中国海鲇属丝鳍海鲇(原"中华海鲇")的分类学厘定及其性别差异

海鲇属Arius鱼类是世界上重要的海洋捕捞对象之一。长期以来,国内有关研究者将分布于我国海域的腭骨齿单侧一群的海鲇属个体定名为中华海鲇A·sinensis。据查证,原TachysurussinensisLac啨p埁de,1803的命名仅依据一幅中国画,不具科学上的有效性。而Valenciennes在1840年记录的新种A·sinensis背鳍无棘,臀鳍鳍条数13,与我国被定名为“中华海鲇”的标本(背鳍有棘,臀鳍鳍条数16-19)的特征不符。基于中国科学院动物研究所标本馆馆藏标本的研究认为,A·sinensis的科学名无效,我国原被定名为“中华海鲇A·sinensis”的标本实际应为丝鳍海鲇A·arius(Hamilton,1822)。进一步分析显示,丝鳍海鲇雌雄个体间存在显著的形态差异:雌性个体与雄性个体相比腭骨齿群面积较大,两侧齿群间距较小(0·2%vs0·4%,体长),腹鳍较长(17·7%vs14·4%,体长),眼后头长较小(12·3%vs14·7%,体长)[动物学报51(3):431-439,2005]。     

兰州鲇与鲇消化系统的形态学及组织学比较研究

为探究黄河濒危鱼类兰州鲇（Silurus lanzhouensis）消化系统的形态学和组织学结构特点,以鲇（Silurus asotus）为对照,对兰州鲇消化系统形态学和组织学进行了深入研究。结果表明:（1）兰州鲇与鲇的消化道和消化腺形态相似,具有肉食性鱼类的特征。兰州鲇消化道较短,有发达的“U”型胃,胃内皱褶明显,无幽门盲囊,肠道短且粗,可分为前肠、中肠和后肠三部分,前肠粗大,后肠较细。两种鲇属鱼类都有独立致密的肝脏和胰脏。（2）兰州鲇的比肠长显著大于鲇（P < 0.05）,比胃重、比肝胰脏重显著低于鲇（P < 0.05）,但二者的比肠重无显著性差异（P>0.05）。（3）兰州鲇胃的皱襞幅度小于鲇,且环肌层比兰州鲇薄。兰州鲇与鲇前肠的肠黏膜均形成了大量皱襞,肠黏膜、褶皱粗大,但鲇的褶皱分支较细密。兰州鲇与鲇的后肠与前肠相比,肠腔变小,褶皱数量明显减少,高度降低。黏膜层分布有杯状细胞和柱状细胞。兰州鲇与鲇的肝脏肝小叶间缺少结缔组织,分界不明显,而兰州鲇肝细胞的密度大于鲇。综上所述,兰州鲇与鲇的消化系统相似,均符合肉食性鱼类消化系统特征,结合消化生理等研究结果,表明兰州鲇的消化能力弱于鲇,这可能是在自然情况下兰州鲇的分布区域及适应性不及鲇的原因之一。     

中国海鲇属海鲇的分类学厘定及一新记录种--双线海鲇(鲇形目:海鲇科)

长期以来,国内绝大多数有关研究者将海鲇属Arius中腭骨齿单侧3群的个体鉴定为海鲇A．thalassinus。基于中国科学院动物研究所标本馆馆藏海鲇标本的研究发现,标本中存在两种腭骨齿的分化类型;经文献查证,其中一种应为双线海鲇A．bilineatus,该种在我国尚未见有研究报道,为一新记录种。双线海鲇与海鲇外形相似,但前者吻较钝,唇薄,腭骨齿于前部相连,游离脊椎骨数目较多(46—51 vs 38—43),臀鳍鳍条数较多(15—18 vs 1316),无囟门沟,从而可与后者相区别[动物学报51(3)：423—430,2005]。     

兰州鲇与鲇、黄河鲤肌肉品质比较研究

为深入探究兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)肌肉品质特性, 对黄河中兰州鲇、鲇(Silurus asotus)和黄河鲤(Cyrinus carpio)肌肉品质指标进行了测定。结果表明: 兰州鲇肌肉的pH、滴水损失、熟肉率、胶原蛋白、肌原纤维耐折力、黏附性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、弹性和回复性等指标与鲇差异不显著(P>0.05), 失水率、肌纤维直径和硬度在二者间差异显著(P<0.05); 兰州鲇肌肉的pH、肌纤维直径、硬度、黏附性、回复性、胶黏性和咀嚼性与黄河鲤差异不显著(P>0.05), 肌肉滴水损失、熟肉率、失水率、胶原蛋白、肌原纤维耐折力、内聚性和弹性在二者间差异显著(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明, 兰州鲇肌肉咀嚼性与硬度呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=0.3651x+25.339(R=0.97); 回复性与内聚性呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=0.6279x-0.0929(R=0.91); 胶黏性与硬度呈极正相关, 其关系式为: y=2.4104x-41.155(R=0.97)。对兰州鲇7个质构指标进行了主成分分析, 提取出3个主成分, 累计方差贡献率为96.08%, 其中硬度是影响兰州鲇质构特性的主要因素。黄河中兰州鲇和鲇作为鲇属鱼类中形态十分相似的两个物种, 在肌肉品质特性上既有很大的相似性, 又有一定的不同, 这可能与这两种鱼种质特性的异同有关。     

