石栎-青冈常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异特征

在1hm2(100 m×100 m)石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林内100个10 m×10 m小样方的中心位置,按0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳(C)和全氮(N)含量。基于区域化变量理论和地质统计软件(GS+Version 9)的空间分析功能,应用地统计学的半方差函数定量研究该常绿阔叶林土壤有机C和全N的空间变异特征。结果表明:该林地土壤有机C含量平均值为18.61 g/kg,变化范围为9.53—39.40 g/kg,全N含量平均值为1.63g/kg,变化范围为0.73—3.32 g/kg。土壤有机C半方差函数的理论模型符合球状模型,全N半方差函数的理论模型符合高斯模型。土壤有机C和全N的空间异质性主要是由结构性因素引起的,且空间自相关程度均为中等程度。分形维数反映了有机C和全N空间格局差异及尺度依赖特征,有机C分形维数较大,空间格局比全N略为复杂。采用Kriging插值方法,1hm2森林内土壤有机C和全N具有相似的空间分布格局,呈现明显的条带状和斑块状的梯度变化。土壤有机C含量与海拔、凹凸度呈负相关,但相关性不显著,与林地凋落物量呈极显著正相关。土壤全N含量与海拔、凹凸度呈显著负相关,与林地凋落物量呈正相关,反映出土壤N的淋溶特性。     

双集合卡尔曼滤波LAI同化结合BEPS模型的竹林生态系统碳通量模拟

叶面积指数(LAI)是森林生态系统碳循环研究的重要观测数据,也是驱动森林生态系统模型模拟碳循环的重要参数.本文以毛竹林和雷竹林为研究对象,首先利用双集合卡尔曼滤波,同化两种竹林生态系统观测站点2014—2015年MODIS LAI时间序列数据,然后将同化的高质量毛竹LAI和雷竹LAI作为输入数据驱动BEPS模型,模拟两种竹林生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)和总生态系统呼吸(TER)等碳循环数据,并用通量站实际观测值评价模拟结果;另外,还对比不同质量LAI对碳循环模拟的影响.结果表明: 双集合卡尔曼滤波同化得到的毛竹林和雷竹林LAI与实测LAI之间的相关关系极为显著,R²分别为0.81和0.91,且均方根误差和绝对偏差均较小,极大地提高了MODIS LAI的产品精度;在同化得到的LAI驱动下,BEPS模型模拟的毛竹林GPP、NEE和TER与实际观测值之间的R²分别为0.66、0.47和0.64,雷竹林分别为0.66、0.45和0.73,模拟结果均好于三次样条帽盖算法平滑LAI模拟得到的GPP、NEE和TER,其中,毛竹林、雷竹林NEE的模拟精度提高幅度最大,分别为11.2%和11.8%.     

森林生态系统可溶性碳和颗粒碳通量

可溶性碳(Dissolved carbon,DC)和颗粒碳(particulate carbon,PC)通量作为森林生态系统碳收支的重要组分,在森林固碳功能的评价和模型预测中具有重要意义,但常因认识不足、测定困难等而在森林碳汇研究中被忽略。综述了森林生态系统DC和PC的组成、作用、相关生态过程及其影响因子,并展望了该领域应该优先考虑的研究问题。森林生态系统DC和PC主要包括可溶性有机碳、可溶性无机碳和颗粒有机碳,主要来源于生态系统的净初级生产量。DC和PC是森林土壤的活性碳库,主要以大气沉降、穿透雨和凋落物的形式输入森林土壤系统,并通过土壤呼吸、侧向运输及渗透流失的方式输出生态系统。从局域尺度看,DC和PC通量受根系分泌、细根分解、微生物周转等生物过程的影响较大;从区域尺度看,它们受土壤和植被特性、生态过程耦联关系、气候因子以及全球变化的综合影响。该领域应该优先考虑:(1)探索不同时空尺度下森林生态系统DC和PC通量的控制因子及其耦联关系,揭示其中的驱动机理;(2)探索DC和PC与其它森林生态系统碳组分的相互关系及转化,阐明DC和PC通量与其它养分之间潜在的生态化学计量关系;(3)探索全球变化,特别是人类活动(如森林经营)和极端干扰事件(如林火、旱涝、冰冻、冻融交替等)对森林生态系统DC和PC通量的影响。     

