Die Wechselwirkung von Hellrot,Dunkelrot und Blaulicht bei der Photomorphogenese von Farngametophyten [Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott]

Summary In Fig. 1 we have reproduced the action spectrum of photomorphogenesis in fern gametophytes (Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott). The morphogenetic index L/W is shown as a function of wavelength (L=length, W=maximal width of the protonema). In experiments in which simultaneous irradiation with red and far-red was applied it has been shown (Fig. 2) that the effect of red light (lowering of the L/W-index) can be nullified by a simultaneous application of a suitable quantum flux density of far-red light. This fact means that the effects of red and far-red light on morphogenesis as measured by the L/W-index (Fig. 1) can be attributed exclusively to phytochrome.The strong morphogenetic effect of short wavelenth visible (=blue) light (strong lowering of the L/W-index) cannot be influenced by simultaneously applied far-red light (Fig. 4), whereas red light cancels the effect of blue light to a certain extent as measured by the L/W-index (Fig. 5). It has been concluded that the effect of blue light is due to a photoreceptor other than phytochrome, probably a flavoprotein. The antagonism between blue and red can be understood if we assume that the phytochrome-mediated growth at the tip of the apical cell of the protonema (e.g. Etzold, 1965) is fully promoted by P₇₃₀ only at a high relative concentration of P₇₃₀. The low relative concentration of P₇₃₀ under far-red light is too low to counteract significantly the blue light dependent response. Blue light initiates isodiametric growth of the apical cell instead of tip growth (Mohr, 1965). Under far-red light (a low level of P₇₃₀) growth of the apical cell seems to be restricted to the extreme tip of the apical cell. Slender protonemas with a high L/W-index are the result. Under red light (a high level of P₇₃₀) the growing zone of the apical cell is somewhat broader. As a consequence the protonemas are broader and the L/W-index is lowered.     

Ein Vergleich der Photomorphogenese der Gametophyten vonAlsophila australis (BR) undDryopteris filix-mas (L) Schott

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 14 Textabbildungen     

Phenology and photosynthetic activity in sterile and fertile sporophytes of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott

Summary This study describes the phenology of sporophytes of the fern Dryopteris filix-mas in relation to whole plant development. Sterile and fertile potted sporophytes were set out at an exposed site and the seasonal development of the fronds was measured from the commencement of unfolding, through the phase of increasing length, up to discoloration. The physiological activity of the fronds was determined by measuring photosynthetic gas exchange. The fronds of sterile sporophytes unfolded in April, about a week earlier than those of fertile plants, but the colour had already begun to turn in September and their life span was 1–2 months shorter. However, between mid-June and the end of August the sterile sporophytes put out several sets of new fronds: these overwintered without changing color and were still photosynthetically active in the following spring. All types of fronds were fully expanded 1–2 months from the beginning of unfolding and, with a natural supply of CO₂, had similar maximum net photosynthetic rates of 8–9 mol/m² · s. The decline in photosynthetic performance began before symptoms of senescence were visible and was due to decreased efficiency of the mesophyll. It is concluded that the phenology of D. filix-mas changes with transition from the sterile to the fertile phase. Whereas fertile sporophytes are genuinely summergreen, the sterile sporophytes with their summer fronds remain green throughout the winter and should therefore be termed semi-evergreen. The formation of overwintering summer shoots clearly extends the period of photosynthetic productivity of sterile sporophytes.     

Growth, sex determination and reproduction of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott gametophytes under varying nutritional conditions

KORPELAINEN, H., 1994. Growth, sex determination and reproduction of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott gametophytes under varying nutritional conditions. Gametophyte isolates originating from two populations of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott were grown in culture media containing different amounts of nutrients. Both nutrition and source population significantly affected gametophyte growth, sex, reproduction and mortality. Taking into account the most optimal nutritional condition for the selfing of gametophytes originating from individual source sporophytes, the proportions of hermaphrodites reproducing by intragametophytic selfing in the two populations varied from 33 to 96% and from 54 to 100%, respectively. It is emphasized that when examining the amount of genetic load only hermaphrodites, not all individuals, should be included, and genetic load should be estimated from the growth experiments where the intensity of reproduction is at the maximum. It was detected that hermaphroditic gametophytes are considerably larger than males or asexuals. It follows that gametophyte size is decisive in sex determination. It is suggested that the effect of antheridiogen hormones, which is considered to be an important factor in gametophyte sex determination, is indirect. Antheridiogens would actually affect size, and size would influence sex expression. The ecology of fern mating systems, and the different genetic and nongenetic factors which promote intergametophytic matings are discussed.     

