裸子植物中光敏色素PHY-PAS1结构域的适应性进化

光敏色素是一类红光／远红光受体,在植物种子萌发到成熟的整个生长发育过程中均起重要的调节作用。光敏色素PHY-PAS1结构域存在于光敏色素基因家族的所有成员中,对调节发色团的光谱特性和光信号转导非常关键。光敏色素基因家族通过基因重复产生,而基因重复可能与物种形成有关。PHYP基因是裸子植物光敏色素基因家族发生第1次重复后产生的,并且以单拷贝形式存在。为了研究不同裸子植物PHYP基因编码蛋白的PHY-PAS1结构域在进化过程中是否受到相同的选择压力以及是否发生了适应性进化,该研究利用分支模型、位点模型以及分支．位点模型对裸子植物31条PHYP基因序列编码蛋白的PHY-PAS1结构域所受到的选择压力进行了分析。结果表明,在由PHY-PAS1结构域序列构建的系统树中,多数分支处于强烈的负选择压力下（ω〈1）：有14个分支处于正选择压力下（ω〉1）,其中13个分支发生在属内种间;与之相比,在较为古老的谱系中相对缺少这种正选择压力。     

弯枝藻属rbcL基因的适应性进化分析

为探讨淡水红藻的叶绿体基因及其适应性进化特征,选取弯枝藻属(Compsopogon)及相近外类群的rbc L基因共17条,利用PAML 4.9软件,对弯枝藻属rbc L基因编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析,并分别采用分支模型、位点模型以及分支-位点模型对基因的选择位点进行检测。结果表明,弯枝藻属rbc L基因编码蛋白的二级结构主要由α螺旋和β折叠构成,结构稳定。采用最大似然法构建的系统发育树表明,内类群为单一物种,分为3个小分支,具有一定地理分布规律。在3种进化模型中均未检测到统计上显著的正选择位点,表明绝大多数位点处于负选择压力下。因此,弯枝藻属rbc L基因未发生适应性进化。     

蕨类植物rbcL基因正选择和负选择位点的鉴定

基于分支模型、位点模型及分支-位点模型对蕨类的rbcL基因所受到的选择压力进行了分析.结果显示:分支模型下检测到大部分分支处于负选择,仅4个分支处于正选择压力下,并且仅2分支具有统计上的显著性;在位点模型下,通过比较模型M1a/M2a和M7/M8,在氨基酸水平上模型M2a和模型M8均鉴定出98L位点被正选择;在模型M8下,鉴定负向选择位点共228个,占总序列的83.82%,从而揭示出负选择对rbcL基因的进化起着非常重要的作用;在分支位点-模型c下鉴定出262A被正选择.98L、262A位点分别位于rbcL羧基末端α/β桶结构域的第3和第8个α螺旋上.蕨类通过该结构域的适应性进化,适应白垩纪被子植物兴起而引发的陆地生态系统改变,研究结果为以后实验分析提供了首选位点.     

念珠藻属植物hetR基因的适应性进化分析

以念珠藻属(Nostoc)及其近缘类群hetR基因的51条序列为研究对象,对hetR基因的编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析和系统发育分析,并使用分支模型、位点模型和分支-位点模型进行该基因位点的适应性进化研究。系统发育分析结果显示,51条hetR基因蛋白序列可分为4个大分支。适应性进化分析结果表明,在3种进化模型中,大多数分支及藻株都没有检测到统计学上具有显著性的正选择位点,说明检测的位点大多处于负选择压力下。但在普通念珠藻(Nostoc commune,CHAB2802)中检测到正选择位点(126T),提示念珠藻属植物hetR基因发生了适应性改变。     

蕨类植物叶绿体rps4基因的适应性进化分析

在原核生物和植物叶绿体中,RPS4(ribosomal protein small subunit4)在核糖体30S小亚基形成起始过程中发挥重要作用;该蛋白在植物中由叶绿体rps4基因编码。为验证蕨类植物在白垩纪适应被子植物兴起而发生分化的观点,本文以23种蕨类植物为研究对象,利用分支模型、位点模型和分支位点模型对其叶绿体rps4基因进化适应性进行分析。分支模型检测到4个可能存在正选择的分支;位点模型和分支位点模型虽然没有检测出正选择位点,但是位点模型检测出了85个负选择位点。通过研究我们仅仅得出a、b两个代表水龙骨类的分支处于正选择压力下,这与水龙骨类在白垩纪发生辐射式演化的理论相一致。同时rps4基因处于强烈的负选择压力这一事实表明该基因的功能与结构已经趋于稳定。     

高等植物光敏色素的分子结构、生理功能和进化特征

光敏色素是植物感受外界环境变化的最重要光受体之一,对红光和远红外光非常敏感。本文综述了光敏色素的分子结构、它所包含的结构域和相应功能以及植物各主要类群中光敏色素基因家族的成员组成与进化关系;重点在分子水平上介绍了光敏色素的生理功能与作用机制。最后,基于最新的研究进展提出了将来的研究方向。     

