Vagotomy for Gastric Ulcer

Out of a series of 75 patients who were treated by vagotomy and drainage for gastric ulcer 66 have been followed up for one to seven years (average three-and-a-half years). Four recurrent gastric ulcers occurred among the 33 cases of ulcer of the lesser curve or body with no antral or duodenal lesion (type I). Among the 42 patients with an antral ulcer or an associated active or healed pyloric or duodenal lesion (type II or III) there was only one recurrence. The recurrence rate for men was 5% and for women 12%. One patient died two years after operation from cancer which may have originated in the stomach. The clinical results in patients without recurrences were generally satisfactory.Vagotomy, preferably selective, with drainage is a satisfactory operation in gastric ulcers of types II and III. For ulcers of type I, gastrectomy is to be preferred except in selected cases.     

Ovarian irradiation and prednisone therapy following surgery and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast.

Following mastectomy, patients with operable breast cancer underwent postoperative irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. They were then assigned at random to receive no further therapy, ovarian irradiation (2000 rads in 5 days) or ovarian irradiation in the same dosage plus prednisone, 7.5 mg daily. A total of 705 patients received the randomly assigned treatment and were followed for up to 10 years. In premenopausal patients who received ovarian irradiation the recurrence of breast cancer was delayed and survival prolonged, but not significantly. In premenopausal women aged 45 years or more ovarian irradiation plus prednisone therapy significantly delayed the recurrence of breast cancer (P = 0.02) and prolonged survival (P = 0.02); the survival expectancy of these patients was similar to that of the general population of the same age from the third year after the cancer operation. No value was demonstrated for ovarian irradiation with or without prednisone therapy in postmenopausal patients.     

Local recurrence risk after skin-sparing and conventional mastectomy: a 6-year follow-up

In this study, the records of all patients at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with T1 or T2 breast cancer who were treated between March of 1986 and November of 1990 with mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction were reviewed for the presence of recurrent disease. Patients with in situ disease were not included. Patients were included in the study if a local recurrence occurred (regardless of the length of follow-up) or if a follow-up of 6 years or longer could be obtained. Patients were grouped according to the use or nonuse of skin-sparing mastectomy, by tumor stage, and by nuclear grade of the tumor. The series included 154 patients, of whom 114 had skin-sparing mastectomies and 40 had nonskin-sparing mastectomies. The local recurrence rate in the skin-sparing mastectomy group was 7.0 percent, whereas in the nonskin-sparing mastectomy group it was 7.5 percent. The sample size in the nonskin-sparing mastectomy group was too small for meaningful statistical analysis, but the data suggest that there is no clinically important difference in recurrence rates between the two groups. We conclude that the use of skin-sparing technique for early breast cancer patients does not significantly increase the risk of tumor recurrence after mastectomy.     

Long-term (5–11 years) follow-up of general immune competence in breast cancer

Summary General immune competence was measured before treatment in 185 breast cancer patients. They were then followed for 5 to 11 years to determine its relationship to recurrence and its clinical value in predicting prognosis. The tests of immune competence used were immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, leucocyte counts, percentage and total lymphocyte counts and Mantoux and DNCB skin hypersensitivity tests.None of these tests was strongly predictive of recurrence on an individual basis, a finding similar to our results at 2 years. The longer period of follow-up now reported has provided no findings of unequivocal statistical significance, but suggests a biphasic host response to early tumours. The patients who developed recurrence within 5–11 years due to micrometastasis had higher lymphocyte counts in their preoperative assessment than patients who remained recurrence free. This suggests that small tumour volumes do not stimulate immunity and that large volumes depress it; tumours in between these groups are associated with higher levels. Examination of studies by a number of authors reveal parallel findings which have not been previously noted. It is not possible to confirm the significance of these findings from this study because of the heterogeneity of human breast cancer. However, if they indicate a general principle of a dynamic host-tumour interplay they have important implications for assessing immune competence at any single point of time and for the theory that cancer may arise during an anergic state. We hope that these findings will stimulate other workers to examine host-tumour interaction from this point of view.     

