铜蓝蛋白、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原与慢性肾功能衰竭的关系及对病情进展的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：分析铜蓝蛋白（CER）、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原（SCCA）与慢性肾功能衰竭的关系及对病情进展的预测价值。方法：选择我院自2019年4月至2021年4月接诊的169例慢性肾功能衰竭患者作为研究对象,根据24 h尿白蛋白定量分为微量白蛋白尿组（＜200 mg/24 h,102例）和大量白蛋白尿组（＞200 mg/24 h,67例）。比较两组各项实验室指标及血清CER、SCCA水平,分析CER、SCCA与慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾功能指标的关系。随访12个月,观察病情进展,使用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价血清CER联合SCCA对病情进展的预测效能。结果：大量白蛋白尿组血清肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）水平均明显高于微量白蛋白尿组,肾小球滤过率（GFR）低于微量白蛋白尿组（P＜0.05）;大量白蛋白尿组血清CER、SCCA水平均高于微量白蛋白尿组（P＜0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清CER、SCCA水平均与Scr、BUN呈正相关,与GFR呈负相关（P＜0.05）;经多因素Logistic回归分析,GFR、CER、SCCA均是慢性肾功能衰竭患者病情进展的独立预测因素（P＜0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,血清CER联合SCCA预测慢性肾功能衰竭患者病情进展的AUC为0.925,明显大于GFR的0.620（P＜0.05）。结论：血清CER、SCCA水平与慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾功能呈负相关,联合预测病情进展效能较好,值得临床予以重视应用。     

右心声学造影联合血清cTnI、NT-proBNP对心源性脑梗死的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨右心声学造影联合血清心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、N-末端脑利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）对心源性脑梗死（CE）的预测价值。方法：选择2020年7月至2023年6月湖南中医药高等专科学校附属第一医院收治的急性脑梗死患者128例,根据是否发生CE分为CE组（n=31）和非CE组（n=97）。两组均行右心声学造影检查,检测两组血清cTnI、NT-proBNP水平,比较两组右心声学造影参数及血清cTnI、NT-proBNP水平。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析右心声学造影联合血清cTnI、NT-proBNP对CE的预测价值。结果：右心声学造影显示CE组卵圆孔未闭阳性率、右向左分流分级（1级+2级+3级）构成比、卵圆孔长径均显著高于非CE组（P<0.05）。CE组卵圆孔未闭患者活动性房间隔构成比显著高于非CE组卵圆孔未闭患者（P<0.05）。CE组血清cTnI、NT-proBNP水平显著高于非CE组。ROC曲线分析结果显示,卵圆孔未闭、右向左分流分级1级+2级+3级、卵圆孔长径、活动性房间隔、cTnI、NT-proBNP对CE具有一定的预测价值,其中联合检验对CE的预测效能最高,曲线下面积（AUC）为0.867（0.812～0.928）。结论：右心声学造影联合血清cTnI、NT-proBNP检查可用于CE的预测。     

目标剂量螺内酯联合曲美他嗪对老年慢性心力衰竭患者炎症因子、RAAS及心率变异性的影响

摘要 目的：探讨目标剂量螺内酯（20 mg/d）联合曲美他嗪对老年慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者炎症因子、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）、及心率变异性的影响。方法：选取120例老年CHF患者,随机分为对照组和研究组,各60例,其中对照组给予曲美他嗪治疗,研究组给予曲美他嗪联合目标剂量螺内酯治疗,对比两组疗效、炎症因子[超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）]、RAAS指标 [肾素（PRA）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）及醛固酮（ALD）]、心率变异性[24 h平均正常R-R间期标准差（SDNN）,24 h连续5 min节段平均正常R-R间期标准差（SDANN）,连续正常R-R间期差的均方根（rMSSD）]、心功能[左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）]及安全性。结果：与对照组相比,研究组的总有效率更高（P<0.05）。治疗6个月后,两组hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、LVESD、LVEDD、PRA、AngⅡ、ALD均较治疗前降低,且研究组上述指标低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗6个月后,两组LVEF较治疗前升高,且研究组LVEF高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗6个月后,研究组SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD均较治疗前升高,且研究组上述指标高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较差异不明显（P>0.05）。结论：曲美他嗪联合目标剂量螺内酯治疗老年CHF患者疗效显著且安全性好,可明显改善患者的心功能、心率变异性,降低炎症因子水平,其可能是通过拮抗RAAS发挥作用。     

