重金属Mn对苦楝叶片光系统性能的影响

重金属锰严重抑制植物的光合作用,影响Mn污染地区植被恢复。为给Mn污染地区植被恢复提供合适的树种,以木本植物苦楝为研究对象,分别将0、10 g和30 g的MnCl₂ (CK、L1和L2)溶于纯水中配成溶液掺入盆栽土壤,通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线、820 nm光吸收曲线以及光合气体交换参数测定技术,研究重金属Mn对苦楝叶片光系统I(PSI)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能及其协调性的影响。结果表明,Mn胁迫下,苦楝叶片PSⅡ性能指数(PI_ABS)表现为L2k)和J点(V_j)均显著大于CK;电子从Q^-_A传递到PSⅠ受体侧的效率(Ψ₍(Ro)))和捕获的激子将电子传递到电子链中Q_A下游Q_B等电子受体的概率(Ψ₍(Eo)))随着时间的推移呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;PSI性能(ΔI/I₀)显...     

克罗烷二萜的昆虫拒食活性及构效关系研究

以饲料柱称重法测定25个克罗烷二萜新化合物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)5龄幼虫的拒食活性,并进行构效关系分析。结果表明：立体效应对拒食活性意义 重大;C₉边链、C₁₈位的酯基对活性具有一定影响;C_{4处的螺环氧结构看来并非活性所必需。且在25μg/mL时选择法测定中,活性最高的化合物拒食率为57.9%,而500/μg/mL时非选择法测定中拒食率为43.2%。}     

亮叶中南鱼藤的杀虫活性及有效成分

研究了亮叶中南鱼藤Derris fordii var. lucida的杀虫活性及有效成分。通过生物测定确定了该植物提取物对几种害虫的杀虫活性及其作用方式,并在活性跟踪的基础上,通过萃取、柱层析、薄层制备、重结晶、核磁共振和质谱等方法对其有效成分进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,亮叶中南鱼藤不同部位甲醇提取物中仅根部提取物表现出杀虫活性。根甲醇提取物对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 4龄幼虫、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover 无翅成蚜、豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch无翅成蚜、桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)无翅成蚜、甘薯天蛾Herse convolvuli L. 2龄幼虫、三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)初孵幼虫、菜青虫Pieris rapae (L.) 2龄幼虫和黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)成虫都有毒杀效果,其LC₅₀值分别是260.3 mg/L、234.6 mg/L、141.3 mg/L、16.4 mg/L、233.4 mg/L、20.8 mg/L、11.7 mg/L和148.4 mg/L。根甲醇提取物对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫24 h的触杀和胃毒毒力LC₅₀值分别为101.6 mg/L和234.9 mg/L。此外,亚致死剂量的根甲醇提取物对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫还有拒食和抑制生长发育的作用。从根中分离和鉴定了3个化合物,即鱼藤酮、6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素和β-谷甾醇。鱼藤酮和6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素对三化螟初孵幼虫表现出毒杀活性,24 h的LC₅₀值分别是2.6 mg/L和5.3 mg/L。结论为：亮叶中南鱼藤仅根为活性部位,该甲醇提取物对棉蚜等多种害虫有活性,其主要作用方式为触杀和胃毒,鱼藤酮和6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素是根中的主要杀虫活性成分。     

苦楝不同部位挥发油成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对苦楝的叶、树皮和果皮的挥发油进行提取,用气相色谱--质谱联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析,共鉴定了70个化合物.组成成分分析结果表明,苦楝叶以倍半萜类化合物Elixene(22.53%)、石竹烯(10.75%)和醇类化合物叶绿醇(10.27%)、斯巴醇(5.73%)等为主;苦楝树皮中以饱和烷烃3,8-二甲基十一烷(9.25%)、4,6-二甲基十二烷(9.13%)、十七烷(6.88%)和3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷(5.94%)等为主;果皮中以棕榈酸(27.65%)、己酸(6.94%)、油酸甲酯(5.47%)、肉豆蔻酸(5.00%)和醇类化合物3,7,11,15-四甲基-2-十六烷醇(11.28%)、叶绿醇(4.78%)等为主.这一结果说明苦楝不同部位的挥发性成分相差较大,在综合开发利用苦楝时应分部位加以提取利用.     