Postoperative radiotherapy and late mortality: evidence from the Cancer Research Campaign trial for early breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE--To identify any excess mortality caused by adjuvant radiotherapy for early breast cancer. DESIGN--Prospective randomised clinical trial. Two thousand subjects needed for study to have a 90% chance of detecting a difference in survival rate of 7% with 95% significance. Patients were followed up until June 1988, giving follow up of 158-216 months. SETTING--A multicentre trial mainly drawing patients from centres in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS--2800 Women presenting with clinical stage I or II carcinoma of the breast from June 1970 to April 1975. INTERVENTIONS--One group of women (n = 1376) had simple mastectomy followed by immediate postoperative radiotherapy (1320 to 1510 rets). The remaining women (n = 1424) had simple mastectomy with subsequent careful observation of the axilla, radiotherapy being delayed until there was obvious progression or recurrence of disease locally. END POINT--Increased mortality in patients treated with radiotherapy from causes other than breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Survival was measured from time of first treatment to death or last follow up. Deaths from any cause and from specified causes were counted as events. Comparison over the whole follow up showed a slight excess mortality in the group treated with radiotherapy (relative risk 1.04; 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.15). The relative risk of death from breast cancer was 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) but that of death from other causes was 1.37 (1.09 to 1.72), the increase mainly being in women who had had tumours of the left breast (1.61 (1.17 to 2.24)) and had been treated with orthovoltage (1.85 (1.27 to 2.71)). Analysis of causes of death after five years showed a relative risk of 2.11 (1.25 to 3.59) for new malignancies and of 1.65 (1.05 to 2.58) for cardiac disease, the increase in cardiac mortality being most pronounced in patients who had had tumours of the left breast and whose treatment had included orthovoltage radiation (relative risk 2.67 (1.28 to 5.55)). CONCLUSIONS--Adjuvant radiotherapy after simple mastectomy for early breast cancer produces a small excess late mortality from other cancers and cardiac disease. The risk has to be balanced against the higher risk of local recurrence when immediate postoperative radiotherapy is not given. The balance has to be assessed for each patient, and for many patients radiotherapy will still be desirable in the initial treatment of their early breast cancer.     

Revascularization of both cardiac ventricles by right ventricular implants

Implantation of the right internal mammary artery into the wall of the right ventricle has been performed in 48 patients whose cases have been followed up for longer than six months. The procedure was done at the same time as a left ventricular implantation or subsequent to this operation because of recurrence or persistence of symptoms. Relief of anginal pain has been achieved in 78% and of chronic left ventricular failure in 75%. Of the 40 patients who had already had one or more myocardial infarctions preoperatively, 36 are still alive, with an average survival of over 5 years.     

乳腺癌改良根治术患者术后复发转移的危险因素及血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术患者术后复发转移的危险因素及血清糖类抗原125（CA125）、环加氧酶-2（COX-2）、可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体P55（sTNFR-P55）的预测价值。方法：对2014年1月至2016年12月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的109例行乳腺癌改良根治术的乳腺癌患者进行前瞻性研究,所有患者术后均随访5年,其中2例失访,107例完成随访。根据5年内患者复发转移情况将其分为复发转移组（n=31）和未复发转移组（n=76）。收集患者入院时的临床病理资料,采用电化学发光法检测术前血清CA125,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测术前血清COX-2、sTNFR-P55。采用logistic回归模型分析患者术后复发转移的影响因素,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55对术后复发转移的预测价值。结果：复发转移组肿瘤直径＞5 cm、浸润性非特殊癌、脉管癌栓、雌激素受体（ER）/孕激素受体（PR）阴性、无内分泌治疗构成比、TNM分期IIIA期、腋窝淋巴结转移数量4~9个构成比高于未复发转移组（P<0.05）。复发转移组血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55水平高于未复发转移组（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤直径＞5 cm、浸润性非特殊癌、TNM分期IIIA期、脉管癌栓、腋窝淋巴结转移数量4~9个、CA125升高、COX-2升高、sTNFR-P55升高是乳腺癌改良根治术患者术后5年内复发转移的独立危险因素（OR=1.318、1.213、1.223、1.137、1.257、1.241、1.313、1.351,P<0.05）。血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55均可有效预测乳腺癌术后复发转移,曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.803、0.749、0.761,三指标联合预测术后复发转移的AUC为0.915,灵敏度和特异度分别为0.94、0.83。结论：肿瘤直径、浸润性非特殊癌、TNM分期、脉管癌栓、腋窝淋巴结转移数量以及术前血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55异常升高是乳腺癌改良根治术患者术后5年内复发转移的危险因素,术前血清CA125、COX-2、sTNFR-P55联合检测可预测乳腺癌改良根治术后的复发转移风险。     