心阻抗血流图对儿童心功能的评价

目的：评价学龄前和学龄期儿童的心功能特点。方法：采用无创性心功能检测方法测定108例健康儿童和126例健康成年人的心脏功能。结果：SV、CO、PEP等九项指标随年龄的增长而增大,且三组间有差异（P〈0.0l）;CI、HI、C-dZ/dt、O-dZ/dt、Q-Z间期等五项指标在两儿童组间无差异（P〉0.05）,但在儿童与成人组间有差异（P〈0.0l）,EF、PEPI、LVETI、PEP/LVET、O/C等五项指标在三组间均无差异（P〉0.05）。结论：学龄前儿童的心功能指标有些与成年人差异很大,所以需要一套特殊指标作为参考,而不宜采用已有的成人标准值来判定儿童的心脏功能。     

磷酸肌酸钠注射液治疗高龄多病因心力衰竭患者疗效分析

目的：观察磷酸肌酸钠注射液治疗≧80 岁高龄多病因心力衰竭患者的疗效。方法：≧80 岁高龄多病因心力衰竭患者115 例,随机分为治疗组58 例,对照组57 例。对照组给予常规抗心衰治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用磷酸肌酸钠注射液,观察两组治疗 前后NYHA心功能分级、血浆NT-proBNP 水平,磷酸肌酸钠注射液相关不良反应发生率并监测治疗前后的肝肾功能等指标。结 果：治疗5 天后治疗组总有效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,血浆NT-proBNP 含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,需加用洋地黄类强心 药物的患者人数显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗14天后两组各指标均有显著改善,总有效率、血浆NT-proBNP 下降幅度无明显 区别。结论：常规抗心衰治疗基础上加用磷酸肌酸钠注射液能够更快改善≧80 岁高龄多病因心力衰竭患者症状,安全有效。     

胺碘酮治疗冠心病心律失常及其对血流动力学的影响研究

摘要 目的：研究胺碘酮治疗冠心病心律失常（CHDA）的临床疗效及其对血流动力学的影响。方法：选择2015年1月～2016年12月于我院心血管内科治疗的CHDA患者156例,依据随机数字表法将所有CHDA患者分为观察组（n=78）与对照组（n=78）。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予胺碘酮治疗。观察两组治疗后血压、平均动脉压及心率情况,治疗前后两组纤维蛋白原（Fb）、血细胞比容（HCT）、细胞沉降率（ESR）、血浆比黏度（np）、高切变率下全血黏度（nbh）及低切变率下全血黏度（nbl）等血流动力学指标,治疗前后两组QTc间期、PR间期及QRs波时限等心电图指标,临床疗效及不良反应。结果：治疗后,观察组血压、平均动脉压、心率及Fb、HCT、ESR、np、nbh、nbl等血流动力学指标均低于对照组,QTc间期高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组总有效率（93.59%）高于对照组（78.21%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组不良发应发生率（2.56%）与对照组（0.00%）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05） 。结论：胺碘酮治疗CHDA可有效改善患者血流动力学,临床疗效显著,不良反应少,值得临床应用。     

老年缺血性心力衰竭的心脏DNA甲基化编码重编程与心肌细胞焦亡、铁死亡的关联

摘要 目的：探讨老年缺血性心力衰竭的心脏DNA甲基化编码重编程与心肌细胞焦亡、铁死亡的关联性。方法：2019年12月到2021月2月,选择在本院诊治的老年缺血性心力衰竭115例作为心衰组,同期选择在本院体检的非心血管疾病老年人群115例作为对照组。检测心脏DNA甲基化编码重编程、心肌细胞焦亡、铁死亡指标表达情况并进行相关性分析。结果：心衰组的心脏DNA甲基化编码重编程指标-miR-92a、miR-130a相对表达水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。心衰组的Caspase-1蛋白、Caspase-4蛋白相对表达水平高于对照组（P<0.05）。心衰组的铁调素含量高于对照组（P<0.05）。在两组230例入选者中,Spearsman相关分析显示：缺血性心力衰竭与miR-92a、miR-130a、半胱氨酸蛋白酶1（Caspase-1）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶4（Caspase-4）、铁调素存在正向相关性（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示：miR-92a、miR-130a、Caspase-1、Caspase-4、铁调素为导致缺血性心力衰竭发生的重要因素（P<0.05）。结论：老年缺血性心力衰竭患者多伴随有心脏DNA甲基化编码重编程与心肌细胞焦亡、铁死亡,后三者与缺血性心力衰竭的发生存在关联性,也是导致缺血性心力衰竭发生的重要因素。     