季节性高温和干旱对亚热带毛竹林碳通量的影响

采用涡度相关技术对安吉亚热带毛竹林生态系统碳通量进行连续观测,选取2011和2013年月尺度净生态系统生产力（NEP）、生态系统呼吸（R_e）和总生态系统生产力（GEP）数据,探讨季节性高温、干旱对毛竹林生态系统碳通量的影响.结果表明： 安吉毛竹林年际间NEP有较大差异;2013年7和8月由于水热不同步而造成的高温干旱使其NEP明显下降,相比于2011年同期分别下降了59.9%和80.0%.对2011和2013年月尺度下NEP、R_e和GEP与环境因子进行相关分析发现,R_e和GEP与温度因子均呈显著相关（P<0.05）,但两者对空气和土壤水分的响应方式和程度有所不同,GEP相比于R_e更易受到土壤水分降低的影响,而饱和水汽压差的升高会在一定程度上促进R_e、同时抑制GEP,这是造成2013年7和8月安吉毛竹林NEP降低的根本原因.     

Effects of nutrient additions on ecosystem carbon cycle in a Puerto Rican tropical wet forest

Wet tropical forests play a critical role in global ecosystem carbon (C) cycle, but C allocation and the response of different C pools to nutrient addition in these forests remain poorly understood. We measured soil organic carbon (SOC), litterfall, root biomass, microbial biomass and soil physical and chemical properties in a wet tropical forest from May 1996 to July 1997 following a 7‐year continuous fertilization. We found that although there was no significant difference in total SOC in the top 0–10 cm of the soils between the fertilization plots (5.42±0.18 kg m^?2) and the control plots (5.27±0.22 kg m^?2), the proportion of the heavy‐fraction organic C in the total SOC was significantly higher in the fertilized plots (59%) than in the control plots (46%) (P<0.05). The annual decomposition rate of fertilized leaf litter was 13% higher than that of the control leaf litter. We also found that fertilization significantly increased microbial biomass (fungi+bacteria) with 952±48 mg kg^?1soil in the fertilized plots and 755±37 mg kg^?1soil in the control plots. Our results suggest that fertilization in tropical forests may enhance long‐term C sequestration in the soils of tropical wet forests.     

江西省阔叶林生态系统服务功能价值动态分析

依据林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721—2008),利用江西省第五、第六次森林资源清查资料、森林生态站长期观测数据、公开发表文献数据及社会公共数据,对江西省"九五"和"十五"期间阔叶林生态系统服务功能价值进行了动态分析。结果表明:江西省阔叶林在"九五"期间生态系统服务功能年均总价值为1880亿元,单位面积价值为11.1万元·hm-2·a-1;"十五"期间生态系统服务功能年均总价值为2010亿元,单位面积价值为11.0万元·hm-2·a-1;年均总价值增长了6.91%,但单位面积价值减少了0.95%;其中,生物多样性保护和固碳释氧价值及其在总价值中所占比重增加最快;江西省阔叶林净生产力增长缓慢,致使2个时期6项服务功能价值大小排列顺序略有差异,但涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳释氧价值等前3项功能约占年均总价值的95%;在确保森林质量的同时,通过阔叶林保护和恢复、低效残次林改造及退耕还林工程等方式增加阔叶林面积,是提高阔叶林生态系统服务功能总价值的有效方式。     

