新疆晚始新世的大型雁形目化石(鸟纲:鸭科:Romainvilliinae?)（英文）

报道了发现于新疆晚始新世地层中的两件鸟类化石,这两件化石可能代表了雁形目一个绝灭亚科Romainvilliinae在中国乃至亚洲的首次发现。其中一件跗跖骨片段保存了多个雁形目鸭科鸟类的特征,同时保存了水禽中仅见于Romainvilliinae鸟类的特征组合。该跗跖骨属于一个个体很大的鸟类,与现生天鹅相当,其第二滑车内侧不存在突缘,第三滑车足底面的近中侧不对称,这些特征表明这件标本属于一个新属种。另一件股骨片段属于一个与跗跖骨标本个体同样大小的鸟类,其特征与在比利时发现的早渐新世可能属于鸭科Romainvilliinae的Cygnopterus affinis相一致。如果新发现的这两件标本确属亚洲的Romainvilliinae鸟类,则说明Romainvilliinae的地理分布范围也包括亚洲,大体型的Romainvilliinae鸟类在始新世时即已存在,并且也说明在阻断绝大多数哺乳动物扩散的图尔盖海峡干涸之前,欧亚之间的鸟类地理区系一直存在联系。     

中国东北晚侏罗世新的蜡蝉和沫蝉化石：同翅目：头喙亚目

本文描述了中国东北晚侏罗世我县组中的同翅目化石标本３１件。其中１５件标本属于菱蜡蝉科１新属１新种Ｌａｐｉｃｉｘｉｕｓ ｄｅｃｏｒｕｓ ｄｅｎ,ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。另１６件标本属于原沫蝉１新属２新种Ａｎｔｈｏｓｃｙｔｉｎａｗ ａｐｈｔｈｏｓａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ａｎｏｍｏｄｓｃｙｔｉｎａ ａｎｏｍａｌａ ｇｅｎ．ｓ     

义县组上部一件无齿翼龙超科前肢及对金刚山义县翼龙的修订（英文）

热河生物群的翼龙都发现于义县组和九佛堂组。金刚山层位于义县组上部,已经报道的翼龙包括最早发现的两件翼龙胚胎,两件古翼手龙超科的标本,以及一件存疑的金刚山义县翼龙。对这一层位发现的一件前肢标本进行了描述,并确定其属于无齿翼龙超科。对现存于本溪地质博物馆的金刚山义县翼龙的正型标本进行了观察,并修订其鉴定特征。无齿翼龙超科成员具有独有的特征组合为:牙齿垂直于咬合面,呈三角形且唇舌向扁,前两对更长更细;第二翼指骨长度约为第一翼指骨的93%。在热河生物群中,古翼手龙超科的标本主要发现于义县组,而古神翼龙超科主要发现于九佛堂组。包括这件新标本和金刚山义县翼龙在内的无齿翼龙超科在九佛堂组发现的略多于义县组,这与之前认为的翼龙分布情况不同。     

翼手龙类起源研究取得新进展

<正>2017年2月16日,《科学报告》发表了中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所汪筱林研究团队蒋顺兴和程心等与临沂大学地质与古生物研究所王孝理和张军强等关于翼手龙亚目起源研究的最新成果。这一研究报道的翼龙化石属于侏罗纪燕辽生物群,标本产自辽宁建昌玲珑塔。这件标本的尾椎、翼掌骨和第五脚趾等形态特征都介于翼手龙类和非翼手龙类之间,依据这些特征将其命名为郑氏斗战翼龙(Douzhanopterus zhengi),这一标本的发现使     

江苏泗洪下草湾中中新世脊椎动物群——3.两种肉食类化石:Semigenetta和Pseudaelurus

本文记述了下草湾组两件保存较好、意义较大的肉食类下颌.一件定为 Semigenetta huaiheensis sp. n..另一件定为 Pseudaelurus (Schizailurus) cf. lorteti.这是这两个属在我国的首次发现;在亚洲这也是第一次可靠的记录. Semigenetta 过去仅发现于欧洲.泗洪的标本比欧洲最原始的种,S. elegans 稍进步.Pseudaelurus 在欧洲发现较多,过去在北美、非洲和南亚也有过报道.后者的真正属性还不很清楚.泗洪的标本,从可以观察到的特征看,归入本属是毫无疑问的,在大小和一些形态特点上和欧洲的 Pseudaelurus (Schizailurus) lorteti 最为接近.这两件标本所代表的时代很可能相当于欧洲的 MN4 或 MN5.     