直肠系膜切除术对直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者MMPs、CEA、CA199及生存率的影响

目的:探讨直肠系膜切除术对直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者血清基质金属蛋白酶、肿瘤标志物(CEA、CA199)及生存率的影响。方法:收集直肠原发癌位于直肠中下段的病例,行直肠癌根治术复发再入院患者48例(均为本院2010年4月-2014年3月手术后的病例),按照手术方式的不同分为2组,分别24例。对照组采用姑息性手术治疗,研究组采用直肠系膜切除术治疗,采用ELISA法测定血清MMP-2、MMP-9、CEA、CA199水平,记录所有患者术后并发症状况,术后进行随访时间为3年,比较两组1年、3年的生存率状况。结果:对照组在手术时间、出血量、住院时间上高于研究组,(P0.05);对照组在肛门排气时间上低于研究组,(P0.05);与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗2周后MMP-2、MMP-9表达水平降低,治疗2周后血清CEA、CA199表达水平降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,研究组患者治疗2周后MMP-2、MMP-9表达水平较低,治疗2周后血清CEA、CA199表达水平较低(P0.05);两组患者治疗期间并发症无差异(P0.05);两组间术后1年生存率,无差异(P0.05);研究组术后3年生存率(66.67%)高于对照组(37.50%),(P0.05)。结论:直肠系膜切除术可提高直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者的长期生存率,降低血清MMP-2、MMP-9、CEA、CA199水平,安全性高,值得广泛推广。     

TUR-BT术后膀胱灌注A群链球菌联合丝裂霉素治疗高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效观察

目的：总结经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切（TUR-BT）术后辅以沙培林（注射用A群链球菌）联合丝裂霉素（MMC）膀胱内灌注治疗高危膀胱癌的疗效。方法：回顾性研究2009年1月~2012年8月我院收治的符合高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患64例,观察组：TUR-BT术后行沙培林联合MMC膀胱内灌注化疗32例,对照组;MMC单药灌注32例。结果：观察组患者,平均年龄63.7岁,治疗随访时间为6~54个月,中位时间27.3个月。治疗随访期间有3例患者出现膀胱内肿瘤复发（9.3%）,1例患者疾病进展,发展为肌层浸润性膀胱癌,于术后7个月死亡（3.1%）。与对照组患者相比,疾病复发率及进展率均明显改善。结论：高危非肌层浸润膀胱癌临床复发率、进展率高,TUR-BT术后沙培林联合MMC膀胱内灌注通过局部化疗及免疫治疗联合,可有效控制疾病的复发和进展,降低患者接受膀胱部分切除或膀胱全切手术的机率,值得推广。     

Value of outpatient follow-up after curative surgery for carcinoma of the large bowel.