基于IBIS模型的1960-2006年中国陆地生态系统碳收支格局研究

定量评估区域陆地生态系统碳收支是生态系统与全球变化科学研究的重要科学问题之一。利用集成生物圈模型（IBIS）对中国陆地生态系统历史时期（1960-2006年）气候及CO₂浓度变化条件下碳收支时空变异特征和发展趋势进行了模拟分析。结果表明,1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）总量水平约为2.46 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,在东南及西南地区最高,其次是长白山及大小兴安岭地区,西北内陆地区的净初级生产力水平最低;1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净生态系统生产力（NEP）总量水平约为0.11 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,绝大部分区域表现为碳汇效应,大兴安岭、小兴安岭、长白山、东南地区及西南部分地区碳汇效应较强,西北内陆区表现出弱碳源效应,温带湿润区、高原温带区和高原寒带区碳汇效应呈显著上升趋势;中国11个气候区,NPP与降水均为正相关,除了中温带湿润区、寒温带湿润区、高原温带和高原寒带外,降水是限制植被生长的主要因子。除了高原寒带外,NEP同样表现出与降水的更强相关性,与气温的相关性较弱。经验证,IBIS模型对于中国陆地生态系统碳收支的模拟结果合理,可以为科学预测生态系统的固碳潜力和制定区域碳管理政策提供科学依据。     

Response of carbon fluxes to drought in a coastal plain loblolly pine forest

Full accounting of ecosystem carbon (C) pools and fluxes in coastal plain ecosystems remains less studied compared with upland systems, even though the C stocks in these systems may be up to an order of magnitude higher, making them a potentially important component in regional C cycle. Here, we report C pools and CO₂ exchange rates during three hydrologically contrasting years (i.e. 2005–2007) in a coastal plain loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina, USA. The daily temperatures were similar among the study years and to the long‐term (1971–2000) average, whereas the amount and timing of precipitation differed significantly. Precipitation was the largest in 2005 (147 mm above normal), intermediate in 2006 (48 mm below) and lowest in 2007 (486 mm below normal). The forest was a strong C sink during all years, sequestering 361 ± 67 (2005), 835 ± 55 (2006) and 724 ± 55 (2007) g C m^?2 yr^?1 according to eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE). The interannual differences in NEE were traced to drought‐induced declines in canopy and whole tree hydraulic conductances, which declined with growing precipitation deficit and decreasing soil volumetric water content (VWC). In contrast, the interannual differences were small in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), both seemingly insensitive to drought. However, the drought sensitivity of GEP was masked by higher leaf area index and higher photosynthetically active radiation during the dry year. Normalizing GEP by these factors enhanced interannual differences, but there were no signs of suppressed GEP at low VWC during any given year. Although ER was very consistent across the 3 years, and not suppressed by low VWC, the total respiratory cost as a fraction of net primary production increased with annual precipitation and the contribution of heterotrophic respiration (R_h) was significantly higher during the wettest year, exceeding new litter inputs by 58%. Although the difference was smaller during the other 2 years (R_h : litterfall ratio was 1.05 in 2006 and 1.10 in 2007), the soils lost about 109 g C m^?2 yr^?1, outlining their potential vulnerability to decomposition, and pointing to potential management considerations to protect existing soil C stocks.     

Soil carbon fluxes and stocks in a Great Lakes forest chronosequence

We measured soil respiration and soil carbon stocks, as well as micrometeorological variables in a chronosequence of deciduous forests in Wisconsin and Michigan. The chronosequence consisted of (1) four recently disturbed stands, including a clearcut and repeatedly burned stand (burn), a blowdown and partial salvage stand (blowdown), a clearcut with sparse residual overstory (residual), and a regenerated stand from a complete clearcut (regenerated); (2) four young aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) stands in average age of 10 years; (3) four intermediate aspen stands in average age of 26 years; (4) four mature northern hardwood stands in average age of 73 years; and (5) an old-growth stand approximately 350-years old. We fitted site-based models and used continuous measurements of soil temperature to estimate cumulative soil respiration for the growing season of 2005 (days 133–295). Cumulative soil respiration in the growing season was estimated to be 513, 680, 747, 747, 794, 802, 690, and 571 g C m⁻² in the burn, blowdown, residual, regenerated, young, intermediate, mature, and old-growth stands, respectively. The measured apparent temperature sensitivity of soil respiration was the highest in the regenerated stand, and declined from the young stands to the old-growth. Both, cumulative soil respiration and basal soil respiration at 10 °C, increased during stand establishment, peaked at intermediate age, and then decreased with age. Total soil carbon at 0–60 cm initially decreased after harvest, and increased after stands established. The old-growth stand accumulated carbon in deep layers of soils, but not in the surface soils. Our study suggests a complexity of long-term soil carbon dynamics, both in vertical depth and temporal scale.     

Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange and the carbon isotopic disequilibrium in a subalpine forest

We investigate the utility of an improved isotopic method to partition the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (F) into net photosynthesis (F_A) and nonfoliar respiration (F_R). Measurements of F and the carbon isotopic content in air at a high‐elevation coniferous forest (the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site) were used to partition F into F_A and F_R. Isotopically partitioned fluxes were then compared with an independent flux partitioning method that estimated gross photosynthesis (GEE) and total ecosystem respiration (TER) based on statistical regressions of night‐time F and air temperature. We compared the estimates of F_A and F_R with expected canopy physiological relationships with light (photosynthetically active radiation) and air temperature. Estimates of F_A and GEE were dependent on light as expected, and TER, but not F_R, exhibited the expected dependence on temperature. Estimates of the isotopic disequilibrium D , or the difference between the isotopic signatures of net photosynthesis (δ_A, mean value ?24.6‰) and ecosystem respiration (δ_R, mean value ?25.1‰) were generally positive (δ_A>δ_R). The sign of D observed here is inconsistent with many other studies. The key parameters of the improved isotopic flux partitioning method presented here are ecosystem scale mesophyll conductance (g_m) and maximal vegetative stomatal conductance (g_cmax). The sensitivity analyses of F_A, F_R, and D to g_cmax indicated a critical value of g_cmax (0.15 mol m^?2 s^?1) above which estimates of F_A and F_R became larger in magnitude relative to GEE and TER. The value of D decreased with increasing values of g_m and g_cmax, but was still positive across all values of g_m and g_cmax. We conclude that the characterization of canopy‐scale mesophyll and stomatal conductances are important for further progress with the isotope partitioning method, and to confirm our anomalous isotopic disequilibrium findings.     

深圳市森林植被碳储量特征及其空间分布

基于2005年深圳市森林资源二类调查资料数据,采用材积源生物量法,计测深圳市森林植被碳储量和碳密度,分析了深圳市森林植被碳储量空间分布格局.结果表明,2005年深圳市森林植被总碳储量为225.04×10⁴Mg,平均碳密度为25.63MgC·hm^-2.深圳市各区的森林植被碳储量空间分布上有显著差异.表现为龙岗区(123.13×10⁴Mg)>宝安区(46.70×10⁴Mg)>盐田区(20.49×10⁴Mg)>罗湖区(14.75×10⁴Mg)>南山区(12.79×10⁴Mg)>福田区(5.63×10⁴Mg)>保护区(1.57×10⁴Mg).各区碳密度分布为盐田区(46.18MgC·hm^-2)>福田区(37.63 MgC·hm^-2)>罗湖区(36.78MgC·hm^-2)>龙岗区(26.60MgC·hm^-2)>保护区>(24.19 MgC·hm^-2)>宝安区(19.53MgC·hm^-2),与碳储量大小分布无明显相关.深圳市乔木林碳储量为146.11×10⁴Mg,以中幼龄林为主,占73.2%,平均碳密度为30.76MgC·hm^-2.根据森林植被碳储量与碳密度的空间差异性对深圳市森林进行了区划,并分区提出了提高深圳市森林碳吸存能力的有效措施.     

