人源抗严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒基因工程抗体的初步研究

严重急性呼吸道综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)或称传染性非典型肺炎,已严重威胁人民健康和生命安全。快速研制一种可用于紧急预防SARS病毒感染的基因工程抗体预防制剂迫在眉睫。为此,运用噬菌体表面呈现技术,从多个SARS病人恢复期血中获得淋巴细胞,通过基因工程手段,构建了人源抗SARS病毒基因工程抗体文库,并筛选获得37株特异抗SARS病毒基因工程Fab抗体,其中ll株人源抗体结合基因工程重组的SARS病毒核(N)蛋白,其中的1株在Western blot分析中与SARS病毒结合,识别SARS病毒N蛋白线性位点。对所获抗体的功能鉴定及基因分析正在进行中。人源抗SARS病毒基因工程抗体的获得,将对SARS疾病的特异性预防,治疗和诊断提供新的途径。     

SARS病毒N蛋白的原核重组载体的构建和表达

将SARS病毒N蛋白的基因克隆到原核表达载体 pGEX KG上 ,使其在大肠杆菌DH5α菌株中以与GST蛋白融合的形式表达。采用GluthathionSepharose 4B亲和层析柱对融合蛋白进行纯化 ,并用SDS PAGE和WesternBlot对表达的融合蛋白进行分析鉴定。结果表明 ,本实验成功地构建了高效表达SARS病毒N蛋白的重组表达载体 ,所获得的融合蛋白可以直接用于SARS抗体的检测 ,可用于SARS的早期诊断及SARS疫苗的研究。     

SARS灭活病毒免疫兔后IgG特异抗体应答

将灭活的SARS冠状病毒抗原每隔两周多点注射免疫兔,共免疫3次,以观察SARS灭活病毒免疫兔后兔血清中IgG特异性抗体的应答变化。免疫前及第一次免疫后第8、14、21、28、35天耳静脉取血,分离血清。间接ELISA法测得血清中特异性IgG抗体持续升高,并表现出一定的剂量依赖性：第35天G1、G2、G3组血清IgG抗体滴度分别为1：51200、1：49600、1：25600;中和试验测得G1组第28天血清样品中和抗体效价为1：2560;蛋白芯片测得M、N、3CI,、S1、S2、S3、S4等病毒蛋白抗原都可特异性结合抗血清中的IgG抗体,但是不同蛋白抗原结合能力有差别。因此可认为SARS灭活病毒经皮下注射免疫兔后,可诱导全身性IgG抗体应答,产生SARS冠状病毒特异性抗体。     

SARS冠状病毒的Spike蛋白以及病毒的细胞侵入机制

严重急性呼吸系统综合征（SARS）是由SARS冠状病毒（SARS—CoV）引起的一种新型人类疾病,具有高致病性、高传染性、高死亡率的特点。Spike蛋白是冠状捅毒膜表面的糖蛋白突出,构成病毒的包膜子粒,在病毒与其受体结合、通过膜融合进入宿主细胞以及诱导机体产生中和性抗体的过程中发挥着重要的作用：目前利用Spike蛋白开发出的一些防治SARS的药物和疫苗在动物和体外实验中有良好的抗病毒作用。本文阐述了SARS—CoV Spike蛋白的结构与功能,为抗SARS药物及疫苗的研发提供一定的理论基础.     

检测人血清中SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体的ELISA方法建立及其应用

为了建立方便、敏感和特异的SARS病毒血清学诊断方法,利用PQE30表达系统在大肠杆菌M15中分段高效表达了SARS病毒N蛋白.通过金属鏊合亲和层析纯化了目的蛋白N-1和N-2,Western blot结果显示,两个表达蛋白均具有较好的抗原性.然后将N-1和N-2蛋白共同包被,建立了检测人血清中SARS病毒IgG抗体的间接ELISA法.用此方法检测120例临床诊断为SARS的病人和244个不同年龄组正常人血清IgG抗体,结果120例SARS病人的第一份血清IgG抗体总阳性率为60.0%,发病第0～7、8～10、11～14、15～27和28天后的血清中,SARS病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为0、11.1%、60.0%、60.5%和70.3%;而244份正常人血清检测结果均为阴性,包括100份14岁以下儿童血清也未发现假阳性.结果表明,利用大肠杆菌表达的N蛋白完全能够替代全病毒灭活抗原,所建立的间接ELISA方法简单,价格低廉,能保证生物安全,对SARS可疑病例的确诊和排除具有重要的实际应用价值,可用于SARS高危人群的血清流行病学监测,SARS疫情的控制和预防,以及SARS病毒蛋白功能的研究.     