云南广南发现老第三纪哺乳类化石

<正> 1975年夏,我们在广南盆地的莲峰十三队及小广南两个地点采集到一批哺乳类化石。初步观察,这批化石属于老第三纪的哺乳类。莲峰的标本产于一套红色地层的石膏夹层中,可能归于巨犀(Indricotherium cf.intermedium),时代为渐新世。小广南的标本亦是出自红色地层里的石膏层,化石种类有原蹄犀(Prohyracodon sp.),标本有带右上第二至第四前臼齿的颌骨和两件残颌骨;新脊犀(Caenolophus sp.),材料有带牙齿的下颌骨前部一段,时代为始新世。由此可见,广南盆地存在两个层位的化石层。广南化石点的发现,扩大了我们对于省区内     

发展中的中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所标本馆

中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所是中国唯一从事古脊椎动物研究的专门机构,是世界古人类学研究中心之一。中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所标本馆是该所重要的组成部分,也是该所赖以生存和发展的基础。它担负着该所研究、对比标本的收藏、保管和陈列的使命,同时担负着国外珍贵标本及馆内缺失门类标本的采集与交换工作,是进行古脊椎动物与古人类学宣传普及的阵地。标本馆收藏着本世纪20年代初至今中国古脊椎动物与古人类领域各种标本20余万件。其中化石正型标本1600余件,国外赠送的标本模型2000余件;同时,还收藏着中国唯一一套最为齐全的现代脊椎动物剥制骨骼2000多件。馆内收藏标本的数量居亚洲之首。它们来自全国各地,种类十分丰富。如:生活在距今4亿多年前的早期鱼形动物——盾皮鱼类;脊椎动物由水向陆过渡的疑源类;古海洋水生爬行动物幻龙类;陆地上     

江苏铜山县第四纪哺乳动物化石新地点

<正> 今年6月徐州市博物馆寄往我所36件化石标本要求鉴定,据博物馆介绍,这些标本是在铜山县大黑山石灰岩裂隙含淋滤型磷块岩的红色亚粘土中发现的。经鉴定,这批化石分属于哺乳动物的4目11属12种,其中食肉目化石比较丰富,保存良好。其     

临安旧石器调查简报

本文记述了2004年采集自临安市5个地点的旧石器时代的石制品22件,其中1件出自下蜀土层中,其余均为脱层标本。石器中以厚石片为毛坯加工成器的比例明显高于西苕溪流域,应引起关注。出自下蜀土层的标本属于晚更新世晚期,有网纹印痕的标本可能归旧石器时代早期至中期,而没有网纹印痕的脱层标本的年代应不早于网纹红土的年代。     

记新疆泥龟类化石一新种

在中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所1966年新疆野外队的采集品中,有4件龟鳖类化石标本,其中两件因过于破碎,不能详为鉴定。这两件标本一件产自鄯善县连木沁沟,是一种个体较小的硬壳龟类,背、腹甲所有构造破坏殆尽,已无法记述;另一件产自吐鲁番十三间房,仅一块鳖片为代表。其余两件标本保存较好,可以鉴定,今简单记述如下。     

Morphology of Females and Cysts of Globodera tabacum tabacum,G. t. virginiae,and G. t. solanacearum (Nemata: Heteroderinae)