Spatial and temporal variability of net ecosystem production in a tropical forest: testing the hypothesis of a significant carbon sink

Tropical forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon balance. Depending on age and land use, they can act as carbon sources, sinks, or be in approximate balance, but it is uncertain if global environmental changes are forcing these ecosystems outside their natural range of variation. We asked the question of whether or not the net carbon flux of a tropical primary forest, which should be in balance over the long term, is within the expected range of natural variation. A simple Bayesian hypothesis testing method was used to address this question for primary forests in the Porce region of Colombia. Net ecosystem production (NEP) was measured in this forest in a set of 33 permanent plots from 2000 to 2002 in 2, 1‐year intervals. Our estimate of NEP ranged between −4.03 and 2.22 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the two intervals. This range was compared with a priori defined range of natural variation estimated from the ecosystem model STANDCARB, which estimated spatial and temporal variation due to gap dynamics. The prior range of variation was estimated between −1.5 and 1.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The observed data on NEP did not provide sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that these forests are in C balance. We concluded that the ecosystem is likely behaving within its range of natural variation, but measurement uncertainties were a major limitation to finding evidence to reject the null hypothesis. A literature review of C flux studies in the tropics revealed that about half of the observations could be explained by gap dynamics alone, while significant C sinks have only been observed during La Niña years, with contrasting results in other tropical forests. In conclusion, observational data of carbon fluxes do not appear to provide direct evidence for a significant carbon sink in some sites in the tropics.     

长白山温带混交林林冠下层CO2通量对生态系统碳收支的贡献

作为ChinaFLUX的重要组成部分,从2002年年底开始利用涡度协方差技术在长白山温带混交林林冠上层和下层进行连续通量观测,这为量化林冠下层CO2通量对整个森林生态系统碳收支的贡献提供了一条有效途径.利用2003年林冠上层和林冠下层的观测数据,研究表明林冠下层夜间的CO2通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度存在明显的指数正相关关系.林冠下层的呼吸通量与箱式法观测的土壤呼吸通量之间具有很好的一致性(R2=0.77),二者在全年都与整个森林的光合产物量相耦合,且都在7～8月份达到最大值.林冠下层的呼吸量和土壤呼吸量分别为770 g Cm-2a-1和703 g Cm-2a-1,占整个森林生态系统呼吸年总量的比重高达59.88%和54.69%.林冠下层的光合作用呈双峰型季节变化,两个峰值分别出现在5月中旬和8月下旬.尽管全年林冠下层光合产物量为87 g Cm-2a-1,对整个森林光合产物量的贡献率仅为5.69%,但林冠郁闭度低的4、5月和10月份,林冠下层的光合产物贡献率也分别达到19.99%、21.06%和14.53%.林冠下层净初级生产力的季节动态受该层呼吸作用的季节变异控制,林冠下层在全年都表现为碳源,其净碳排放速率在8月份达到最大.     

广西黄冕林场次生常绿阔叶林生物量及净第一性生产力

应用相对生长法和样方收获法,测定了广西黄冕林场天然次生常绿阔叶林的地上、地下生物量及林分净第一性生产力．阔叶林总生物量为99．96t·hm^-2,其中地上部分占69．41％,地下部分(根系)占30．59％．林分叶面积指数为6．50．全林净第一性生产力为24．65t·hm^-2·年^-1,其中地上部分占44．54％。根系占55．46％．     

Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes

We have investigated global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite‐driven observations for prediction of Amazon ecosystem production, in the form of monthly estimates of net carbon exchange over the period 1982–1998 from the NASA–CASA (Carnegie–Ames–Stanford) biosphere model. This model is driven by observed surface climate and monthly estimates of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, FPAR) generated from the NOAA satellite advanced very high‐resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and similar sensors. Land surface AVHRR data processing using modified moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer radiative transfer algorithms includes improved calibration for intra‐ and intersensor variations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption and scattering, and correction for stratospheric aerosol effects associated with volcanic eruptions. Results from our analysis suggest that anomalies of net primary production and net ecosystem production predicted from the NASA–CASA model over large areas of the Amazon region east of 60°W longitude are strongly correlated with the Southern Oscillation index. Extensive areas of the south‐central Amazon show strong linkages of the FPAR and the NASA–CASA anomaly record to the Arctic Oscillation index, which help confirm a strong relation to southern Atlantic climate anomalies, with associated impacts on Amazon rainfall patterns. Processes are investigated for these teleconnections of global climate to Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes and regional land surface climate.     