SARS病毒与其他冠状病毒的基因组比较

本文利用生物信息学方法比较SARS病毒和其他冠状病毒基因组。通过数据库搜索,找出与SARS病毒基因组相似的核酸或蛋白质序列,并对相似序列进行比对,分析它们的共性和差异。结果表明,SARS病毒在基因组的组织上及结构蛋白质方面与现有冠状病毒有比较大的相似性,SARS病毒基因组与冠状病毒基因组相关。但是,SARS病毒基因组还存在一些特异性序列,ORF1a和S蛋白(特别是S1)的变化以及SARS—CoV特异性的非结构蛋白可能是SARS发病机理与传染特性区别于其他冠状病毒的分子基础。在全基因组水平上进行核酸单词出现频率分析,结果表明,SARS病毒远离已知的其他冠状病毒,单独成为一类。     

广州某医院职工SARS病毒抗体的检测

临床上有多种病原体可以引起肺炎等呼吸道疾病,较常见的有细菌、病毒、衣原体、支原体、立克次体等。一种新型冠状病毒被确认是引起传染性非典型肺炎即严重急性呼吸道综合征SARS)的病原1。广东是最早出现SARS病例的地区,而广州是发病率较高的地区,广州市某医院是收治SARS患者的重点医院,共收治了临床确诊SARS患者261例。为了解该医院职工SARS病毒的感染情况,我们对该院505例职工的血清进行了检测。1材料与方法1.1研究对象与样品收集505例研究对象均为2003年2月至6月期间在广州重点收治SARS患者的某医院的工作人员。每人抽取3ml血,…     

SARS病毒S蛋白三维结构预测

蛋白质结构类型识别方法可以在没有序列同源性的蛋白质之间检测有没有结构相似性。利用蛋白质结构类型识别方法预测了SARS病毒S蛋白N端区域的结构。模建的SARS病毒S蛋白N端区域是一个全折叠的结构。     

重组痘病毒表达SARS冠状病毒纤突蛋白及其免疫原性分析

对牛痘病毒弱毒株表达的SARS冠状病毒纤突蛋白(Spike protein,S)的免疫原性进行分析与比较.以减毒痘病毒(WR株)为载体重组了SARS冠状病毒全长S基因(rWR-SARS-S).SDS-PAGE和Western blot试验表明,迁移率约为190kD的重组SARS S蛋白可在HeLa细胞中表达,而且可以被鸡抗SARS全病毒高免血清识别,具有特异免疫反应原性.进一步研究表明,rWR-SARS-S感染的细胞在IFA试验中可与鸡抗SARS的高免血清发生特异反应,具有良好的敏感性和特异性.以104PFU的rWR-SARS-S免疫BALB/c小鼠产生的抗体在间接ELISA试验中可以被S蛋白识别,产生特异抗原抗体反应.利用痘病毒表达的SARS冠状病毒S蛋白具有良好的抗原性和生物学活性,可替代SARS冠状病毒全病毒,为研究安全、敏感和特异的重组诊断抗原奠定了重要基础.     