Detailed morphological comparisons with light and scanning electron microscopy were made of white females and cysts of several isolates of Globodera tabacum sspp. tabacum (GTT), virginiae (GTV), and solanacearum (GTS). Observations focused on body shape, anterior region including head shape, lip pattern, stylet morphology, and the terminal area in females; and body shape and terminal area of cysts. The most useful characters to separate the three subspecies were forms of the female body, cyst, stylet knobs, tail region, perineal tubercles, anal-fenestral ridge patterns, and the distinctiveness of the anus. GTT is characterized by having round females and cysts, sharply back sloped stylet knobs, clumped perineal tubercles in the vulval region, tight parallel ridges in the cyst anal-fenestral region, and a uniformly conoid tail region. GTV is characterized by its ovoid to ellipsoid female and cyst shape, the "Dutch shoe" shape of the dorsal stylet knob, the more dispersed perineal tubercles, a maze-like pattern of ridges in the anal-fenestral region, and an indistinct anus. GTS is characterized by its ovoid to ellipsoid female and cyst shape, moderately backward sloped stylet knobs, more widely separated ridges, a distinct anus, and a usually crescent shaped tail region. Much variability in shape and patterns is visible among all the isolates of the different subspecies. Tubercles in the neck, as well as bullae, are reported, and their taxonomic value is discussed.     

Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones,and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Sculpture of dermal bones and their vascularization in basal tetrapods are closely connected. Ontogenetic data suggest that the large vessels that coursed to the superficial bone surface induced the formation of sculptural ridges and tubercles around their openings. Imprints show that the vessels continued on the bone surface and coursed within furrows or pits, where they were protected by the sculpture from mechanical damage. Dermal bone histology indicates a consolidation of the integument in basal tetrapods by strong, mineralized Sharpey's fibres in the sculptural ridges and tubercles, and by the presence of metaplastic tissue in several taxa. Because of the tight integration of bone and dermis, the large vessels were not able to spread over the sculptural elements, but instead had to pass interosseously. The diverse sculptural morphologies depend on the variation in height and width of the ‘nodal points’ and their connecting ridges, and in the size and shape of the enclosed cells and furrows. A principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) of 47 basal tetrapod taxa with 12 discrete characters shows that dermal sculpture is suited for distinguishing some main basal tetrapod lineages. Taxa that are interpreted as being largely aquatic have generally a more regular sculpture than presumably terrestrial ones. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 160 , 302–340.     

Structural peculiarities of the tubercles in the skin of the turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L., 1758) (Osteichthyes,Pleuronectiformes, Scophthalmidae)

The structure of the bony tubercles of the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L., 1758), was examined using ground sections, microradiography, SEM, and TEM. The tubercles are small, isolated, mineralized conical plates randomly distributed in the eyed side of the body. They are composed of three layers: the outer limiting layer, the external layer, and the basal plate, which make up the thin and flat elasmoid scales of Teleostei. The main difference between regular elasmoid scales and bony tubercles lies in the organization and the growth of the basal plate. Indeed, the conical shape of the tubercle is the result of a prominent thickening of the central part of the basal plate where the collagen matrix is organized in a complicated three-dimensional network. Densely packed thick collagen fibrils form superimposed plies organized in a plywood-like structure that resembles that of the elasmoid scales but it is criss-crossed by numerous vertical sheets of thin collagen fibrils. The tubercles originate from thin and flat plates located in the skin of larvae and juveniles, whose structure is that of regular-developing elasmoid scales. Thus, the tubercles of Scophthalmus maximus could be considered as modified elasmoid scales rather than bony structures. They might be the result of specific arrangements related to the general trend of reduction of the dermal skeleton in the teleostean lineage.     

Ontogenic development of surface ornamentation in the scales o fHemichromis bimaculatus (Cichlidae)

The scale surface of laboratory-raised Hemichromis bimaculatus selected from five age classes contains two regions, each characterized by a distinct ornamentation. The boundary between them corresponds to the anterior limit of the epidermis that covers the free region of the scale. In the overlapped region, the circuit and denticles are oriented toward the focus of the scale and form a classical pattern of ornamentation. During growth, the size of circuli and denticles does not change after they are formed. They appear stable at the species level and could thus be used in systematics. The ornamentation of the free region of the scale is composed of rounded tubercles, elongated ridges and sometimes ctenii. These structures appear long after the scales have been formed and thereafter grow and thicken throughout the life of the fish. The ontogenetic changes suggest that these characters should be used cautiously for taxonomic studies. The ridges of the scales of wild specimens are distinctly organized in a pattern that is lacking in laboratory specimens. Mechanical and hydrodynamical implications of the ornamentation are discussed.     