糖尿病对射血分数保留心力衰竭患者血生化指标、心脏指标及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨糖尿病（DM）对射血分数保留心力衰竭（HFpEF）患者血生化指标、心脏指标及生活质量的影响。方法：选取2017年1月-2019年5月我院收治的246例HFpEF患者作为研究对象,根据是否并发DM分为DM-HFpEF组（n=98）和NDM-HFpEF组（n=148）,比较两组患者基线资料、血生化指标,采用超声心动图检测心功能参数,采用明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量调查表（MLHFQ）评价患者的生活质量。结果：两组患者体重、收缩压、合并冠心病比例、合并高血压比例相比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05);与NDM-HFpEF组患者相比,DM-HFpEF组患者白细胞计数（WBC）、中性粒细胞计数（N）、血肌酐（Scr）、甘油三酯（TG）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后两小时血糖（2hPBG）、K⁺水平升高,血红蛋白（Hb）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平降低（P＜0.05);DM- HFpEF组舒张末期左心室容积指数（LVEDVI）低于NDM-HFpEF组患者,室间隔厚度(IVS)、左心室后壁厚度（PWTD）、E峰、E/e''高于NDM-HFpEF组患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05);DM- HFpEF组患者MLHFQ中体力限制、社会限制、情绪、经济维度评分及总分高于NDM-HFpEF组患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05)。结论：DM促进了HFpEF患者IVS、PWTD的增厚,降低了心脏舒张功能和患者的生活质量,且明显加重了HFpEF患者血糖血脂的代谢紊乱。     

温阳益气汤对阳虚血瘀证慢性心力衰竭患者血清sST2及GDF-15的影响

摘要 目的：探讨温阳益气汤对阳虚血瘀证慢性心力衰竭患者血清可溶性ST2（sST2）及血清生长分化因子15（GDF-15）的影响。方法：以2019.2-2020.5于我院就诊的慢性心力衰竭患者133例为研究对象,随机平均分为对照组（常规西医治疗）和观察组（在对照组的基础上给于温阳益气汤治疗）。观察并记录两组患者治疗效果和不良反应,心脏彩超仪器检测心功能指标（SV、CO、LVEF、LVED）,ELISA法检测血清sST2及GDF-15的表达水平,生活质量评分量表评价患者生活质量。结果：（1）观察组总有效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;（2）治疗后两组以上指标均较治疗前显著增加（P<0.05）,且治疗后观察组SV、CO、LVEF均较对照组显著增加（P<0.05）,而LVED无显著变化（P＞0.05）;（3）治疗后两组患者sST2、GDF-15均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,且观察组以上指标均较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）;（4）治疗前两组患者社会领域、身躯领域、情绪领域、经济领域得分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗后两组患者社会领域、身躯领域、情绪领域、经济领域得分均较治疗前显著增加,且治疗后观察组以上评分也显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：温阳宜气汤能使sST2、GDF-15表达降低,改善患者心功能和生活质量,疗效佳,具有一定临床参考意义。     

线虫烯脂酰CoA水合酶的克隆、表达、纯化及初步晶体学分析

生物体β-氧化循环是脂肪酸氧化分解的主要途径,许多代谢疾病都与其密切相关。线虫β-氧化循环与人类相似,但线虫β-氧化循环的研究报道却很少。线虫基因C32E8.9编码的蛋白被WormBase命名为烯脂酰CoA水合酶（WormBase ID：CE29693）,被推测具有催化β-氧化循环第二步反应的功能。作者将C32E8.9基因克隆到原核表达载体上,在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达,并分别纯化了母体蛋白以及硒代蛋白衍生物。多角度静态光散射实验表明该蛋白的聚合状态为三聚体。该蛋白在沉淀剂2-甲基-2,4-戊二醇的作用下形成可供衍射分析的六棱柱形状晶体,空间群为P21,晶胞参数为a=79.0?,b=82.4?,c=79.2?,α=γ=90.0°,β=120°,数据分析表明该晶体非单晶,是一种罕见的蛋白质“三晶”——包含三套晶格。     

无创呼吸机辅助治疗时机对急性左心衰竭并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的影响

目的:探究早期与延迟无创呼吸机辅助治疗急性左心衰竭并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年8月到2015年8月期间,我院收治临床确诊急性左心衰竭并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者68例为研究对象,将随着随机分为观察组(35例)和对照组(33例);观察组患者行早期无创呼吸机辅助治疗,对照组给予延迟无创呼吸机辅助治疗;观察并比较两组间治疗前后呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)、动脉氧分压(PaO_2)及平均动脉压(MAP)、气管插管及气管切开通气率、住院时间及治疗有效率的情况。结果:疗后两组患者RR、HR、MAP均下降,MBP升高(P0.05),且观察组患者RR、HR及MAP均低于对照组,PaO_2均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者有效率显著高于对照组,气管切开及插管发生率、病情好转时间、住院时间均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:急性左心衰竭并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者早期行无创呼吸机辅助治疗能显著改善患者症状、提高治疗有效率,缩短患者住院时间,具有较高的临床价值。     