松油烯-４-醇对粘虫幼虫的生物活性

测定了杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.的精油中主杀虫成分-松油烯-4-醇（terpinen 4.01）对粘虫Mythimna separata Walker幼虫的生物活性。结果表明,松油烯- 4-醇对粘虫主要表现为熏蒸作用,对粘虫3龄幼虫24 h的熏蒸LC₅₀为5.3473 μL/L ;还具一定触杀作用,对粘虫4龄幼虫24 h的LD₅₀为147.8 μg/虫。试虫的中毒症状可明显地分为兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡4个阶段,而麻痹的部分试虫有复苏现象。可明显抑制Na⁺ ,K⁺ATP酶的活性,在兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期和复苏期,抑制率介于21.28%～34.92% 之间。离体条件下对Na⁺,K⁺ATP酶的I₅₀为133.75 μg·mL^-1;对AChE活性有一定的影响;对酯酶,在兴奋期,酶活力为对照的7.0%,在麻痹期则为对照的1.33倍,而复苏期试虫的酯酶活力与对照相当。     

微滤膜分离提纯苦楝素的研究

通过对不同孔径和材质的微孔滤膜对苦楝提取液过滤分离比较,优选出孔径为0.45μm的聚醚砜微滤膜对苦楝提取液具有良好的过滤性能。确定的膜分离提纯苦楝素优化工艺条件是:在料液浓度为0.374 mg/mL,料液温度35℃,操作压力差为0.08 MPa,循环流量为0.15 L/h,pH=7.0,苦楝素的转移率为99.4%,除杂率为8.3%,通量为147.2 L/m2.h,苦楝素的纯度为由提取液的0.89%,提高到了8.79%。     

辣椒碱对小菜蛾的驱避活性及其体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和Na+，K+-ATP酶活性的影响

采用常规生测方法和酶活力测定方法,初步研究了辣椒碱对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.的产卵忌避和拒食作用,及其对小菜蛾体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性的影响,以期阐明辣椒碱对害虫的作用机制。结果表明,辣椒碱对小菜蛾表现出较强的产卵忌避活性和拒食活性。在6.25×10⁴ mg/L浓度下,处理24 h辣椒碱对小菜蛾的非选择性产卵忌避率达96.55%,选择性产卵忌避率为84.30%;在相同浓度下,处理48 h辣椒碱对小菜蛾的非选择性拒食率达81.47%,选择性拒食率为69.69%。 另外,经1.25×10⁵ mg/L辣椒碱不同时间处理后,小菜蛾体内的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶酶活力和Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活力与对照相比均产生了波动,处理18 h时小菜蛾体内GSTs活力最高,为152.01 U·mg^-1pro·min^-1,处理1 h时小菜蛾体内Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活力最高,为19.99 U·mg^-1pro·min^-1。结果说明辣椒碱能够影响小菜蛾产卵和取食行为,并且对其体内的酶系也产生了影响。     

喉毛花化学成分研究

从龙胆科植物喉毛花（Comastoma pulmonarium(Turez.) Toyohuni)中分离到6个仙酮类化合物,经化学及光谱方法分别鉴定为1,8－二羟基－3,5－二甲氧基仙酮（I）,1,8－二羟基－3,7－二甲氧基仙酮（II）,I－羟基－3,7,8－三甲氧基仙酮（Ⅲ）,8－羟基－1,3,5－三在仙酮（IV）,1,3,8－三羟基－7－甲氧基仙酮（V）,I－O－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖－3,8－二羟基－7－甲氧基仙酮（VI）以及齐墩果酸（VII）,当药黄素（Swertisin)(VIII)。其中VI为新化合物,命名为喉毛花甙（Comastomaside)。     

干扰作用及空间异质性对七星瓢虫成虫捕食作用的影响

通过系统研究,得出：1)七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata雌雄成虫在捕食过程中麦秆数越多,环境阻力越大,捕食作用率越低;2)七星瓢虫与异色瓢虫 Harmonis axyridis 捕食过程中的种间干扰作用大于两种瓢虫的种内干扰作用;3)异色瓢虫(♀)种内竞争强度I与瓢虫数P的关系为I=0.0012+1.4072lgP;异色瓢虫(♂)种内竞争强度I与P的关系为I=0.0058+1.3942lgP;七星瓢虫(♀)种内竞争强度I与P的关系为I=-0.0072+0.7234lgP。异色瓢虫(♀)和七星瓢虫(♀)的种间竞争强度I与天敌数量(P)关系的模型为I=0.0539+1.1167 lgP,异色瓢虫(♀)和七星瓢虫(♂)的种间竞争强度I与P的模型为I=0.0018+1.1944lgP。     

苏云金杆菌δ-内毒素、芽孢及苏云金素A对棉铃虫毒性及拒食性的比较

苏云金杆菌库斯塔克变种HD-1的晶体蛋白与芽孢、HD-1无晶体突变株(Cry-)的芽孢以及苏云金素A对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera毒性和拒食性的比较研究显示,HD-1晶体蛋白对棉铃虫的杀虫毒力高, 拒食作用强; HD-1芽孢对棉铃虫具有一定的杀虫活性和生长抑制作用, 并有很强的拒食作用; HD-1无晶体突变株(Cry-)芽孢对棉铃虫无毒也无拒食作用;苏云金素A对棉铃虫的生长发育有极显著的抑制作用, 但对棉铃虫无拒食作用,由此证明晶体蛋白是苏云金杆菌杀虫活性和拒食作用的主要来源。苏云金素A与苏云金杆菌芽孢晶体混合物一起使用, 可使棉铃虫的死亡率显著提高。     

川楝素与青虫菌等农药混用对菜青虫增效作用的试验

川楝素分别与苏芸金杆菌(B.t. Var.galleriae)、青虫菌6号、雷公藤根粉乙醇抽提物以及化学农药乐斯本混用,对保护作物避免菜青虫(Pieris rapae L.)幼虫的取食为害有明显的增效作用,而且对幼虫的化蛹及蛹重都有明显的仰制作用,具有理论和实际意义.     