The records were reviewed of 406 patients with carcinoma of the large bowel who had been treated at the Middlesex Hospital during 1958-62. Of these patients, 180 were followed up regularly in this hospital after radical surgery, and from six months to 15 years after operation they were seen 2319 times; 71 developed a recurrent carcinoma but, of these, 41 recurrences (58%) were diagnosed at times other than those of the patients'' routine outpatient appointments, although they were being regularly reviewed. Only one patient with recurrence appeared to have been cured by further surgery. For the present, adequate education of patients in the symptoms of early recurrence, with instruction to return if any of these develop, is likely to be more effective than the unsatisfactory and time-consuming routine follow-up still used in many hospitals.     

Predictors of Post-operative Mycetoma Recurrence Using Machine-Learning Algorithms: The Mycetoma Research Center Experience

Post-operative recurrence in mycetoma after adequate medical and surgical treatment is common and a serious problem. It has health, socio-economic and psychological detrimental effects on patients and families. It is with this in mind, we set out to determine the predictors of post-operative recurrence in mycetoma. The study included 1013 patients with Madurella mycetomatis causing eumycetoma who underwent surgical excision at the Mycetoma Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan in the period 1991–2015. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed and relevant information was collected using a pre-designed data collection sheet. The study showed, 276 patients (27.2%) of the studied population developed post-operative recurrence, 217 were males (78.6%) and 59 were females (21.4%). Their age ranged between 5 to 70 years with a mean of 32 years. The disease duration at presentation ranged between 2 months and 17 years. The majority of the patients 118 (42.8%) had mycetoma of 1 year duration. In this study, students were the most affected; 105 (38%) followed by workers 70 (25.4%), then farmers 48(17.3%). The majority of the patients were from the Central Sudan 207 (75%), Western Sudan 53 (19.2%) while 11 patients (4%) were from the Northern part. Past history of surgical intervention performed elsewhere was reported in 196 patients (71.1%). Family history of mycetoma was reported in 50 patients (18.1%). The foot was the most affected site, 245 (88.7%), followed by the hand seen in 19 (6.8%) patients and 44 (4.5%) had different sites involvement. Most of the patients 258 (93.5%) had wide local surgical excisions while 18 had major amputation. The model predicted that the certain groups have a high risk of recurrence, and these include patients with disease duration greater than 10 years and extra-pedal mycetoma. Patients with disease duration between [5–10] years, with pedal mycetoma, who had previous surgery, with positive family history and underwent wide local surgical excision. Patients with disease duration [5–10] years, with pedal mycetoma, had previous surgery, with no family history but presented with a disease size (> 10 cm), were non- farmers and underwent wide local surgical excision. Other groups are patients with disease duration (≤5 years), with pedal mycetoma, age <59 years, living in the Western /Eastern / Southern regions of the Sudan and with positive family history and had wide local surgical excision. Also included patients with disease duration (≤5 years), with pedal mycetoma, aged <59 years, living in the northern or central region, with no family history but presented with a disease size >10 cm, working as farmers or students and underwent wide local surgical excision. In conclusion, these groups of patients need special care to reduce the incidence of post-operative recurrence with its morbidity and detrimental consequences. In depth studies for the other predisposing factors for post-operative recurrence such as genetic, immunological and environmental factors are needed.     

Failure to detect intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer: a case for staging laparotomy

Two studies were performed to assess the accuracy of non-invasive methods in detecting intra-abdominal metastases from breast cancer. Firstly, the sites of spread detected at the time of first presentation with metastases were compared with the sites of spread shown at necropsy in the same patients. Although about two-thirds of the patients with bone and lung metastases at necropsy had had metastases detected at these sites when they first presented with metastases, only a third of the patients with liver metastases and none of those with other intra-abdominal metastases had had evidence of disease at first presentation with metastases. The second study confirmed a poor detection rate of liver and other intra-abdominal metastases in patients with breast cancer undergoing laparotomy and oophorectomy who were staged immediately before operation.Pre-mastectomy staging laparotomy should be considered in those patients with primary breast cancer who are most likely to have disseminated disease beyond the regional nodes. In the presence of occult gross metastases detected by staging laparotomy, mastectomy will not provide additional protection against loca recurrence of disease. Patients with occult gross metastases should also be excluded from studies on adjuvant chemotherapy (designed to treat micrometastases). Aggressive methods of staging are justified to protect the patient as far as possible against unnecessary mastectomy and to identify those patients who should be treated by therapeutic chemotherapy rather than adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Outcome in colorectal carcinoma: seven-year study of a population.