SARS冠状病毒NS融合蛋白的重组表达纯化与免疫学性质分析(英文)

刺突蛋白(S)和核心蛋白(N)是SARS冠状病毒的主要结构蛋白.在病毒细胞受体结合和病毒包装过程起重要作用.重组融合表达这2种蛋白具有较高的诊断学价值.对SARS病毒N蛋白和S蛋白氨基酸序列进行计算机分析,选择含有优势抗原表位的N蛋白1～227位氨基酸片段和S蛋白450～650位氨基酸片段,采用序列重叠延伸策略(sequenceoverlappingextension,SOE)构建编码N1227LinkerS450650新型融合蛋白的基因片段,导入原核表达载体,实现融合蛋白在大肠杆菌的高效表达.利用组氨酸标签亲和层析的方法纯化,获得高纯度的融合蛋白.对该融合蛋白的结构特征模拟分析的结果显示,其免疫化学性质均无显著改变.采用ELISA和Western印迹方法对其识别SARS冠状病毒特异性抗体的能力进行初步鉴定,显示该融合蛋白具有较好的抗原性和特异性,可有效特异性地检测恢复期SARS病人血清中抗SARS冠状病毒结构蛋白的抗体,可以作为SARS冠状病毒感染的辅助诊断手段.     

B-cell responses in patients who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome target a dominant site in the S2 domain of the surface spike glycoprotein

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged infectious disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus. Examination of the immune responses of patients who have recovered from SARS should provide important information for design of a safe and effective vaccine. We determined the continuous viral epitopes targeted by antibodies in plasma samples from convalescent SARS patients through biopanning with a vast M13 phage display dodecapeptide library. These epitopes converged to very short peptide fragments, one on each of the structural proteins spike and nucleocapsid and the nonstructural proteins 3a, 9b, and nsp 3. Immunoassays found that most of the patients who had recovered from SARS developed complementary antibodies to the epitope-rich region on the spike S2 protein, indicating that this is an immunodominant site on the viral envelope comprising the spike, matrix, and small envelope glycoproteins. These S2-targeting antibodies were shown to effectively neutralize the coronavirus, indicating that they provided protective immunity to help the patients recover from the viral infection. These results suggest that the SARS coronavirus might have an antigenic profile distinct from those of other human or animal coronaviruses. Due to the tested safety and protective effects of the convalescent-phase serological antibodies, identification of their complementary antigens may enable the design of an epitope-based vaccine to prevent potential antibody-mediated immunopathology.     

Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response

The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can be proteolytically activated by cathepsins B and L upon viral uptake into target cell endosomes. In contrast, it is largely unknown whether host cell proteases located in the secretory pathway of infected cells and/or on the surface of target cells can cleave SARS S. We along with others could previously show that the type II transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 activates the influenza virus hemagglutinin and the human metapneumovirus F protein by cleavage. Here, we assessed whether SARS S is proteolytically processed by TMPRSS2. Western blot analysis revealed that SARS S was cleaved into several fragments upon coexpression of TMPRSS2 (cis-cleavage) and upon contact between SARS S-expressing cells and TMPRSS2-positive cells (trans-cleavage). cis-cleavage resulted in release of SARS S fragments into the cellular supernatant and in inhibition of antibody-mediated neutralization, most likely because SARS S fragments function as antibody decoys. trans-cleavage activated SARS S on effector cells for fusion with target cells and allowed efficient SARS S-driven viral entry into targets treated with a lysosomotropic agent or a cathepsin inhibitor. Finally, ACE2, the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV, and TMPRSS2 were found to be coexpressed by type II pneumocytes, which represent important viral target cells, suggesting that SARS S is cleaved by TMPRSS2 in the lung of SARS-CoV-infected individuals. In summary, we show that TMPRSS2 might promote viral spread and pathogenesis by diminishing viral recognition by neutralizing antibodies and by activating SARS S for cell-cell and virus-cell fusion.     

SARS冠状病毒刺突蛋白在裂殖酵母中的表达

根据SARS冠状病毒S蛋白主要抗原表位的分析,将S蛋白基因扩增成大小为800 bp～1000 bp的5个片段,分别与裂殖酵母载体pNMT1连接,经电穿孔转化TCP1菌株,得到诱导表达5个片段的裂殖酵母菌株。对诱导表达产物进行SDSPAGE和Western blot分析表明,S基因5个片段在裂殖酵母中分别得到不同程度的表达,为进一步研究新一代SARS疫苗提供了材料。     