五种新化合物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和消化生理的影响(英文)

研究了五个新化合物对亚洲玉米螟 (Ostriniafurnacalis)五龄幼虫的拒食活性以及对其生长发育和中肠蛋白酶活性的影响 ,并与川楝素的作用效果进行了比较。结果表明 ,川楝素以及C19、C2 3 、C2 4、C2 6、C2 8在 5 0 0mg kg浓度下拒食活性分别为 5 1 16 %、5 7 6 1%、4 2 8%、5 1 0 8%、36 73%、5 1 6 7% ,其中C19、C2 4、C2 8拒食活性与川楝素相当。在 2 0mg kg浓度 ,生长发育实验表明C19、C2 6、C2 8具有较好的抑制幼虫生长作用 ,其中C2 8的作用与川楝素相当 ;药剂对中肠蛋白酶的影响结果表明 ,川楝素和C2 8对弱碱性类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶表现为激活作用 ,C19、C2 4、C2 6对两种蛋白酶在 2 4h激活 ,4 8h抑制。对相关作用机理进行了探讨。     

EFFECTS OF FIVE NEW COMPOUNDS ON THE LARVAL GROWTH AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ASIATIC CORN BORER, OSTRINIA FURNACALIS LARVAE

Five new compounds were tested on the growth and antifeeding activity compared with toosendanin against fifth instar larvae Ostrinia furnacalis. The activities of two proteases, a weak alkaline trypsine‐like enzyme and a chymotrypsin‐like enzyme, in the midgut of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae were also measured. Experimental results suggest that when incorporated into an artificial diet at the concentration of 500mg/kg, the antifeeding activities of toosendanin, C₁₉, C₂₃, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈ were 51.16%, 57.61%, 4.28%, 51.08%, 36.73% and 51.67%, respectively, C₁₉, C₂₄, C₂₈ had no significant difference with toosendanin. At 20mg/kg, the larval growth were remarkably suppressed by C₁₉, C₂₆, C₂₈, the inhibition of C₂₈ was close to toosendanin in 48 h. The two proteases were activated by toosendanin and C₂₈ while they were inhibited in 48 h but activated in 24 h by C₁₉, C₂₄ and C₂₆. In this paper, the related functions and mechanisms were discussed.     

Microbial transformation of ferulic acid to vanillic acid by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces sannanensis</Emphasis> MTCC 6637

Streptomyces sannanensis MTCC 6637 was examined for its potentiality to transform ferulic acid into its corresponding hydroxybenzoate-derivatives. Cultures of S. sannanensis when grown on minimal medium containing ferulic acid as sole carbon source, vanillic acid accumulation was observed in the medium as the major biotransformed product along with transient formation of vanillin. A maximum amount of 400 mg/l vanillic acid accumulation was observed, when cultures were grown on 5 mM ferulic acid at 28°C. This accumulation of vanillic acid was found to be stable in the culture media for a long period of time, thus facilitating its recovery. Purification of vanillic acid was achieved by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex™ LH-20 matrix. Catabolic route of ferulic acid biotransformation by S. sannanensis has also been demonstrated. The metabolic inhibitor experiment [by supplementation of 3,4 methylenedioxy-cinnamic acid (MDCA), a metabolic inhibitor of phenylpropanoid enzyme 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4-CL) along with ferulic acid] suggested that biotransformation of ferulic acid into vanillic acid mainly proceeds via CoA-dependent route. In vitro conversions of ferulic acid to vanillin, vanillic acid and vanillin to vanillic acid were also demonstrated with cell extract of S. sannanensis. Further degradation of vanillic acid to other intermediates such as, protocatechuic acid and guaiacol was not observed, which was also confirmed in vitro with cell extract.     

