双价抗虫基因叶绿体共转化植株抗虫性及其后代表型分析

利用基因枪法将含有水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂(Oryzacystatin,OC)基因烟草叶绿体表达载体和含有苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体毒蛋白基因(Bt cry IAc)烟草叶绿体表达载体,共转化烟草叶绿体,获得壮观霉素抗性植株。转基因植株抗棉铃虫试验表明,转双价抗虫基因植株比转单一抗虫基因植株具有更强的杀虫活性。转基因植株后代Southern检测及其遗传学分析试验证明,双价抗虫基因可以稳定地遗传给后代,且表现为叶绿体特有的母系遗传规律。 Abstract:The Bt gene and OC gene were cotransformed to tobacco chloroplast with particle bombardment method and spectinomycin resistance tobacco seedlings were obtained.Bioassays showed that the transgenic tobacco containing both genes had enhanced toxicity to the larvae of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa zea) by comparison with the plants containing only Bt or OC gene.Southern-blotting analysis and genetic analysis of progenies showed that the Bt and OC gene expressed and was inherited maternally to the progenies.     

茶树CsMYB123转录因子的克隆及表达特性研究

该实验以茶树品种‘紫娟’为试验材料,利用RT-PCR方法,从茶树cDNA中克隆得到一个R2R3-MYB型基因(CsMYB123)。生物信息学分析显示,CsMYB123基因的开放阅读框为915bp,编码304个氨基酸,蛋白分子量约34.07kD,理论等电点为8.69,含有2个保守的MYB结构域,编码1个R2R3-MYB蛋白;CsMYB123蛋白与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)MYB转录因子家族第五亚组的AtMYB123亲缘关系最近;CsMYB123属于亲水性蛋白,无N端信号肽,可能定位于细胞核上。荧光定量PCR分析表明,CsMYB123基因在茶树各组织的表达量大小依次为:一芽一叶第二叶第三叶第四叶老茎嫩茎,且在一芽一叶中的表达量是嫩茎的15.68倍;但CsMYB123的表达受IAA、ABA、ETH和GA3的抑制。花青素含量检测显示,茶树‘紫娟’各组织中花青素的含量高低依次为:第二叶一芽一叶第三叶第四叶嫩茎老茎,且第二叶和一芽一叶的含量分别为老茎的15倍和11倍。研究发现,CsMYB123基因在茶树‘紫娟’的新稍中高水平表达,且其表达模式与不同组织中的花青素含量呈较好的正相关关系,推测CsMYB123基因与茶树花青素合成的调控相关。     

百合转录因子MYB12的克隆与表达分析

以东方百合‘索邦’(Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Sorbonne’)为材料,克隆获得花青素苷生物合成通路中的关键转录因子Lhsor MYB12基因。序列分析结果显示,Lhsor MYB12最大开放阅读框长720 bp,编码239个氨基酸,具有2个典型的DNA结合结构域;该基因包括3个外显子和2个内含子。该基因的氨基酸序列与郁金香(Tulipa fosteriana W. Irving)中的MYB氨基酸序列相似性最高。系统进化分析结果表明,Lhsor MYB12在MYB基因家族中与已报道的控制花青素苷合成的基因形成一簇。进一步采用染色体步移技术,获得了Lhsor MYB12基因起始密码子上游2143 bp的启动子序列,顺式作用元件预测结果显示,该序列中除核心启动子元件(TATA box)外,还包含有MYB蛋白的绑定位点、光反应元件以及参与昼夜节律等反应的相关元件。基因表达分析结果表明,Lhsor MYB12仅在‘索邦’花丝、花柱和花被片中表达;且在花蕾发育过程中表达量逐渐增高,花蕾盛开时表达量最大,但内、外花被的表达起始阶段不同。黑暗处理可导致Lhsor MYB12表达水平降低;光照条件下该基因的表达水平随处理时间的延长表现出先上升后下降再持续上升的趋势。研究结果提示Lhsor MYB12的表达变化规律可能与其启动子中相应的顺式作用元件相关。     

脱水应答转录因子CBF1的克隆与转基因小麦的分子检测

根据已发表的小麦(T.aestivum)转录因子CBF1基因序列(GenBank Accession No.AF376136),设计引物从小麦品种‘京花1号’叶片中克隆出该基因,用拟南芥RD29B基因为启动子构建含CBF1基因的逆境诱导表达载体pBAC127F(6 967 bp),以‘99-92’、‘5-98’、‘104’和‘轮选987’等冬小麦品种(系)的幼穗和幼胚为材料,基因枪转化该表达载体。经筛选与植株再生,共获得14株转基因植株及其后代株系。这14个株系经PCR分析和点杂交检测,最终确认了5-98-40、5-98-41这2个株系为转基因株系,结果表明拟南芥RD29B启动子调控下的转录因子CBF1基因已稳定整合到转基因植株中。     