临床应用重组SARS病毒双抗原夹心诊断试剂盒的检测效果评价

严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiralory syndrome,SARS)的临床表现为非典型性肺炎.继加拿大首次完成SARS病毒株Tor2的全基因组测序后[1],世界卫生组织(WTO)宣布一种新型的冠状病毒(coronavirus)是引发SARS的病原体[2,3].由于SARS具有极强的传染性和较高的病死率(5%～15%),且早期疾病体征较难与某些非SARS病毒引起的非典型肺炎相区分[4],由此导致大量疑似病例无法确诊,以及因误诊引起的交叉感染给人们造成巨大的心理压力和社会恐慌.所以,建立快速、准确的早期诊断方法显得尤为重要.目前的实验室诊断方法中,主要有基于病毒抗体检测的免疫荧光法和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),以及基于基因检测的多聚酶链式反应(PCR)和基因芯片法.其中ELISA主要是使用病毒裂解抗原,检测病毒IgG及IgM抗体的间接ELISA.由于病毒裂解抗原的复杂性,以及间接ELISA中二抗带来的假阳性结果,间接ELISA试剂在正常人群中有1.5%～2%的阳性结果.     

用SARS冠状病毒全基因组芯片杂交方法分析SARS-CoV

为从临床样品中检测和分析SARSCoV病毒打基础,并为分析SARSCoV病毒的复制和转录等机理提供一种有效方法。以SARS冠状病毒TOR2株序列作为标准设计和制备一种覆盖SARS冠状病毒全基因组的寡聚核苷酸芯片,探针长度为70nt,每相邻的探针序列重复25nt,共660条。用该芯片分析了细胞培养的SARSCoV病毒总RNA、7个SARSCoV病毒的基因克隆片段。对RNA样品用随机引物进行反转录PCR获得cDNA。对DNA用随机引物扩增和dUTPcy3标记。结果用这种芯片杂交检测SARSCoV病毒RNA可见阳性信号呈全基因组分布,并且有多处连续的阳性信号点;用正常人的白细胞RNA为对照,杂交未出现明显阳性信号。检测7个SARSCoV病毒基因克隆片段,在该片段相应的探针区段出现连续阳性信号点。这种方法可有效地检测和分析样品中SARS冠状病毒全基因组的信息。     

Biochemical and immunological studies of nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome and 229E human coronaviruses

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious health threat and its early diagnosis is important for infection control and potential treatment of the disease. Diagnostic tools require rapid and accurate methods, of which a capture ELISA method may be useful. Toward this goal, we have prepared and characterized soluble full-length nucleocapsid proteins (N protein) from SARS and 229E human coronaviruses. N proteins form oligomers, mostly as dimers at low concentration. These two N proteins degrade rapidly upon storage and the major degraded N protein is the C-terminal fragment of amino acid (aa) 169-422. Taken together with other data, we suggest that N protein is a two-domain protein, with the N-terminal aa 50-150 as the RNA-binding domain and the C-terminal aa 169-422 as the dimerization domain. Polyclonal antibodies against the SARS N protein have been produced and the strong binding sites of the anti-nucleocapsid protein (NP) antibodies produced were mapped to aa 1-20, aa 150-170 and aa 390-410. These sites are generally consistent with those mapped by sera obtained from SARS patients. The SARS anti-NP antibody was able to clearly detect SARS virus grown in Vero E6 cells and did not cross-react with the NP from the human coronavirus 229E. We have predicted several antigenic sites (15-20 amino acids) of S, M and N proteins and produced antibodies against those peptides, some of which could be recognized by sera obtained from SARS patients. Antibodies against the NP peptides could detect the cognate N protein clearly. Further refinement of these antibodies, particularly large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies, could lead to the development of useful diagnostic kits for diseases associated with SARS and other human coronaviruses.     

An exposed domain in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein induces neutralizing antibodies

Exposed epitopes of the spike protein may be recognized by neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV). A protein fragment (S-II) containing predicted epitopes of the spike protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The properly refolded protein fragment specifically bound to the surface of Vero cells. Monoclonal antibodies raised against this fragment recognized the native spike protein of SARS CoV in both monomeric and trimeric forms. These monoclonal antibodies were capable of blocking S-II attachment to Vero cells and exhibited in vitro antiviral activity. These neutralizing antibodies mapped to epitopes in two peptides, each comprising 20 amino acids. Thus, this region of the spike protein might be a target for generation of therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against SARS CoV and for vaccine development to elicit protective humoral immunity.     