Comparative study of the morphology of stridulatory organs of the Iberian lycaenid butterfly pupae (Lepidoptera)

We compared the pupal stridulatory organs of 35 species and one subspecies of Iberian Lycaenidae using scanning electron microscopy. The studied species belong to the tribes Theclini, Eumaeini, Lycaenini, and Polyommatini. Nine species do not show stridulatory organs on the pupae but all other species possess them. Stridulatory organs are formed by a stridulatory plate (pars stridens) placed on the fifth abdominal segment and a file (plectron) in the sixth abdominal segment. The plate has tubercles in the Theclini and Lycaenini, tubercles, ridges, or undulations in the Eumaenini, and tubercles, teeth, or unspecialized structures in the Polyommatini. Morphological differences can be found in the files of the different tribes, regarding the number of teeth, their form and size. Cuticular formations of the organs were studied on a surface of 2,500 µm² and the average of ridges, tubercles, and teeth was measured searching for relevant taxonomic information. Stridulatory organs were thought to be an adaptation to myrmecophily but we show that they are present both in myrmecophilous and nonmyrmecophilous species; therefore, we suggest that this trait probably did not evolve in relation with myrmecophily, but may be used to enhance relationships with ants. J. Morphol. 275:414–430, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

云南武定节甲类的新材料

文中描述了采自云南武定中泥盆统一新的属种Yinostius maior gen.et sp.nov.属于短胸节甲类Heterosteidae科,这类化石在我国系初次发现。     

COSMINE AND COSMINE GROWTH

From the point of view of phylogeny, the development of cosmine superficially on the dermal elements of certain early lower vertebrates is considered to be a specialized rather than a primitive condition. An analysis of cosmine formation in the squamation of Devonian dipnoans, based on material from the Plattenkalk of Bergisch Gladbach in the Rhineland, shows that (a) separate cosmine sheets on the individual scales, bounded-off from each other by Westoll lines, conform to the pattern of areal growth as displayed in odontode distribution on the dermal elements of various other lower vertebrates, and (b) each consecutive period of cosmine formation began in certain specific scale-areas and subsequently spread to the remainder of the squamation.     

浙江长兴组的空棘鱼化石

本文记述了浙江长兴县长兴组煤山段[上二迭统上部]的总鳍鱼亚纲、空棘鱼目的两个新属种,新槐杨公鱼(Youngichthys xinhuainsis gen.et sp.nov.)和粗纹长兴鱼(Changxingiaaspratilis gen.et sp.nov.)。长兴的标本使我们得知二迭纪空棘鱼的分布范围扩展到亚洲,生活环境由陆地扩展到海洋。到目前为止,煤山段的鱼化石被认为是二迭纪最高层位的鱼群。     

中国四种卷柏科植物孢子的形态观察

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对睫毛卷柏（Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring）、甘肃卷柏（S.kansuensis Ching）、墨脱卷柏（S.mutensis Ching）、毛枝卷柏（S.trichoclada Alston）等4种中国产卷柏科（Selaginellaceae）植物的大、小孢子进行了详细的观察。结果表明,4种卷柏的大、小孢子在表面纹饰方面存在明显的差异,而在每一种内,孢子形态是基本稳定的。因此,孢子形态特征可以作为区分种的重要依据。4种卷柏的大、小孢子的孢壁多为混合纹饰类型,且近极面纹饰比远极面的细密。     

The surface microstructure of marine and terrestrial isopoda (Crustacea,Peracarida)

Summary The microstructure of the surface of thirteen marine littoral and two terrestrial isopods was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. A great diversity of surface ornamentation is present, including non-sensory microscales, pits, tubercles, and ridges, and sensory tricorns, pit organs, pores, papillae and setae. Microscales are common features of the integument surface; their shape and size are highly variable. Tricorns were not observed on the marine littoral isopods. Several hitherto undescribed structures were observed including spade-like projections from the tergite surface of Oniscus asellus, hair-like filaments associated with the microscales of Jaera and ridged conical protuberances on Edotea triloba and E. montosa. The possible function of certain surface microstructures is discussed.