西番莲PeERG基因克隆及其表达模式分析

ERA(Eecherichia coli Ras-like protein)蛋白是与已知异三聚体G蛋白和小分子G蛋白不同的一种新的GTP结合蛋白。为了在木本植物中开展其同源基因ERG(ERA-like GTPase)克隆和功能验证的相关研究,该文首次在西番莲新品种‘平塘1号’中采用cDNA末端快速克隆(RACE)技术克隆鉴定1个ERG基因。结果表明:西番莲PeERG基因cDNA全长为1 518 bp,包括1 260 bp的开放阅读框、38 bp的5'-端非翻译区和220 bp的3'-端非翻译区,该基因编码蛋白由420个氨基酸残基组成,其二级结构含有丰富的α-螺旋和延伸链。PeERG蛋白不含跨膜区域,也不存在信号肽酶切位点,既在其N端有典型的GTPase保守结构域(GTPase domain)又在其C端有独特的RNA结合结构域(KH domain)。系统进化树分析表明,西番莲PeERG蛋白和水稻OsERG1、拟南芥AtERG1、大肠杆菌ERA位于同一进化分枝。实时定量PCR检测揭示PeERG基因在西番莲根、茎、叶、花、果中均有表达,叶中表达最高;同时该基因响应低温胁迫信号,其表达呈动态变化模式。该研究首次鉴定和描述了木本植物西番莲的ERG基因,为深入挖掘西番莲特异基因资源提供参考,也有助于进一步探究ERG基因在植物中的生物学功能及其作用机制。     

红麻MYB21基因的克隆、表达及载体构建

克隆红麻不育系和保持系的MYB21基因,分析MYB21基因在红麻不育系和保持系各器官的表达量,并构建过表达载体和RNAi载体,旨在为进一步研究该基因在红麻中的功能奠定基础。以同源克隆的方法克隆MYB21基因;用实时荧光定量的方法分析MYB21基因在红麻不育系和保持系不同组织器官的表达模式;根据酶切-连接的方法,构建过表达载体和RNAi载体。结果显示,红麻MYB21基因在不育系和保持中的基因序列没有差异,其c DNA全长序列为922 bp,包含843 bp的开放阅读框,DNA全长序列为1 108 bp,包含3个外显子和2个内含子(NCBI序列登录号为KT898146);MYB21基因主要在花药中表达,在不育系和保持系花药之间表达量呈极显著差异;成功构建MYB21过表达载体和RNAi载体。成功克隆MYB21基因的全长序列;实时荧光定量结果表明MYB21基因主要在花药中进行表达;构建的植物过表达载体PBI121-MYB21和RNAi载体p ART27-PK-R1-F2可用于该基因的功能研究。     

小麦锌指蛋白基因TaLOL2的克隆及特征分析

通过电子克隆与RT-PCR相结合的方法,在条锈菌诱导的小麦叶片中克隆获得1个新的LSD1型锌指蛋白基因TaLOL2,并用qRT-PCR技术分析了其转录表达特征。结果显示:(1)小麦锌指蛋白基因TaLOL2的cDNA全长1 095bp,编码179个氨基酸。(2)TaLOL2含有3个典型的zf-LSD1型(CxxCxRxxLMYxxGASxVxCxxC)保守结构域,与水稻、拟南芥、大麦等植物LSD1型锌指蛋白序列具有高度相似性,其中与水稻OsLOL2相似度达86.0%。(3)进化树分析表明,TaLOL2与水稻、拟南芥和大麦中部分含有3个保守zf-LSD1锌指结构的基因亲缘关系较近,而与其它包含不同数目的zf-LSD1锌指结构的基因亲缘关系较远。(4)qRT-PCR定量分析表明,TaLOL2在条锈菌侵染前期呈上调表达,在亲和及非亲和反应中差异表达。研究表明,TaLOL2参与了条锈菌诱导的小麦抗病防卫反应,很可能作为正调控因子参与了小麦-条锈菌非亲和互作中对条锈菌的抗性信号途径。     

野生华东葡萄脂类相关质体蛋白基因VpPAP1的克隆与表达

该研究以前期获得的葡萄cDNA全长文库为基础,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了中国野生华东葡萄‘白河-35-1’(Vitis pseudoreticulata‘Baihe-35-1’)相关质体蛋白基因,命名为VpPAP1(GenBank登录号JN624817)。序列分析表明,VpPAP1基因cDNA编码区全长为1 034bp,其中5′-UTR和3′-UTR区域分别为26bp和63bp,开放阅读框为945bp,编码314个氨基酸,分子量为34 169.37Da,等电点为7.76。葡萄叶片接种白粉菌[Uncinula necator(Schw.)Burr.]后,运用实时定量PCR技术分析VpPAP1基因的表达模式,结果表明VpPAP1基因受白粉菌诱导表达,在接种后24h达到峰值。该研究为进一步研究中国野生葡萄脂类相关质体蛋白基因的表达及其在葡萄白粉病互作中的功能分析提供了依据。     