The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is cleaved in virus infected Vero-E6 cells

Spike protein is one of the major structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. It is essential for the interaction of the virons with host cell receptors and subsequent fusion of the viral envelop with host cell membrane to allow infection. Some spike proteins of coronavirus, such as MHV, HCoV-OC43, AIBV and BcoV, are proteolytically cleaved into two subunits, S 1 and S2. In contrast, TGV, FIPV and HCoV-229E are not. Many studies have shown that the cleavage of spike protein seriously affects its function. In order to investigate the maturation and proteolytic processing of the S protein of SARS CoV, we generated S 1 and S2 subunit specific antibodies (Abs) as well as N, E and 3CL protein-specific Abs. Our results showed that the antibodies could efficiently and specifically bind to their corresponding proteins from E.coli expressed or lysate of SARS-CoV infected Vero-E6 cells by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the anti-S 1 and S2 Abs were proved to be capable of binding to SARS CoV under electron microscope observation. When S2 Ab was used to perform immune precipitation with lysate of SARS-CoV infected cells, a cleaved S2 fragment was detected with S2-specific mAb by Western blot analysis. The data demonstrated that the cleavage of S protein was observed in the lysate, indicating that proteolytic processing of S protein is present in host cells.     

Molecular Targets for the Testing of COVID‐19

The pandemic outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), spread all over the world in a short period of time. Efficient identification of the infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 has been one of the most important tasks to facilitate all the following counter measurements in dealing with the infectious disease. In Taiwan, a COVID‐19 Open Science Platform adheres to the spirit of open science: sharing sources, data, and methods to promote progress in academic research while corroborating findings from various disciplines has established in mid‐February 2020, for collaborative research in support of the development of detection methods, therapeutics, and a vaccine for COVID‐19. Research priorities include infection control, epidemiology, clinical characterization and management, detection methods (including viral RNA detection, viral antigen detection, and serum antibody detection), therapeutics (neutralizing antibody and small molecule drugs), vaccines, and SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis. In addition, research on social ethics and the law are included to take full account of the impact of the COVID‐19 virus.     

Characterization of germline antibody libraries from human umbilical cord blood and selection of monoclonal antibodies to viral envelope glycoproteins: Implications for mechanisms of immune evasion and design of vaccine immunogens

We have previously observed that all known HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are highly divergent from germline antibodies in contrast to bnAbs against Hendra virus, Nipah virus and SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV). We have hypothesized that because the germline antibodies are so different from the mature HIV-1-specific bnAbs they may not bind the epitopes of the mature antibodies and provided the first evidence to support this hypothesis by using individual putative germline-like predecessor antibodies. To further validate the hypothesis and understand initial immune responses to different viruses, two phage-displayed human cord blood-derived IgM libraries were constructed which contained mostly germline antibodies or antibodies with very low level of somatic hypermutations. They were panned against different HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), SARS CoV protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), and soluble Hendra virus G protein (sG). Despite a high sequence and combinatorial diversity observed in the cord blood-derived IgM antibody repertoire, no enrichment for binders of Envs was observed in contrast to considerable specific enrichments produced with panning against RBD and sG; one of the selected monoclonal antibodies (against the RBD) was of high (nM) affinity with only few somatic mutations. These results further support and expand our initial hypothesis for fundamental differences in immune responses leading to elicitation of bnAbs against HIV-1 compared to SARS CoV and Hendra virus. HIV-1 uses a strategy to minimize or eliminate strong binding of germline antibodies to its Env; in contrast, SARS CoV and Hendra virus, and perhaps other viruses causing acute infections, can bind germline antibody or minimally somatically mutated antibodies with relatively high affinity which could be one of the reasons for the success of sG and RBD as vaccine immunogens.