高等植物光敏色素的分子结构、生理功能和进化特征

光敏色素是植物感受外界环境变化的最重要光受体之一, 对红光和远红外光非常敏感。本文综述了光敏色素的分子结构、它所包含的结构域和相应功能以及植物各主要类群中光敏色素基因家族的成员组成与进化关系; 重点在分子水平上介绍了光敏色素的生理功能与作用机制。最后, 基于最新的研究进展提出了将来的研究方向。     

裸子植物psbA基因分子进化式样的研究

为阐明裸子植物对陆生生境生态响应的分子机制,以新近的裸子植物分类系统为指导,基于psb A基因编码全序列对4亚纲53种代表植物进行分子进化分析。首先,依据"放松分子钟"模型重建裸子植物在时间尺度下系统发育关系;其次,采用6个模型(MEC/JTT、MEC/cp REV、M5、M7、M8、M8a)估测氨基酸位点ω值,并对各模型结果进行统计检测;随后,利用Bootstrap方法检PSBA蛋白内部氨基酸位点的共进化动态。结果表明,系统树提示的物种分化历程支持前期分类结果;光合系统反应中心核心PSBA蛋白有3个氨基酸位点(13、19和243)曾经受正选择压力;PSBA蛋白内部有多对氨基酸位点间构成了共进化网络。因此,psb A基因编码序列具有作为描绘裸子植物系统发育关系标记的潜力,PSBA蛋白部分位点经历了适应性进化,通过位点间共进化网络协同作用方式辅助裸子植物响应陆生生境。     

趋化因子及其受体家族分子适应性进化分析

Branch-Site模型是检测基因序列中单个密码子位点是否具有选择作用的统计学方法。该模型能有效地检测基因在进化历程中是否受到选择作用, 并预测出那些在进化过程中对功能分化有重要贡献的、受正选择作用的密码子位点。趋化因子是一类控制免疫细胞定向迁移的细胞因子, 其功能行使由趋化因子受体介导。该文用Branch-Site模型分析趋化因子及其受体基因家族的分子适应性, 发现只有少数种类基因受到正选择作用, 如RANTES、CCR5等。并预测出一些可能受到正选择作用的位点, 蛋白3D分析显示, 它们均位于趋化因子和相应受体相互作用的结构区域。     

Unc5基因家族多样性进化的研究

Uncoordinated-5(Unc5)基因家族属于经典的轴突导向基因家族。为了探讨Unc5的进化和分化规律,首先通过序列比对和蛋白质结构预测鉴定了Unc5基因家族成员的起源和分布,再利用PAML和DIVERGE软件分析了各基因亚型的进化选择压力和功能歧化。结果表明,Unc5基因家族在脊椎动物中受到了不同程度的选择压力,其中Unc5C基因型受到了纯化选择作用,而Unc5A、Unc5B和Unc5D基因型受到了正选择作用,并且在这3个基因型中分别检测到了8个、1个和6个正选择位点。此外,DIVERGE软件检测出38个I型功能歧化位点和97个Ⅱ型功能歧化位点。这些正选择位点和功能分歧位点为进一步研究Unc5蛋白的结构和功能提供了参考和依据。     

Adaptive Evolution in the GAF Domain of Phytochromes in Gymnosperms

The GAF domain of phytochrome is essential for photoconversion and signal transduction. In gymnosperms, it exists in all members of the phytochrome family that experience gene duplication. Maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution can provide a framework for constructing likelihood ratio tests of changes in selective pressure and make clear predictions about patterns of genetic change following gene duplication. In this study, 68 gymnosperm GAF sequences were analyzed to identify lineages and sites under positive selection. Our results indicate that (1) positive selection at a few sites (3.6%), rather than relaxation of selective constraints, has played a major role in the evolution of the gymnosperm GAF domain; (2) strong positive selective pressure tends to occur in the recent PHYP lineages of cogeneric species, but is absent in old lineages consisting of distantly related species; and (3) the selective pressure indicated by the ω ratio varies greatly among lineages and sites in the GAF domain.     

Codon-substitution models for detecting molecular adaptation at individual sites along specific lineages

The nonsynonymous (amino acid-altering) to synonymous (silent) substitution rate ratio (omega = d(N)/d(S)) provides a measure of natural selection at the protein level, with omega = 1, >1, and <1, indicating neutral evolution, purifying selection, and positive selection, respectively. Previous studies that used this measure to detect positive selection have often taken an approach of pairwise comparison, estimating substitution rates by averaging over all sites in the protein. As most amino acids in a functional protein are under structural and functional constraints and adaptive evolution probably affects only a few sites at a few time points, this approach of averaging rates over sites and over time has little power. Previously, we developed codon-based substitution models that allow the omega ratio to vary either among lineages or among sites. In this paper we extend previous models to allow the omega ratio to vary both among sites and among lineages and implement the new models in the likelihood framework. These models may be useful for identifying positive selection along prespecified lineages that affects only a few sites in the protein. We apply those branch-site models as well as previous branch- and site-specific models to three data sets: the lysozyme genes from primates, the tumor suppressor BRCA1 genes from primates, and the phytochrome (PHY) gene family in angiosperms. Positive selection is detected in the lysozyme and BRCA genes by both the new and the old models. However, only the new models detected positive selection acting on lineages after gene duplication in the PHY gene family. Additional tests on several data sets suggest that the new models may be useful in detecting positive selection after gene duplication in gene family evolution.     

