外源GA3和ABA对红肉脐橙果实品质的影响

以生长一致的红肉脐橙成年植株为试材,研究了果实转色前外源GA₃和ABA处理对果实品质的影响。结果表明,外源GA₃处理提高了果皮亮度,但降低了果皮红色度、黄色度和单果重;ABA处理提高了果皮红色度,但降低了果皮亮度;GA₃100mg/L处理虽然极显著降低了果皮厚度,极显著提高了果皮亮度、可溶性固形物和VitC含量,但同时极显著降低了果皮红色度、糖酸比,并极显著提高了果实含酸量;外源ABA处理还极显著降低了果实可食率、出汁率和VitC含量。因此,在果实转色前用外源GA₃和ABA处理红肉脐橙果实均不利于其综合品质的提高。     

Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from the Pulp of Cara Cara Navel Orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck）

A cDNA library was constructed end characterized from the pulp of Cera Care navel orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） at different stages of ripening. Tittering results revealed that approximately 5.086×10^5 independent clones were included in this library. Electrophoresls gel results of 15 randomly selected clones revealed that the size of the insertion fragments ranged from 400 bp to 2 kb, with an average size of 900 bp. Sequencing results of 150 randomly picked clones showed that the recombination rate was 94%. During subsequent sequence analysis, 41 of 139 clones failed to be identified end the amino sequence of 71 clones shared less than 30% identity with related plants in GenBank. Of 27 clones whose amino sequences shared more than 60% identity with other related plants in GenBenk, 17 clones showed an 80% identity with the corresponding candidate genes of citrus. The clone recognized as the type Ⅲ metallothlonein-llke （MT） gene was observed to occur 13 tlmes, Indlcatlng that the protein may play an important role In frult development and rlpenlng.     

几种化学试剂及套袋对红肉脐橙果实品质的影响

在红肉脐橙成年树幼果期喷布NaCl、MnSO₄、NaH₂PO₄和GA₃处理,于第2次生理落果基本结束后对果实套袋。结果表明,①外观品质:GA₃处理提高了果形指数,套袋后并于果实着色前拆袋或不拆袋均极显著提高了果皮的亮度和黄色度,但套袋后不拆袋也极显著降低了果皮红色度和单果重;②内在品质:NaH₂PO₄处理虽显著提高了可溶性固形物含量,但其和GA₃处理均提高了果实酸含量并降低了糖酸比;套袋并拆袋和MnSO₄处理极显著提高了可溶性总糖含量;套袋并拆袋和NaH₂PO₄处理还显著提高了果实VitC含量。因此,MnSO₄处理和套袋并于果实着色前拆袋有利于红肉脐橙果实综合品质的提高。     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮主要色素含量变化和果实着色的影响

测定了红肉脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbesk cv.Cara Cara)果实发育期间和果实转色前用不同浓度的外源ABA和GA3处理后果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的动态含量,并测定了外源ABA和GA3处理后成熟红肉脐橙果皮色泽的表现.结果表明红肉脐橙果皮叶绿素含量于9月20日出现最大值,为0.146 9 mg*g-1FW;类胡萝卜素含量于12月20日达到最大值,为0.032 1 mg*g-1FW;果实转色前,用外源ABA处理后加速了果皮叶绿素的降解,但也抑制了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,用GA3处理后延缓了果皮叶绿素的降解,同样抑制了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,严重阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成;外源ABA或GA3处理均不利于果实色泽品质的提高.     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮主要色素含量变化和果实着色的影响

测定了红肉脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeskcv.CaraCara)果实发育期间和果实转色前用不同浓度的外源ABA和GA₃处理后果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的动态含量,并测定了外源ABA和GA₃处理后成熟红肉脐橙果皮色泽的表现。结果表明:红肉脐橙果皮叶绿素含量于9月20日出现最大值,为0.1469mg·g^-1FW;类胡萝卜素含量于12月20日达到最大值,为0.0321mg·g^-1FW;果实转色前,用外源ABA处理后加速了果皮叶绿素的降解,但也抑制了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,用GA₃处理后延缓了果皮叶绿素的降解,同样抑制了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,严重阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成;外源ABA或GA₃处理均不利于果实色泽品质的提高。     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮主要色素含量变化的影响

测定了红肉脐橙果实发育期间果皮叶绿素和总类胡萝卜素含量的变化动态,并在果实转色前用不同浓度的外源ABA和GA₃处理后测定果皮色素含量的变化动态。结果表明,红肉脐橙果皮叶绿素总量于9月20日出现最大值(0.1469mg/gfw),总类胡萝卜素含量于12月20日达到最大值(0.0321mg/gfw);转色前用ABA处理后加速果皮叶绿素的降解,但抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的积累;转色前用GA₃处理后延缓果皮叶绿素的降解,并同样抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,严重阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成。     

Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange mutant Cara Cara

Cara Cara is a spontaneous bud mutation of Navel orange (Citrus. sinensis L. Osbeck) characterized by developing fruits with a pulp of bright red coloration due to the presence of lycopene. Peel of mutant fruits is however orange and indistinguishable from its parental. To elucidate the basis of lycopene accumulation in Cara Cara, we analyzed carotenoid profile and expression of three isoprenoid and nine carotenoid genes in flavedo and pulp of Cara Cara and Navel fruits throughout development and maturation. The pulp of the mutant accumulated high amounts of lycopene, but also phytoene and phytofluene, from early developmental stages. The peel of Cara Cara also accumulated phytoene and phytofluene. The expression of isoprenoid genes and of carotenoid biosynthetic genes downstream PDS (phytoene desaturase) was higher in the pulp of Cara Cara than in Navel. Not important differences in the expression of these genes were observed between the peel of both oranges. Moreover, the content of the plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) was lower in the pulp of Cara Cara, but the expression of two genes involved in its biosynthesis was higher. The results suggest that an altered carotenoid composition may conduct to a positive feedback regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus fruits. Increased levels of isoprenoid precursors in the mutant that could be channeled to carotenoid biosynthesis may be related to the red-fleshed phenotype of Cara Cara.     

套袋对红肉脐橙果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响

以红肉脐橙为试材,研究幼果期套袋至果实着色前拆袋对果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响.结果表明, 套袋显著或极显著地提高了成熟果实的番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素含量;套袋处理与对照果实的GA和ABA含量变化趋势一致,表现为GA含量在果实膨大期迅速下降,着色期至果实成熟期保持在较低水平,ABA含量在拆袋时达到最高峰,然后迅速下降,于果实成熟前又出现一小高峰;套袋极显著降低了脐橙果肉的葡萄糖含量,显著降低了果糖含量,提高了蔗糖含量,但总糖含量与对照无显著差异.     

外源脱落酸和赤霉素对红肉脐橙果肉糖含量的影响

在红肉脐橙幼果期和着色前分2次喷施不同浓度的外源ABA和GA3,研究其对红肉脐橙果肉糖含量的影响.结果表明:10mg.L-1ABA处理显著或极显著提高了果实成熟时的葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量,50mg.L-1ABA处理极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,而100mg.L-1ABA处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖含量;中低浓度的GA3(10、50和250mg.L-1)极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,10mg.L-1GA3处理对果实葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响,但极显著提高了果实总糖含量,50、250和500mg.L-1GA3处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量.表明着色前较低浓度的外源ABA处理(10和50mg.L-1)可提高果实中一种或几种糖的含量,而较高浓度的GA3处理(250和500mg.L-1)则严重阻碍了果肉中糖的积累.     

Expression of phytoene synthase gene (Psy) is enhanced during fruit ripening of Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)

Citrus is an important fruit crop as regards accumulation of carotenoids. In plant carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase gene (Psy) plays a key role in catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules to produce colorless phytoene. In the present paper, we reported the phytoene contents determination and characterization of Psy during fruit ripening of “Washington” navel orange and its red-fleshed mutant “Cara Cara”. Results showed that phytoene was exclusively accumulated in peel and pulp of “Cara Cara”. Although phytoene was observed accumulating with fruit ripening of “Cara Cara”, the contents in pulp were 10 times higher than those in peel. The isolated two Psy cDNAs were both 1520 bp in full length, containing 436 deduced amino acid residues, with a different amino acid at 412th. Genomic hybridization results showed that one or two copies might be present in “Cara Cara” and “Washington” genomes. During “Cara Cara” and “Washington” fruit coloration, expression of Psy was observed to be up-regulated, as revealed by tissue specific profiles in the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. However, Psy expression in albedo of “Cara Cara” was higher than that in “Washington”, as evidenced by phytoene accumulation in the peel.     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮色素含量的影响

测定红肉脐橙果实发育期间和果实转色期间施用外源ABA和GA3的果皮中叶绿素和总类胡萝卜素含量变化的结果表明:红肉脐橙果皮中叶绿素总量于9月20日出现最大值,为0.1469 mg·g-1(FW);类胡萝卜素总量于12月21日达到最大值,为0.0321 mg·g-1(FW);转色期用外源ABA处理后果皮叶绿素降解加速,而类胡萝卜素积累受抑;转色期施用GA3并不能延缓果皮叶绿素的降解,但能抑制类胡萝卜素的积累,因而阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成.     

Presumed Behavior: Comments on Cara E. Richards' Brief Communication

Cara E. Richards recently pointed out that instead of the well-established dichotomy between ideal and real behavior, one should consider a trichotomy, with presumed behavior as a third term. The present note agrees with this, but (a) briefly examines some previous publications specifically dealing with this trichotomy, (b) suggests some points of view complementary to those of the Richards communication, and (c) attempts to place studies of presumed behavior in the context of anthropological theory.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

棉铃虫钙粘蛋白N端多肽多克隆抗体制备及对Bt抗性的初步检测

用重组表达的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽片段制备兔多克隆抗体,并利用其对Bt抗性进行鉴定。通过RT-PCR方法对棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽的基因片段Cad285进行PCR扩增,将其克隆到pET-30a原核表达载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,得到35ku的重组融和蛋白,融合表达的包涵体经过变性、Ni-NTA柱亲和纯化、复性等方法处理包涵体,获得可溶性纯化蛋白,用纯化后蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA检测其效价高于1∶16000;利用最终获得的多克隆抗体对室内纯合Bt抗/感品系的棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白进行Western blot分析,结果显示敏感和抗性品系之间有明显差异,表明其能够应用对Bt抗性进行初步检测。