Validation of Heart Failure Events in the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Participants Assigned to Doxazosin and Chlorthalidone

BACKGROUND: The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) is a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial designed to compare the rate of coronary heart disease events in high-risk hypertensive participants initially randomized to a diuretic (chlorthalidone) versus each of three alternative antihypertensive drugs: alpha-adrenergic blocker (doxazosin), ACE-inhibitor (lisinopril), and calcium-channel blocker (amlodipine). Combined cardiovascular disease risk was significantly increased in the doxazosin arm compared to the chlorthalidone arm (RR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.17-1.33; P <.001), with a doubling of heart failure (fatal, hospitalized, or non-hospitalized but treated) (RR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.79-2.32; P <.001). Questions about heart failure diagnostic criteria led to steps to validate these events further. METHODS AND RESULTS: Baseline characteristics (age, race, sex, blood pressure) did not differ significantly between treatment groups (P <.05) for participants with heart failure events. Post-event pharmacologic management was similar in both groups and generally conformed to accepted heart failure therapy. Central review of a small sample of cases showed high adherence to ALLHAT heart failure criteria. Of 105 participants with quantitative ejection fraction measurements provided, (67% by echocardiogram, 31% by catheterization), 29/46 (63%) from the chlorthalidone group and 41/59 (70%) from the doxazosin group were at or below 40%. Two-year heart failure case-fatalities (22% and 19% in the doxazosin and chlorthalidone groups, respectively) were as expected and did not differ significantly (RR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.67-1.38; P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: Results of the validation process supported findings of increased heart failure in the ALLHAT doxazosin treatment arm compared to the chlorthalidone treatment arm.     

Roles of the AV junction in determining the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation.

The statistical properties of RR interval sequences during cholinergic atrial fibrillation were studied in anesthetized dogs both in control conditions and after the selective injection of dromotropic agents into the atrioventricular (AV) node artery. It was observed that RR interval histogram configurations depended mainly on the mean heart rate, regardless of whether it was a control or a post-injection sequence. The sequences were found to vary from almost regular at fast rates to highly irregular at slow rates, covering all intermediate possibilities. Since the injections of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery were carried out during sinus rhythm between the episodes of fibrillation, their influences on the AV junction, as reflected both on the length of the PR interval during sinus rhythm and on the RR interval dispersion during fibrillation, could be compared. The dispersion of RR intervals was found to increase as the PR interval duration became longer. In addition, it was observed that the generally random character of the RR interval sequences during fibrillation was not affected by the injection of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery. These results were interpreted as an indication that, for a well-established atrial fibrillation, the degree of ventricular irregularity (dispersion of RR intervals) is related to the conductivity within the AV junction and that the random character of RR interval sequences is related to the atrial fibrillatory activity itself.     

Sympathetic overactivity in active ulcerative colitis: effects of clonidine

Previous reports suggest that inflammatory bowel diseases may be accompanied by abnormalities in the neural autonomic profile. We tested the hypotheses that 1) an exaggerated sympathetic activity characterizes active ulcerative colitis (UC) and 2) a reduction of sympathetic activity by clonidine would be associated with clinical changes of UC. In 23 patients with UC and 20 controls, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), ECG, blood pressure, and respiration were continuously recorded, and plasma catecholamine was evaluated both at rest and during a 75 degrees head-up tilt. Autonomic profile was assessed by MSNA, norepinephrine, epinephrine, spectral markers of low-frequency (LF) cardiac sympathetic (LF(RR); normalized units) and high-frequency (HF) parasympathetic (HF(RR); normalized units) modulation and sympathetic vasomotor control (LF systolic arterial pressure; LF(SAP)), obtained by spectrum analysis of the R-R interval and systolic pressure variability. Among UC patients, 16 agreed to be randomly assigned to 8-wk transdermal clonidine (15 mg/wk, 9 subjects), or placebo (7 patients). An autonomic profile, Disease Activity Index (DAI), and endoscopic pattern were compared before and after clonidine/placebo. At rest, MSNA, heart rate (HR), LF(RR), LF/HF, and LF(SAP) were higher and HF(RR) was lower in patients than in controls. Tilt decreased HF(RR) and increased MSNA and LF(RR) less in patients than in controls. Clonidine decreased HR, MSNA, epinephrine, LF(RR), and increased HF(RR), whereas placebo had no effects. Changes of the autonomic profile after clonidine were associated with reduction of DAI score. An overall increase of sympathetic activity characterized active UC. Normalization of the autonomic profile by clonidine was accompanied by an improvement of the disease.     