利用18S和ITS序列揭示8种鲇形目鱼类的系统发育

为了探讨鲇形目(Siluriformes)鱼类系统发育关系,本研究克隆了黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、长吻(Leiocassis longirostris)、斑鳠(Mystus guttatus)、革胡子鲇(Clarias gariepinus)、鲇鱼(Silurus asotus)和斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)6种鱼类的18S和两个内转录间隔区(包括全长ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)基因,结合GenBank中双须缺鳍鲇(Kryptopterus bicirrhis)和脂鳍胡鲇(Dinotopterus cunningtoni)的同源序列进行比较分析,结果表明,(1)8种鱼18S的长度为1814～1842bp,同源性达97%以上,5.8S均为157bp,同源性也高达99.36%～100%;(2)8种鱼ITS1长度为335～620bp,其中,黄颡鱼的最长,为618～620bp,斑点叉尾的最短,为335～336bp;ITS2长度为265～459bp,其中,脂鳍胡鲇最长,为459bp,斑点叉尾的最短,约为270bp。ITS1序列的同源性为29.45%～88.21%,其中,革胡子鲇和脂鳍胡鲇同源性最高,鲇鱼和革胡子鲇同源性最低。ITS2序列的同源性为41.59%～94.07%,其中,革胡子鲇和脂鳍胡鲇同源性最高,鲇鱼和革胡子鲇同源性最低;(3)分别以鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)18S和ITS为外群,采用NJ法构建18S、ITS系统发育树,结果显示,鲇科与胡鲇科的关系最近,鲿科与这两科关系较远,科与另外3科关系最远。鲿科中属和黄颡鱼属的关系较鳠属更近;胡鲇科的胡鲇属和脂鳍胡鲇属是关系很近的两个属;鲇科的鲇属和缺鳍鲇属是关系较远的两属。     

兰州鲇染色体组型

本研究的目的在于认识兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)染色体组特征,为兰州鲇的细胞遗传学和人工育种研究提供基础参考资料。以兰州鲇培养肾细胞为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体玻片标本,分析了兰州鲇的染色体组型。兰州鲇的染色体数2n=58,核型公式为2n=20m+18sm+16st+4t,染色体总臂数(NF)为96。通过比较分析认为,兰州鲇在鲇属鱼类中属于较为原始的类群。     

不同光照周期下鲇仔鱼的日摄食节律

水温23±1℃时,对鲇仔鱼自然光照、持续光照和持续黑暗下的日摄食节律研究表明,3种光照周期下,鲇仔鱼有明显的日摄食节律.持续光照与自然光照的日摄食节律基本一致,但持续黑暗与自然光照的日摄食节律不同;鲇仔鱼在自然及持续光照周期下均属典型的夜晚摄食类型,而在持续黑暗周期下不属于此类型;光照周期的改变对鲇仔鱼日摄食率的影响显著(P<0.05).     

南方鲇血型的初步鉴定

本研究旨在通过观察南方鲇血清与其红细胞的交叉反应以鉴定南方鲇的血型.实验结果表明:南方鲇的血清与同种其他个体的红细胞进行交叉反应时均未出现凝集现象,这表明南方鲇可能不存在血型或南方鲇具备血型但血清中相应的凝集素含量不足.以南方鲇的红细胞为抗原免疫日本种大耳白兔制备的抗血清与南方鲇的红细胞进行交叉反应,出现了不同程度的凝集反应,这表明南方鲇存在血型.据上述两个实验结果可以推断,南方鲇可能存在4种血型,分别命名为NA、NB、NAB和NO型;同时也证实,在鉴定南方鲇血型的研究中,通过制备抗血清与红细胞进行交叉反应的方法更为可靠.     

大口鲇微卫星标记在三个鲇形目鱼类种群间适用性研究

研究分析了12对大口鲇(Silurus meriaionalis)微卫星标记引物在兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)、鲇(Silurus asotus)及革胡子鲇(Clarias fuscus)各群体间通用性。结果表明,大口鲇微卫星标记引物除位点DQ223147、DQ223160扩增无特异性条带,位点DQ223149、DQ223159无多态性外,其余8对在这几种鲇形目鱼类中具有较高的通用性,每个位点等位基因数为2—15个不等;不同重复拷贝类别的位点以富含AC重复单元的等位基因数较多,多态性比较丰富。4个群体平均观测杂合度为0.7571,平均期望杂合度为0.6870,平均多态性信息含量0.6441,均为高度多态,说明这8个位点适用于鲇形目鱼类的遗传学研究。采用Nei’s遗传距离(D)绘制NJ系统发育树,4个群体聚成两大类,兰州鲇与鲇群体先聚类后和大口鲇聚为一大类,革胡子鲇聚为另一大类。8个有效微卫星位点中3个具有特异基因型的稀有等位基因位点(DQ223146、DQ223151与DQ223173),可区分4种鲇形目鱼类,作为其种质鉴定的标记位点。借用已有鲇形目鱼类遗传标记资源,增加同目鱼类遗传连锁图谱上遗传标记的密度,将对今后开展鲇形目鱼类种质资源保护及分子育种奠定坚实基础。       

胡子鲇×革胡子鲇F_1与其亲本的形态学和细胞学分析比较

胡子鲇×革胡子鲇的绝大多数形态学性状兼具双亲的特点。其中可数性状较多偏近母本,体型性状则大约有一半偏近父本,一半偏近母本,其中有些性状表现为超亲偏离。核型也具有双亲的特点,染色体组可分为父本组和母本组。减数分裂前期出现数目不等的单价体、二价体以及三联以上的多价体环或链。形态和核型特点表明杂交种为真杂种胡子鲇。本文还对亲本核型的演化途径和杂种的育性以及在育种上的意义作了讨论。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.