生长素和细胞分裂素在调节豌豆根系缺铁反应中的作用

在水培条件下研究了生长素和细胞分裂素对两种基因型豌豆根系铁还原力的影响。结果表明,去顶,顶端涂抹ＮＡＡ和茎基部涂抹ＣＭＥ都不影响豌豆根系铁还原力。茎尖,茎基部和根系的ＩＡＡ、Ｚ／ＺＲ含量与根系铁还原力之间没有明显的相关性。     

玉米雌、雄穗与叶片内几种激素含量的比较

以甜玉米为材料,采用扫描电镜观察雌、雄花序发育过程,并用ＥＬＩＳＡ 和ＨＰＬＣ 检测雌、雄花序发育过程中内源激素（ｉＰＡｓ 、ＺＲｓ、ＤＨＺＲｓ、ＺＴ、ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ３） 和内源玉米赤霉烯酮（ｚｅａｒａｌｅｎｏｎｅ, ＺＥＮ） 含量,分析激素含量变化与玉米性别决定的关系。结果表明：玉米花序经过了无性、双性到单性的发育过程,在茎尖伸长和小穗原基突起时期,雄花序中内源ｉＰＡｓ、ＺＲｓ、ＧＡ３ 和ＺＥＮ 含量最高并高于雌花序;在玉米性别决定的关键时期,即花器官原基突起到雌、雄性器官选择退化阶段,雄花序中ｉＰＡｓ、ＺＲｓ、ＺＴ 和ＺＥＮ 含量明显增加并高于雌花序,此时在两种花序中的ＧＡ３ 含量差异不明显。正常果穗上、中、下不同部位果穗内源ｉＰＡｓ、ＺＲｓ、ＺＴ、ＧＡ３ 和ＺＥＮ 含量无明显差异,顶端小穗雄性化的果穗顶部内源ｉＰＡｓ、ＺＲｓ、ＺＴ、ＧＡ３ 和ＺＥＮ 含量急剧增加。这些结果说明高水平的细胞分裂素、ＧＡ３ 和ＺＥＮ 可能有利于玉米雄性器官的发育。     

玉米赤霉烯酮在冬小麦短日春化中的作用

应用酶联免疫技术,研究了冬小麦品种燕大１８１７ 在不同光周期条件下,体内内源玉米赤霉烯酮（ＺＥＮ） 和ＡＢＡ 含量的变化。结果表明,冬小麦品种燕大１８１７ 具有短日春化性,苗期经４ 周ＳＤ 处理后转到ＬＤ 下能正常抽穗。ＳＤ 诱导春化的幼苗茎尖和叶片中ＺＥＮ 含量高于未经诱导的ＬＤ 幼苗,而在两种光周期条件下生长的幼苗中ＡＢＡ 含量变化趋势并无明显差异。马拉硫磷（ ＭＡＬ） 抑制ＳＤ 幼苗体内ＺＥＮ 含量高峰的出现,也部分抑制抽穗;外源ＺＥＮ 可部分抵消ＭＡＬ对植株的影响,降低茎尖内源ＡＢＡ 含量,并有促进小麦拔节的作用。说明在冬小麦短日春化过程中,ＺＥＮ 具有促进作用,而ＡＢＡ 没有直接影响。     

菊苣薄层培养花芽,营养芽分化中内源激素的动态变化

菊苣（Ｃｉｃｈｏｒｉｕｍ ｉｎｔｙｂｕｓＬ．）花梗薄层细胞培养于ＭＳ附加ＮＡＡ 和ＢＡ 或ＩＡＡ 和ＢＡ 的ＭＳ培养基上有花芽或营养芽分化． 花芽分化中内源ＩＡＡ、ＤＨＺ＋ ＤＨＺＲ、ｉＰＡ 含量明显增加,而Ｚ＋ ＺＲ变化不明显．营养芽分化中内源细胞分裂素含量增加明显,而ＩＡＡ 在培养前７ ｄ 含量下降,随后有所增加,在原基形成时含量达原初水平的２／３． 可见,花芽分化比营养芽分化所需内源ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＫ 比值要高     

苹果花芽孕育机理的探讨

花芽孕育期,以环剥、多效唑＋环剥和ＧＡ３处理“红富士”苹果树,成花效应以多效唑＋环剥处理为最高（＋６８４％）。花芽孕育起动时,促花处理的短枝顶芽内ＩＡＡ、ＺＲ含量和ＩＡＡ／ＧＡｓ、ＺＲ／ＧＡｓ的比值均明显提高。在花芽孕育完成过程中,促花处理的短枝叶内淀粉含量、Ｃ／Ｎ比,芽内ＺＲ、ＩＡＡ含量和ＺＲ／ＧＡｓ明显提高,ＧＡｓ则明显下降。     