茶树醇脱氢酶基因的表达特征及番茄遗传转化分析

根据茶树醇脱氢酶基因(CsiADH1)的cDNA序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从茶树品种‘龙井43’中克隆了CsiADH1序列,分析了CsiADH1在生物和非生物胁迫下的诱导表达情况并转化番茄。结果表明:CsiADH1包含一个1 044bp的最大开放阅读框,编码347个氨基酸。qRT-PCR分析显示,CsiADH1的表达受到茶尺蠖取食、机械损伤、茉莉酸和水杨酸的诱导;将CsiADH1基因ORF区域克隆进pCAMBIA1301载体中,构建了由CaMV35S启动子驱动的CsiADH1基因植物表达载体pCAMBIA-ADH,并以农杆菌介导的方法侵染番茄‘中蔬四号’子叶,经PCR鉴定,获得了8个转CsiADH1基因阳性植株。该结果为进一步揭示CsiADH1基因在植物诱导防御反应中的分子机理研究奠定了基础。     

转新型抗虫基因Vip3A棉花新种质的创制

该研究构建植物表达载体pBin438 Vip3A,通过农杆菌介导法转化棉花品种‘冀合713’,将新型抗虫基因Vip3A导入到棉花植株,创制对棉铃虫抗性的转基因棉花新种质。结果表明：(1)PCR检测Vip3A基因已经导入到棉花基因组中且能够稳定遗传。(2)室内抗虫性鉴定表明,与对照相比转基因植株对棉铃虫的抗性显著提高,并获得2株高抗和3株抗棉铃虫的转Vip3A基因株系。(3)Southern blotting结果显示,转基因株系BV01为单拷贝。(4)Elisa检测表明,外源Vip3A基因在BV01的根、茎、叶、花、种子中都有表达,在叶片中的Vip3A蛋白表达为苗期>蕾期>花期>铃期>吐絮期。该研究创制了新型抗虫转基因棉花材料,为培育棉花新型抗虫品种提供了种质资源。     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.     

百合LbCAT和LbGPX基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum)‘卡瓦纳’cDNA为模板,克隆了过氧化氢酶(LbCAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(LbGPX)基因。序列分析表明,这2个基因分别包含1 479 bp和519 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码492个和172个氨基酸。进化分析结果表明,LbCAT蛋白与岷江百合CAT蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(99.19%),且亲缘关系最近;LbGPX蛋白与油棕GPX蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(78.61%),亲缘关系最近。qRT PCR结果显示,LbCAT和LbGPX在百合根、鳞茎、叶和花中都有表达。LbCAT在叶中表达量最高,LbGPX在花中表达量最高。这2个基因在百合花蕾的生长发育过程中均有表达,且表达量逐渐增加;在PEG处理后2个基因的转录水平升高,但独角金内酯(SLs)处理却显著降低了这2个基因的转录水平;该结果为百合抗逆性机理研究以及抗逆育种奠定了基础。     

Quinua and Relatives (Chenopodium sect.Chenopodium subsect.Celluloid)

Traditionally viewed as an Andean grain crop,Chenopodium quinoa Willd. includes domesticated populations that are not Andean, and Andean populations that are not domesticated. Comparative analysis of leaf morphology and allozyme frequencies have demonstrated that Andean populations, both domesticated(quinua) and free-living(ajara), represent an exceptionally homogeneous unit that is well differentiated from allied domesticates of coastal Chile(quingua) and freeliving populations of the Argentine lowlands(C. hircinum). This pattern of relationships indicates that Andean populations represent a monophyletic crop/weed system that has possibly developed through cyclic differentiation (natural vs. human selection) and introgressive hybridization. Relative levels of variation suggest that this complex originated in the southern Andes, possibly from wild types allied withC. hircinum, with subsequent dispersal north to Colombia and south to the Chilean coast. Coastal populations were apparently isolated from post-dispersal differentiation and homogenization that occurred in the Andes. Other data point toward a center of origin in the northern Andes with secondary centers of genetic diversity subsequently developing in the southern Andes and the plains of Argentina. Comparative linkage of South American taxa, all tetraploid, with North American tetraploids of the subsection will eventually clarify this problem. While the possibility of a direct phyletic connection betweenC. quinoa and the Mexican domesticate(C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae,) cannot be excluded, available evidence indicates that the latter represents an autonomous lineage that is associated with the basal tetraploid, C. b. subsp.berlandieri, through var.sinuatum, whereas South American taxa show possible affinities to either var. zschackei or var.berlandieri. An extinct domesticate of eastern North America,C. b. subsp.jonesianum, represents either another instance of independent domestication, possibly from subsp. b. var.zschackei, or a northeastern outlier of subsp.nuttalliae.     

Cloning and characterization of femA and femB from Staphylococcus epidermidis

A DNA fragment was identified and cloned from Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) using femA from S. aureus (Sa) as a heterologous hybridization probe. DNA sequence analysis of a portion of this clone revealed two complete ORFs highly related to femA and femB of Sa. The genomic arrangement of the Se femA/B complex was nearly identical to that observed in Sa. Intra- and interspecies relatedness of these genes and conservation of genomic organization were consistent with gene duplication of one of these genes in an ancestral organism. Recombinant FEMA, produced in Escherichia coli (Ec), was purified to near homogeneity. Identity of the purified protein was verified by N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence analysis.