Evaluation of antifungal potential of Marchantia polymorpha L., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and Ephedra foliata Boiss. against phyto fungal pathogens

Methanol and flavonoid extracts (free and bound) of Marchantia polymorpha L., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and Ephedra foliata Boiss. were screened against three fungal plant pathogens: Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The extracts from D. filix-mas and E. foliata showed >80% of mycelial inhibition of A. solani whereas M. polymorpha and D. filix-mas (rhizome) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani when tested at highest concentration (5 mg/ml). Inhibition of spore germination of fungi (A. solani and F. oxysporum) was observed to be 100% by most of the extracts at 10 mg/ml. Moreover, plant extracts were found effective in increasing seed germination and seed vigour simultaneously thereby decreasing the percentage of pathogen infection. The results of the present study reveal that the plants screened possess the potential to inhibit the crop fungal pathogens and further investigation is required to explore the biologically active constituents of these plants and to use them as natural plant protectants for agriculture.     

Über die Phagocytoseaktivität von permanenten Fibrocyten (strain L 929) unter der Wirkung von Glucocorticoiden (Prednisolon) in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration und von der Zeit nach Applikation

Zusammenfassung Glucocorticoide, die der Nährflüssigkeit von permanenten L-Zellkulturen in geringen, klinisch gebräuchlichen Dosierungen zugesetzt werden (2×10^-2–2×10^-9%), verursachen konzentrationsabhängige Veränderungen der Phagocytoseaktivität bei den Fibroblasten.Geringe Prednisolon-Konzentrationen steigern die Phagocytoseleistung der L-Zellen, höhere Konzentrationen wirken hemmend. Die bimodale Aktivitätsänderung wird sowohl beim Aufbau der Hormonkonzentration in den Zellen, als auch bei deren Abbau durchlaufen.Die maximale Phagocytoseaktivierung wurde bei dem von uns untersuchten L-Zellstamm (929) 1/2–1 Std nach Hormonapplikation gemessen. Diese Aktivierung wurde nur bedingt durch die Glucocorticoideinwirkung charakteristischer Stoffwechseldepressionen beeinflußt.

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The phagocytotic activity of permanent fibrocytes (strain l 929) under the effect of glucocorticoides (prednisolon) in dependence of concentration and time after application

Summary Glucocorticoides added to the nutritive fluid of permanent L-cell cultures in small, clinically used doses (2×10^-2–2×10^-9%) cause alterations of the phagocytosis activity of fibroblasts dependent on concentration.Low prednisolon concentrations increase, higher concentrations inhibit the phagocytotic activity of L-cells. The bimodal activity alteration is to be observed during the building-up of hormone concentration within the cells as well as during its decomposition.Maximal phagocytosis activation has been measured 1/2 to 1 hour after the hormone application on the L-cell strain (929) examined. This activation has only be partially influenced by the metabolism depressions characteristic of the glucocorticoid action.

Diese Forschung wurde mit der finanziellen Unterstützung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl, Hohe Behörde, Luxemburg, durchgeführt.     

The phenology of leaf life spans in woodland populations of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray in Derbyshire

WILLMOT, A., 1989. The phenology of leaf life spans in woodland populations of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott and D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray in Derbyshire. The results of a survey on the number of upright fronds per plant in a population of Dryopteris filix-mas and in a population of D. dilatata over a 14 month period are presented. These coupled with similar information on the number of developing fronds per plant demonstrate that large plants in the population of each species were summergreen, while small ones were wintergreen. This size-specific difference in leaf phenology does not seem to have been recorded before in Dryopteris filix-mas. It is suggested that this difference, in both species, may have been due to either the different environments in which the plants grew or to a risk-sensitive strategy in the small plants. It is considered that such a strategy might be concerned with the obtaining or retention of resources at a critical period in the life history of the species.     