The Anti-Botulism Triterpenoid Toosendanin Elicits Calcium Increase and Exocytosis in Rat Sensory Neurons

Toosendanin, a triterpenoid from Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc, has been found before to be an effective anti-botulism agent, with a bi-phasic effect at both motor nerve endings and central synapse: an initial facilitation followed by prolonged depression. Initial facilitation may be due to activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels plus inhibition of potassium channels, but the depression is not fully understood. Toosendanin has no effect on intracellular calcium or secretion in the non-excitable pancreatic acinar cells, ruling out general toosendanin inhibition of exocytosis. In this study, toosendanin effects on sensory neurons isolated from rat nodose ganglia were investigated. It was found that toosendanin stimulated increases in cytosolic calcium and neuronal exocytosis dose dependently. Experiments with membrane potential indicator bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol found that toosendanin hyperpolarized capsaicin-insensitive but depolarized capsaicin-sensitive neurons; high potassium-induced calcium increase was much smaller in hyperpolarizing neurons than in depolarizing neurons, whereas no difference was found for potassium-induced depolarization in these two types of neurons. In neurons showing spontaneous calcium oscillations, toosendanin increased the oscillatory amplitude but not frequency. Toosendanin-induced calcium increase was decreased in calcium-free buffer, by nifedipine, and by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine. Simultaneous measurements of cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium showed an increase in cytosolic but a decrease in ER calcium, indicating that toosendanin triggered ER calcium release. These data together indicate that toosendanin modulates sensory neurons, but had opposite effects on membrane potential depending on the presence or absence of capsaicin receptor/TRPV 1 channel.     

微生物转化方法生产香草酸与香草醛的初步研究

从实验室保藏的菌种中筛选到一株黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）SW-33,能够将1g/L的阿魏酸底物转化为0.23g/L的香草酸,相应的摩尔转化率为29.35％;流加四次底物阿魏酸后,产物浓度达到1.11g/L,相应的摩尔转化率为44.9％。为了提高产物浓度,对培养基和发酵条件进行优化,使得该菌株能够将1g/l的阿魏酸底物转化为0.46g/L的香草酸,相应的摩尔转化率为57.81％。提取得到的香草酸,经HPLC测定,纯度为85.9％;提取收率为75.2％。用含香草酸的转化液,或者用提取的结晶香草酸,加入朱红密孔菌（Prcnporus cinnabarnus）SW-0203发酵培养液,可得到转化产物香草醛。     

Antioxidative properties of vanillic acid esters in multiple antioxidant assays

The antioxidative properties of vanillic acid esters were systematically evaluated by multiple assays to compare with the well-known antioxidants, vanillic acid and Trolox. We first performed assays with the model radicals, DPPH, galvinoxyl and ABTS cation (ABTS(?+)) types. Methyl vanillate, ethyl vanillate and butyl vanillate showed stronger activity than Trolox in the ABTS(?+)-scavenging assay, but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. In contrast, vanillic acid could quench the three radicals. We then evaluated their antioxidative activities by an ORAC assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA), using physiologically relevant peroxyl radicals. Vanillic acid esters and vanillic acid exerted much stronger activity than Trolox in the ORAC assay and OxHLIA. The antioxidative activity by OxHLIA was strongly correlated to the lipophilicity of vanillic acid and its esters. These results indicate that the protective effect of vanillic acid esters against free radical-induced biomembrane damage increased with increasing lipophilicity.     

Formaldehyde fixation contributes to detoxification for growth of a nonmethylotroph, Burkholderia cepacia TM1, on vanillic acid

During bacterial degradation of methoxylated lignin monomers, such as vanillin and vanillic acid, formaldehyde is released through the reaction catalyzed by vanillic acid demethylase. When Burkholderia cepacia TM1 was grown on vanillin or vanillic acid as the sole carbon source, the enzymes 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI) were induced. These enzymes were also expressed during growth on Luria-Bertani medium containing formaldehyde. To understand the roles of these enzymes, the hps and phi genes from a methylotrophic bacterium, Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a, were introduced into B. cepacia TM1. The transformant strain constitutively expressed the genes for HPS and PHI, and these activities were two- or threefold higher than the activities in the wild strain. Incorporation of [14C]formaldehyde into the cell constituents was increased by overexpression of the genes. Furthermore, the degradation of vanillic acid and the growth yield were significantly improved at a high concentration of vanillic acid (60 mM) in the transformant strain. These results suggest that HPS and PHI play significant roles in the detoxification and assimilation of formaldehyde. This is the first report that enhancement of the HPS/PHI pathway could improve the degradation of vanillic acid in nonmethylotrophic bacteria.     

Effect of glucose on vanillic acid oxidation inCellulomonas sp.

Respirometric and radioisotopic methods were used to study the stimulating effect of glucose on the breakdown of¹⁴COOH-vanillic acid by aCellulomonas species. Glucose was found to reduce the lag phase in vanillic acid oxidation apparently by enabling vanillic acid to cross the cell membrane and thus to reach the appropriate metabolic enzymes. Glucose also eliminated the inhibitory effect of higher concentrations of vanillic acid on the breakdown process and stimulated incorporation of the carboxyl carbon from vanillic acid into cell structures. A similar effect was observed with succinate and acetate.