玉米雌,雄穗与叶片内几种激素含量的比较

以甜玉米的材料,采用扫描电镜观察雌,雄花序发育过程,并用ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＨＰＬＣ检测雌,雄花序发育过程中内源激素和内源玉米赤霉烯含量,分析激素含量变化与玉米性别决定的关系。结果表明：玉米花序经过了无性,双性到单性的发育过程,在茎尖长和小穗原基突起时期雄花序中内源ｉＰＡｓ,ＺＲｓ,ＧＡ３和ＺＥＮ含量最高并高于雌花序;在玉米性别的关键时期即花器官原基突起到雌,雄性器官选择退化阶段,雄花序中ｉＰＡｓ,ＺＲｓ     

绞股蓝茎尖组织培养和植株再生研究

以绞股蓝茎尖作为外植体,接种于ＭＳ＋１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ的培养基中,茎尖逐渐形成芽苗,芽苗分离后接种于ＭＳ＋１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ的培养基中进行增殖培养,同时从增殖的芽苗上不断地诱导出幼苗,将幼苗分离转入不含激素的ＭＳ培养基中,幼苗生根,形成完整的植株。     

外源药剂处理对玉米叶黄素循环与非辐射能量耗散的影响

利用ＡｓＡ、ＤＴＴ和ＮＡＤＰＨ溶液处理离体玉米叶片,对其叶黄素循环和非辐射能量耗散都可产生一定的影响。２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＡｓＡ可促进紫黄质（Ｖ）向单珏氧玉米黄质（Ａ）至玉米黄质（Ｚ）的转化,ＮＰＱ值和Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ均相应增加,但是生成的Ｚ在强光下（〉６５０μｍｏｌ ｍ＾－２ｓ＾－１）很容易达到饱和,５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＤＴＴ可明显抑制Ｚ的增加,但对Ａ的影响很小,同时玉米叶片的ＮＰＱ值和Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ均显著下降     

BA对花生叶片腺苷酸含量和能荷的影响

去顶去根花生幼苗库叶（上位叶）经１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＢＡ涂抹处理１２ｈ和４８ｈ时,库叶ＡＴＰ含量增加,分别高于对照１９．４％和３３．１％。ＡＤＰ含量在处理后１２－３６ｈ,不断增加,以后逐渐降低,接近对照水平,ＢＡ处理库叶减少ＡＭＰ含理。ＢＡ促进库叶能荷值增加,调节总腺苷酸含量的动态变化。ＢＡ处理库叶１２ｈ,叶片组织和线粒体呼吸速率增加,加强了线粒体氧化磷酸化和能量传递的过程。     

小麦与玉米及鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交后胚发育过程中内源激素的动态变化

小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）与玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓＬ．）及鸭茅状摩擦禾（Ｔｒｉｐｓａｃｕｍ ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．）杂交后,由于胚乳组织不能正常形成,从而导致胚很难在母本小麦植株上发育至成熟。通过对杂交后的胚不同发育时期的子房内源ＩＡＡ、玉米素（Ｚ）及玉米素核苷（ＺＲ）和ＡＢＡ 的ＥＬＩＳＡ 分析,发现远缘杂交后的胚发育过程中子房内源ＩＡＡ 的浓度明显低于正常发育的子房;而且Ｚ＋ ＺＲ 和ＡＢＡ 的含量的动态变化也和正常自交发育的子房不同,然而ＩＡＡ／（Ｚ＋ ＺＲ）和ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ 的比率变化在远缘杂交与正常自交的子房之间有某些相似趋势。ＩＡＡ、Ｚ＋ ＺＲ和ＡＢＡ 与这３ 种激素之和的比率变化在上述两类子房中也有相似之处。可以推断,植物胚胎的正常发育需要多种激素的动态平衡及某一时期某一激素的主导性作用。远缘杂交后的胚之所以不能够顺利发育至成熟,除了缺乏胚乳组织的营养保护之外,或许也和其内源激素的水平及多激素平衡体系偏离常规动态变化有关联     

The role of endogenous cytokinins in correlation between cotyledon and its axillary bud and in hypocotyl regeneration of flax

When flax seedlings are decapitated above cotyledons and three days later one of the two cotyledons is removed then the remaining cotyledon stimulates in four to five days growth of its axillary bud. It has been found that content of endogenous cytokinins was higher in the stimulated bud as compared with the other one already 12 h after the cotyledon removal. Flax seedlings decapitated under cotyledons regenerate adventitious buds on thy hypocotyl stump during 5–6 days. The endogenous fytohormonal preparation of this regeneration was investigated in the 20 mm apical part of the hypocotyl stump. Decrease in auxin and increase in gibberellins was already found during the first day after decapitation while the level of cytokinins increased as late as three days after the apex removal.     