Normalized correlation dimension for heart rate variability analysis.

In this paper we use the concept of large-scale dimension densities to analyze heart rate variability data. This method uses a normalized Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm and estimates the dimension in the rather large scales of the system. This enables us to analyze very short data. First we re-analyze data from the CIC 2002 challenge and can completely distinguish between real data and computer-generated data using only one parameter. We then analyze unfiltered data for 15 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), 15 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), 15 elderly healthy subjects, and 18 young healthy subjects. This method can completely separate the AF group from the other groups and the CHF patients show significant differences compared to the young and elderly healthy volunteers. Furthermore, differences are evident in the dimensionality between day and night for healthy persons, but not for the CHF patients. Finally, the results are compared to standard heart rate variability parameters.     

Regulation of the (pro)renin-renin receptor in cardiac remodelling

The (pro)renin-renin receptor [(P)RR] was discovered as an important novel component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The functional significance of (P)RR is widely studied in renal and vascular pathologies and has sparked interest for a potential role in cardiovascular disease. To investigate the role of (P)RR in cardiac pathophysiology, we aimed to assess (P)RR regulation in adverse cardiac remodelling of the failing heart. In particular, we evaluated the expression of (P)RR in different models of heart failure and across different species. Significantly increased levels of (P)RR mRNA were found in post-myocardial infarcted (MI) hearts of rats (1.6-fold, P < 0.05) and mice (5-fold, P < 0.01), as well as in transgenic rats with overexpression of the mouse renin gene (Ren2) (2.2-fold, P < 0.01). Moreover, we observed a strong increase of (P)RR expression in hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients (5.3-fold, P < 0.001). Because none of the tested commercially available antibodies appeared to detect endogenous (P)RR, a (P)RR-specific polyclonal antibody was generated to study (P)RR protein levels. (P)RR protein levels were significantly increased in the post-MI rat heart (1.4-fold, P < 0.05) as compared to controls. Most interestingly in DCM patients, a significant 8.7-fold (P < 0.05) increase was observed. Thus, protein expression paralleled gene expression. These results demonstrate that (P)RR expression is strongly up-regulated both in rodent models of heart failure and in the failing human heart, hinting to a potential role for (P)RR in cardiac pathophysiology.     

Sleep stages classification based on heart rate variability and random forest

An alternative technique for sleep stages classification based on heart rate variability (HRV) was presented in this paper. The simple subject specific scheme and a more practical subject independent scheme were designed to classify wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. 41 HRV features extracted from RR sequence of 45 healthy subjects were trained and tested through random forest (RF) method. Among the features, 25 were newly proposed or applied to sleep study for the first time. For the subject independent classifier, all features were normalized with our developed fractile values based method. Besides, the importance of each feature for sleep staging was also assessed by RF and the appropriate number of features was explored. For the subject specific classifier, a mean accuracy of 88.67% with Cohen's kappa statistic κ of 0.7393 was achieved. While the accuracy and κ dropped to 72.58% and 0.4627, respectively when the subject independent classifier was considered. Some new proposed HRV features even performed more effectively than the conventional ones. The proposed method could be used as an alternative or aiding technique for rough and convenient sleep stages classification.     

Effects of postexercise supplementation of chicken essence on the elimination of exercise-induced plasma lactate and ammonia

We investigated the effects of chicken essence (CE) supplementation on exercise-induced changes of lactate and ammonia during recovery. In this randomized, double blind, crossover study, twelve healthy subjects performed a single bout of exercise to exhaustion, and then consumed either a placebo or CE within 5-min of the exercise cessation. Blood samples were collected before exercise, at exhaustion (0 minute), and 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively during the recovery period. There were no differences in plasma glucose, creatine kinase, or heart rate responses between treatments. The exercise exhaustion significantly increased the levels of lactate and ammonia, and both measured values gradually declined during the recovery period. Ammonia levels at 40, 60, and 120 min. of the recovery period were observed lower significantly in the CE group, as compared to those in the placebo group. Additionally, lactate concentrations at 60 and 120 min were lower in the CE group, as compared to those in the placebo group. In conclusion, the main finding of this study was that CE supplementation after exercise reduces plasma lactate and ammonia levels. The results indicated that CE supplementation after an exhaustive exercise could enhance physiological recovery in humans.