仪器的加热效应校正对生态系统碳水通量估算的影响

涡度相关技术的广泛应用为获取生态系统碳、水通量提供了可能,但在开路式涡度相关系统中,仪器的加热效应增大了观测数据的不确定性。为了衡量仪器的加热效应,以ChinaFLUX3个典型生态系统(长白山温带针阔混交林(CBS)、海北灌丛草甸(HBGC)、鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林(DHS))为研究对象,就仪器的加热效应校正对碳、水通量估算的影响进行分析。结果表明:加热校正没有改变生态系统的能量闭合特征,也没有对水汽通量的估算产生影响,但显著减小了CBS和HBGC非生长季的净生态系统生产力(NEP),进而减少了NEP的年总量,对DHS没有显著影响。NEP减小幅度受到温度的强烈影响,CBS为7.7%～10.4%,远小于HBGC的76.6%～85.2%,HBGC的NEP大幅降低主要是由夜间NEP的改变导致生态系统呼吸(RE)的增大而引起。因而,在温带生态系统中,充分考虑加热校正对于准确估算生态系统的碳收支具有重要作用。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度的时空分布格局

以小兴安岭原始红松阔叶混交林林隙为对象,采用网格法布点,对生长季林隙内各样点光量子通量密度(photosynthetic photon flux density,PPFD)进行连续观测,利用基本统计学和地统计学方法分析其时空分布格局.结果表明:红松阔叶混交林林隙的PPFD高值区日变化明显,最大值出现在12:00,位于林隙北侧.林隙的PPFD 6月最高,7、8、9月依次递减,其中7月PPFD不同位置间的变异系数最大;各月均为中等变异.不同月份林隙PPFD空间异质性的强度和尺度不同,6月变程最大,7月基台值和结构比最大;各月林隙PPFD斑块复杂程度不同,最大值均位于林隙东北侧.郁闭林分和空旷地的月平均PPFD变化次序与林隙一致.各样点月平均PPFD为空旷地最高,林隙次之,郁闭林分最低.     

Soil carbon pool and fertility under natural evergreen broadleaved forest and its artificial regeneration forests in southern Sichuan Province, China

The measurement of total soil organic matter (SOM) is not sensitive enough to detect short and medium term changes, and thus meaningful fractions of SOM should be measured. The carbon management index (CMI) was shown to be a useful technique for describing soil fertility. Soil samples were collected from natural evergreen broadleaved forest and its artificial regeneration forests of Sassafras tzumu, Cryptomeria fortunei and Metasequoia glyptostroboides in southern Sichuan Province, China, to determine soil carbon fractions, available nutrients, enzyme activity and CMI. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between soil carbon fractions, CMI and fertility. The results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon, water-soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, labile carbon, non-labile carbon, hydrolysis-N, available-P and available-K, the activity of invertase, phosphatase and catalase, and CMI were ranked with different seasons and followed the order: natural evergreen broadleaved forest > Sassafras tzumu plantation > Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantation > Cryptomeria fortunei plantation. The soil carbon fractions and CMI were significantly positively (P < 0.05) correlated with available nutrients and enzyme activity. The results indicate that soil carbon fractions and CMI could be used to evaluate the soil fertility for natural evergreen broadleaved forest and its artificial regeneration forests.     

长白山阔叶红松林二氧化碳湍流交换特征

采用开路式涡度相关技术,研究了长白山阔叶红松林森林-大气界面的CO₂湍流交换特征.结果表明,在近中性大气层结条件下,冠层上方垂直风速和CO₂浓度功率谱在惯性子区基本符合-2/3定律,垂直方向主导湍涡尺度约为40 m.湍流通量贡献区主要在0.01～2 Hz频率范围内,冠层上方低频传输的湍涡贡献了更多的CO₂通量.这说明开路式涡度相关仪器系统可以满足冠层上方湍流通量观测的基本要求.但通过涡度相关法实测获得的森林-大气CO₂通量仍存在夜间低估现象,非湍流过程的增加是涡度相关技术应用的主要制约因素.因此,需要对弱湍流条件下的CO₂通量做相应的修订.