All 433 patients with colorectal cancer who presented in the north-east of Scotland during 1968 and 1969 were followed up for seven years or until death intervened. The incidence of colorectal cancer in the region was the highest recorded in Great Britain. Half the patients were incurable at the time of diagnosis. Nevertheless, of the 195 survivors of radical resection 146 (75%) did not die of carcinoma during the next seven years. Men with "curable" rectal cancer showed a substantially lower corrected survival rate (42%) than women (70%), but this was due to intercurrent disease not recurrence. Comparable figures for colonic carcinoma showed no difference between men (75%) and women (77%). The overall picture of colorectal cancer has apparently not changed for 20 years. Nevertheless, earlier diagnosis and timely operation--possibly with adjuvant chemotherapy--may produce useful long-term results.     

Rectal cancer treatment and survival--comparison of two 5-year time intervals

In last two decades there was a huge step forward concerning rectal cancer treatment. The aim of our study was comparison of two time intervals regarding the methods of treatment and results of radical rectal cancer surgery. 407 patients operated on for rectal cancer were included in study. Those were patients with elective radical resection of solitary rectal tumor who survived first month after the operation. Patients were divided in two groups regarding the time of operation. In group one were patients operated on between 1996 and 2000 and in group two patients operated on between 2001 and 2005. We compared our results in both intervals with special interest about type of operation considering localization of the tumor, local recurrence and cancer related survival. Significant differences were found between two groups. There were more sphincter saving operations in second group, less local recurrences and better survival than in first group. This study observed significant improvements at recurrence rates and total survival for patients operated on rectal cancer.     

不同术式治疗早期卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的预后分析

目的：探讨不同术式对早期卵巢颗粒细胞瘤初治患者预后的影响。方法：收集2000年1月～2008年12月我院收治的39例早期卵巢颗粒细胞瘤患者的临床资料,分析不同术式对肿瘤复发和预后的影响。结果：39例患者中,行全面分期手术者20例,其中7例仅予盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结活检而未予淋巴结清扫,所有淋巴结术后病理皆提示无淋巴转移;19例行非全面分期手术。随访期间,全面分期手术组皆无复发,而非全面分期手术组4例复发,两组患者术后3年的复发率分别为0和21%,具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;非全面分期手术组有1例患者于术后29月死亡,死亡年龄为72岁,全面分期手术组无死亡病例,两组患者的死亡率不具有统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：原发性卵巢颗粒细胞瘤罕有淋巴结转移,早期卵巢颗粒细胞瘤行全面分期手术对于明确肿瘤分期、治疗及预后有重要意义,而全面分期手术中行盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫对于肿瘤的复发意义有限,初治患者全面分期手术时可不予淋巴清扫。     

Adjuvant immunotherapy with levamisole in resectable lung cancer

Summary Levamisole (1.1–3.8 mg/kg daily) or a placebo was given in a randomized, double-blind study to 211 patients undergoing curative surgery for primary lung cancer. The treatment, in a fixed dose of one tablet (containing 50 mg or a placebo) t.i.d., was given for 3 days before the operation, and such 3-day courses were repeated every 2 weeks thereafter for 2 years.A significant reduction of the cancer mortality was observed at 18 and 21 months post surgery in the levamisole group. There was also a nonsignificant increase of the disease-free interval.In patients who had received more than 2 mg/kg (or more than 80 mg/m²) daily, the crude recurrence rates had been halved and the death rates reduced to one-third. No beneficial effect could be observed in the patients who had been given a lower dose. In the former, adequately dosed patients, the beneficial effect was more marked if the tumor had been more advanced at the time of surgery. In addition, the incidence of hematogenous secondaries was significantly reduced in the same group of patients.Professor Swierenga died in late 1977, shortly before completion of the work     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术在治疗老年患者中的临床研究

