了探讨施钾对苜蓿上牛角花齿蓟马Odontothrips loti的产卵选择、生长发育、成虫寿命和繁殖力的影响,明确施钾苜蓿叶片营养物含量与牛角花齿蓟马生命参数的关系。【方法】在不同钾量(40, 60, 80和100 mg/kg)处理下(以不施钾作为对照),观察记录牛角花齿蓟马在紫花苜蓿品种甘农3号Medicago sativa cv. Gannong No. 3叶片上的产卵量,幼期各龄期发育历期和存活率以及二代成虫的寿命和繁殖力,同时测定不同施钾量下苜蓿叶片的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸及钾含量。【结果】随着施钾量的增加,牛角花齿蓟马在苜蓿叶片上的产卵量(粒/复叶)先降低后升高,在60 mg/kg钾处理降幅最大,较对照降低了45.58%;卵孵化率和1-2龄若虫的存活率变化不显著,但3-4龄若虫的存活率和幼期总存活率显著下降,分别在100 mg/kg 和80 mg/kg钾处理下降幅最大,较对照分别下降了54.36%和48.48%。不同施钾量下苜蓿叶片上牛角花齿蓟马卵和1-2龄若虫发育历期无显著变化,3-4龄若虫及幼期总发育历期均延长;牛角花齿蓟马二代成虫的繁殖力均显著下降,成虫寿命显著缩短(40 mg/kg钾处理除外)。施钾后,苜蓿叶片可溶性糖含量、钾含量和糖氮比增大,游离氨基酸含量减少。相关关系分析表明,苜蓿叶片钾含量与牛角花齿蓟马幼期总存活率和成虫繁殖力无显著相关性,而苜蓿叶片可溶性糖含量和糖氮比均与3-4龄若虫存活率和繁殖力极显著负相关,与幼期总存活率呈显著负相关。【结论】施钾苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马成虫产卵产生显著的排趋性;施钾提高了苜蓿叶片的可溶性糖含量及糖氮比,不利于若虫的生长发育,并使成虫寿命缩短、繁殖力下降,对牛角花齿蓟马产生了显著的抗生作用。