The Role of Cytokinins and Ethylene in Bean Cotyledon Senescence. The Effect of Free Radicals

During ageing of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cotyledons in plants with modified life span the time-course of four cytokinins, ethylene, and the end products of free radical attack, lipofuscin-like pigments (LFP), were studied. UV irradiation shortened cotyledon life span, while epicotyl decapitation prolonged it. In controls, LFP increased at the senescence onset but at the end of life span it returned to the initial level. Ethylene increased more than 3-fold at the time of abscission. The content of individual cytokinins (zeatin, zeatin riboside, isopentenyl adenine, isopentenyl adenine riboside) varied differently during ageing but they did not decreased in any case under level observed in young cotyledons at the time of abscission. UV irradiation resulted in 14-fold increase in LFP concentration at the end. Ethylene increased 8-fold 2 h after irradiation. Individual cytokinins increased after UV irradiation to a different extent and time-course, nevertheless cotyledon life span was shortened. Decapitation induced LFP decrease. On day 13, LFP abruptly increased and than decreased and stayed lowered until abscission. Ethylene was maximum on day 24, at the time of abscission, it was above 200 % of control. Decapitation produced transient decrease in some cytokinins namely zeatin and isopentenyl adenine riboside.     

Changes in endogenous levels of three cytokinins during development of excised watermelon cotyledons

We have determined by an immunological method the endogenous levels of three cytokinins: dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), transzeatin riboside (tZR) and isope-ntenyladenosine (IPA) in watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., cv. Fairfax) cotyledons that were either attached to the seedling or excised from the seed after imbibition and then grown on water. Both seedlings and cotyledons were grown either for 5 days in continuous light or for 3 days in the dark and 2 days in light. Our aim was to verify whether endogenous cytokinin levels are lower in excised than in attached cotyledons as could be expected since excised cotyledons are much more sensitive to exogenous cytokinin application. The levels of the three cytokinins were very low immediately after imbibition, but gradually increased during the following days. They were higher in excised cotyledons after 5 days of culture in the dark than in cotyledons of the same age that had developed on the seedling. Dihydrozeatin riboside was by far the most abundant of the three cytokinins in cotyledons as well as in the hypocotyl and the root.
Irradiation reduced the level of DHZR, negating the concept that light promotes cotyledon development by increasing endogenous cytokinins. Transzeatin riboside when supplied exogenously, stimulated cotyledon development at a lower concentration than the other two cytokinins. Exogenous supply of ben-zyladenine (BA) induced a strong increase in endogenous tZR already after 24 h.     

Involvement of cytokinins in the germination of chick-pea seeds

Eight cytokinins detected in germinated chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L. var. Castellana) seeds were first present in the embryonic axes but appeared in the cotyledons after 12h of germination. The cytokinins detected in the cotyledons originate in the embryonic axes, but no passage of these substances from the cotyledons to the axes was detected, except when the seeds were treated with red light.It is concluded that the role played by the embryonic axis in mobilizating the main reserves of the cotyledons is mainly effected through these cytokinins. Both natural and synthetic cytokinins exert an important regulatory role in the hydrolysis of reserve proteins and calcium could be involved as an intermediate.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - cot. cotyledon - (diH)Z dihydrozeatin - (diH)ZR dihydrozeatin riboside - GZR glycosyl zeatin riboside - 2iP 277-1 - iPA 277-2 riboside - Kin kinetin - Z zeatin - ZG zeatin glucoside - ZR zeatin riboside     

Inter-organ Control of Greening in Etiolated Cucumber Cotyledons

Inter-organ control of greening in etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Aonagajibae) cotyledons was investigated. Four- or six-day-old excised or intact etiolated cucumber cotyledons were illuminated under aerobic conditions. Excised cotyledons without hypocotyl hooks produced chlorophyll without a prolonged lag phase and the rate of chlorophyll formation was not depressed if they were illuminated immediately after excision. If the excised cotyledons were incubated in the dark before illumination, chlorophyll accumulation at the end of 6 h of continuous illumination was remarkably lowered as the dark period lengthened, especially in 6-day-old cotyledons. The rapid loss of chlorophyll-forming capacity of excised cotyledons during dark preincubation suggests a stimulatory effect of hypocotyls on the greening in cotyledons. The treatment of excised cotyledons with bleeding sap in the dark for 18 h resulted in the promotion of chlorophyll formation during subsequent continuous illumination. Partial fractionation of bleeding sap with organic solvents and paper chromatography indicates that the active substances showed the same behavior as cytokinins. These facts add weight to the hypothesis that cytokinins from roots flow into cotyledons and stimulate greening.     