目的:探讨老年直肠癌患者行腹腔镜微创手术的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析了2008年7月至2011年1月本院收治的91例老年直肠癌患者,按治疗方式分为腹腔镜组39例和开腹组52例,术后随访3年,比较分析两组患者围手术期、手术并发症及预后情况。结果:腹腔镜组患者的术中出血量、肠功能恢复时间、术后发热请况及住院时间均优于开腹组(P0.05);腹腔镜组并发症发生率为2.6%,低于开腹组的21.1%(P0.05);腹腔镜组局部复发率、远处转移率及死亡率与开腹组比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:老年直肠癌患者行腹腔镜手术与开腹手术效果相当,且安全、微创,但远期疗效尚需进一步研究证明。     

颅底脊索瘤的影像学诊断及治疗研究（附26例报告）

目的：探讨颅底脊索瘤的CT、MRI表现及治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的26例脊索瘤患者的临床资料。肿瘤位于鞍区及鼻咽部者9例,位于中颅窝者5例,位于后颅窝者8例,混合型4例。手术入路：额颞入路一翼点开颅9例,鼻内镜下经蝶入路5例,颞下、颞枕及扩大中颅窝入路8例,4例未手术行放射治疗。结果：肿瘤全切8例,大部及次全切14例,围手术期未见死亡病例。25例患者获得随访;3例于术后1年内复发,其中2例死亡,余者颅神经损伤及肢体症状均有改善。结论：脊索瘤无典型临床表现,现多可通过术前影像学检查得以诊断,少数位于特殊位置者需与垂体瘤,颅咽管瘤,三叉神经鞘瘤等鉴别;肿瘤全切较为困难,根据需要选择相应的手术入路可明显提高手术效果;放疗可作为术后辅助治疗。     

喉癌术后复发的分析

目的:探讨喉癌手术后复发的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析1996年1月至2005年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院耳鼻喉科住院手术治疗病历1139例,患者随访3年以上,确诊复发128例。128例中男102人,女26人。按肿瘤TNM分型:声门上型72例,声门型37例,声门下型4例,喉咽癌15例;T分期:T1期14例,T2期57例,T3期57例。术前有颈淋巴结转移62例,无淋巴结转移66例。术后局部复发20例,颈淋巴结转移95例,局部复发合并颈淋巴结转移11例,远处转移2例。对复发128例的相关性因素包括肿瘤分期,肿瘤原发部位,淋巴结转移,术式,病理分级,年龄,性别,病史,吸烟,职业等进行分析。结果:经统计学分析显示肿瘤分期T(p<0．01),手术方式(p<0．01),淋巴结转移(p<0．01),病理类型(p<0．01),肿瘤类型(p<0．01),吸烟(p<0．05),职业(p<0．05)与喉癌术后复发有显著意义。结论:肿瘤分期,肿瘤原发部位,术式,淋巴结转移,病理类型,吸烟,职业是引起喉癌术后复发的重要因素。     

Hypophysectomy for palliation of breast cancer with especial reference to surgical technique

In a series of 19 patients who had hypophysectomy for palliation of cancer of the breast, all had striking relief of pain. Objective evidence of remission of disease was observed in ten patients. The survival time after operation averaged 19.8 months for patients who had remission and 2.1 months for patients who did not. Results were better in patients who had had cancer for a long time before operation than in those who had had the disease a relatively short time. Also it was noted that results were better in patients who had had preoperative response to endocrine therapy than in those who had not. Hence these factors may be considered in selection of patients for hypophysectomy.