Die Morphogenese der Blüte von Pedicularis recutita L. (Scrophulariaceae)

Aufgrund von morphogenetischen Untersuchungen an der Blüte — insbesondere am Stapet — von Pedicularis recutita L. konnte folgendes festgestellt werden:

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Charakterisierung der Microbodies aus Spadix-Appendices von Arum maculatum L. und Sauromatum guttatum Schott

Summary When the sections of the spadix appendix of Arum are incubated in a medium containing diaminobenzidine and H₂O₂, only the membrane of microbodies is stained. On the other hand, microbodies of Sauromatum show a stained matrix as usual. Catalase-containing cell organelles isolated from spadix appendices of Arum show the same typical membrane staining as the microbodies in situ do. Thus the identity of these organelles with microbodies seems to be proved. After anthesis the microbodies in situ usually do not give a positive reaction for catalase with diaminobenzidine and H₂O₂. However, cytochemical and biochemical tests for catalase on microbodies isolated during this stage of development clearly demonstrate the presence of this enzyme. Uricase is localized in the microbodies of Arum as well as catalase. No malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and allantoinase could be found in the microbodies. Before anthesis the microbodies of spadix appendices of Arum have an equilibrium density in aqueous sucrose of 1.22 gcm^-3. After anthesis the density changes into 1.23 to 1.24 gcm^-3.     

Die Steuerung der Proteinsynthese durch Blaulicht und Hellrot in den Vorkeimen vonDryopteris Filix-Mas (L.) Schott

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 8 Textabbildungen     

Morphogenese und Mikromorphologie komplexer Cuticular-Faltungsmuster an Blüten-Trichomen von Antirrhinum L. (Scrophulariaceae)

Die einzelligen, keulenförmigen Trichome auf den Blütenlippen des Löwenmäulchens (Antirrhinum majus L., Scrophulariaceae) zeigen eine auffällige, mehrfach in der Literatur erwähnte Oberflächenskulptur. Die licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Analyse ergibt, daß es sich um ein stark modifiziertes, kompliziertes Cuticular-Faltungsmuster handelt. Charakteristisch für das Muster sind die in Hohlbläschen aufgelösten Falten; hinzu kommt eine spiralige Drehung der Faltungsskulptur entlang des Trichomstieles mit gelegentlicher Umkehrung der Drehrichtung. Das Faltungsmuster wird an jungen Knospen, in denen die Trichome weitgehend ihre spätere Größe erreicht haben, von Beginn seiner Morphogenese an in der endgültigen Form angelegt und ausdifferenziert. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte zeigt erneut, daß die in der Literatur vertretenen Cutinüberproduktionstheoricn und Wandspannungsdifferenztheorien zur Erklärung der Entstehung cuticularer Faltungsmuster bei Angiospermen nicht ausreichen oder falsch sind.     

Phagocytoseverhalten vonPseudomicrothorax dubius unter Normalbedingungen und nach Applikation von Colchicin sowie Cytochalasin B

Zusammenfassung Das Phagocytoseverhalten des mit einem Reusenapparat ausgestatteten CiliatenPseudomicrothorax dubius wurde unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach Applikation von Colchicin und Cytochalasin B untersucht. Bei Konzentrationen von 0,03–0,05% Colchicin — höhere Konzentrationen zeigten letale Wirkungen auf die Organismen — konnte kein signifikanter Einfluß auf die Nahrungsaufnahme festgestellt werden. Andererseits blockierte Cytochalasin B ab Konzentrationen von 7 g/ml die Phagocytose vollständig; membranumgebene Blasen erschienen an der Buccalöffnung. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich der Mechanismen und der Krafterzeugung für die Nahrungsaufnahme diskutiert.

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Phagocytic behaviour ofPseudomicrothorax dubius under normal conditions and after application of colchicine and cytochalasin B

Summary The phagocytic behaviour ofPseudomicrothorax dubius-a ciliate with a cytopharyngeal basket-was investigated under normal conditions as well as after application of colchicine and cytochalasin B. Colchicine, applied in concentrations of 0.03–0.05%, does not show a significant influence upon normal occuring food uptake. Higher concentrations cause finally cell's death. On the other hand, cytochalasin B blocks the phagocytosis entirely when applicated at concentrations of 7 g/ml and more; membrane limited bubbles appear at the buccal opening. The findings are discussed with regard to the mechanisms and the generating forces of the process of food ingestion.