Endogenous hormonal content and somatic embryogenic capacity of Corylus avellana L. cotyledons

Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins [zeatin (Z) zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin, dihydrozeatin riboside, N⁶-isopentenyl adenine (iP) and N⁶-isopentenyladenine riboside] were evaluated in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cotyledons of different developmental stage and genetic source for their somatic embryogenic capacity. There was an inverse correlation between the embryogenic potential of cotyledons and the degree of maturity of zygotic embryos, the first characteristic being associated with iP-type cytokinins and the second with Z-type cytokinins. Although the differences in total cytokinin, ABA and IAA contents between the cotyledons were small, the IAA/ABA and, mainly, the iP-type/Z-type cytokinin ratios were found to be two good indexes of the embryogenic competence of explants, suggesting that the endogenous hormonal balance is a very important factor defining the in vitro potential of hazelnut cotyledons. Received: 6 January 1997 / Revision received: 3 March 1997 / Accepted 1 April 1997     

Transport and Metabolism of Dihydrozeatin Riboside in Germinating Lupin Seeds

[³H]-dihydrozeatin riboside was applied selectively to the embryonicaxes or to the cotyledons of germinating lupin (Lupinus luteusL. cv. Weiko III) seeds 6 h following the start of imbibition.There was little transport of dihydrozeatin riboside from embryoto cotyledons up to 6 h after the application, but a substantialamount of radioactivity had moved into the cotyledons at theend of the 10 h incubation period. However, there was no detectablemovement of [³H]-dihydrozeatin riboside from the cotyledonsto the embryonic axis. This indicated a highly polarized movementof cytokinins during the early stages of seed germination. Exogenouslyapplied [³H]-dihydrozeatin riboside was found to be very stable,both when applied to the embryonic axes and cotyledons of intactseed, or following excision, and there was little metabolismwith only small amounts of radioactivity found associated withdegradative metabolites. The embryonic axis of this specieshas recently been found to synthesize cytokinins within 12 hfrom the start of imbibition, and the results of this studyindicate that the embryo-derived cytokinin is probably transportedto the cotyledons where it accumulates and subsequently participatesin the control of cotyledon function. Key words: Lupinus luteus, cytokinin transport and metabolism, dihydrozeatin riboside, seed germination     

Axial control of cotyledon expansion and chlorophyll formation in germinating lupin seeds

The embryonic axis plays a critical role in inducing expansion and chlorophyll formation in cotyledons of germinating yellow lupin seed, and cytokinins would appear to constitute an important part of the stimulus emanating from the axis. Externally applied cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine >;>; zeatin >; dihydrozeatin) completely replaced the embryonic axis while gibberellic acid was ineffective. The two optical isomers of dihydrozeatin differed in activity, the unnatural form (R) being more active than the natural form (S). The cotyledons appeared to respond mrkedly to supplied cytokinin only after reaching a certain stage of development (3–5 days after the start of germination), reflecting development of sensitivity to cytokinin or of an ability to utilize the primary response evoked by cytokins.     

Cytokinin-induced chlorophyll formation in cucumber cotyledons

Summary Cotyledons of cucumber plants grown in the dark for 7 days were treated with various concentrations of cytokinins for 14 h and then moved into light. After 3 h the treated cotyledons had up to 450% more chlorophyll than the water controls. This suggests that cytokinins have an important role in the formation of chlorophyll. The increase in chlorophyll level was proportional to cytokinin concentration and was apparent at concentrations as low as 0.001 mg/l. Sensitivity to cytokinins depended on the age of the cotyledons and the time of exposure to light. Gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid, adenine and sucrose did not cause a similar increase in chlorophyll levels. This effect of cytokinins on chlorophyll formation is valuable as a simple, rapid bioassay for cytokinins.This study was supported by the National Research Council of Canada.     

表油菜素内酯对黄瓜子叶过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量的影响

０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的表油菜素内酯（ｅｐｉ－ＢＲ）能显著地促进黄瓜子叶叶绿素ａ、叶绿素ｂ的含量和叶绿素ａ／叶绿素ｂ比值的下降,表明ｅｎｉ－ＢＲ能促进子叶的衰老。从过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的活性测定及同工酶谱发现ｅｐｉ－ＢＲ可提高其活性,暗示它可能通过提高子叶ＰＯＤ的活性而加速子叶叶绿素的降解。另一方面,ｅｐｉ－ＢＲ促进子时可溶性蛋白含量的下降,其中主要是ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶含量的下降,同时,ｅｐｉ－ＢＲ引起子叶游离氨基酸的累积。