A phylogenetic approach to test for evidence of parental conflict or gene duplications associated with protein-encoding imprinted orthologous genes in placental mammals

There are multiple theories on the evolution of genomic imprinting. We investigated whether the molecular evolution of true orthologs of known imprinted genes provides support for theories based on gene duplication or parental conflicts (where mediated by amino-acid changes). Our analysis of 34 orthologous genes demonstrates that the vast majority of mammalian imprinted genes have not undergone any subsequent significant gene duplication within placental species, suggesting that selection pressures against gene duplication events could be operating for imprinted loci. As antagonistic co-evolution between imprinted genes can regulate offspring growth, proteins mediating this interaction could be subject to rapid evolution via positive selection. Supporting this, we detect evidence of site specific positive selection for the imprinted genes OSBPL5 (and GNASXL), and detect lineage-specific positive selection for 14 imprinted genes where it is known that the gene is imprinted in a specific lineage, namely for: PLAGL1, IGF2, SLC22A18, OSBPL5, DCN, DLK1, RASGRF1, IGF2R, IMPACT, GRB10, NAPIL4, UBE3A, GATM and GABRG3. However, there is an overall lack of concordance between the known imprinting status of each gene (i.e. whether the gene is imprinted or biallelically expressed in a particular mammalian lineage) and positive selection. While only a small number of orthologs of imprinted loci display evidence of positive selection, we observe that the majority of orthologs of imprinted loci display high levels of micro-synteny conservation and have undergone very few cis- or trans-duplications in placental mammalian lineages.     

Physicochemical evolution and positive selection of the gymnosperm matK proteins

It is not clear whether matK evolves under Darwinian selection. In this study, the gymnosperm Taxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae and Pinaceae were used to illustrate the physicochemical evolution, molecular adaptation and evolutionary dynamics of gene divergence in matKs. matK sequences were amplified from 27 Taxaceae and 12 Cephalotaxaceae species. matK sequences of 19 Pinaceae species were retrieved from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was generated using conceptual-translated amino acid sequences. Selective influences were investigated using standard d _N/d _S ratio methods and more sensitive techniques investigating the amino acid property changes resulting from nonsynonymous replacements in a phylogenetic context. Analyses revealed the presence of positive selection in matKs (N-terminal region, RT domain and domain X) of Taxaceae and Pinaceae, and found positive destabilizing selection in N-terminal region and RT domain of Cephalotaxaceae matK. Moreover, various amino acid properties were found to be influenced by destabilizing positive selection. Amino acid sites relating to these properties and to different secondary structures were found and have the potential to affect group II intron maturase function. Despite the evolutionary constraint on the rapidly evolving matK, this protein evolves under positive selection in gymnosperm. Several regions of matK have experienced molecular adaptation which fine-tunes maturase performance.     

Positive selection during the diversification of class I vomeronasal receptor-like (V1RL) genes,putative pheromone receptor genes,in human and primate evolution

Vomeronasal receptors are the major receptors for pheromones in vertebrates, and five putative type 1 vomeronasal receptors (V1RL) have been identified in humans. The evolution of the V1RL1 gene in non-human primates, and patterns of selection on V1RL genes, were investigated. The presumed ortholog of V1RL1 was sequenced from 13 species of nonhuman primate, and in eight of these species V1RL1 was a pseudogene. Phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that V1RL1 pseudogene formation occurred independently in multiple primate lineages. Using maximum likelihood estimates of dN/dS ratios in PAML, we show that V1RL genes have evolved under neutral evolution in lineages in which they became a pseudogene. In contrast, among lineages in which V1RL genes contain an open reading frame, the majority of sites are under purifying selection and a minority are under significant positive selection. These results provide an interesting case where all three categories of selection can be teased apart in the same data set using maximum likelihood methods. The finding of positive selection on V1RL genes during primate evolution provides indirect support for the hypothesis that V1RL genes have a function in species-specific pheromone detection in primates.     

Duplication and diversification of trehalase confers evolutionary advantages on lepidopteran insects

Gene duplication provides a major source of new genes for evolutionary novelty and ecological adaptation. However, the maintenance of duplicated genes and their relevance to adaptive evolution has long been debated. Insect trehalase (Treh) plays key roles in energy metabolism, growth, and stress recovery. Here, we show that the duplication of Treh in Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is linked with their adaptation to various environmental stresses. Generally, two Treh genes are present in insects: Treh1 and Treh2. We report three distinct forms of Treh in lepidopteran insects, where Treh1 was duplicated into two gene clusters (Treh1a and Treh1b). These gene clusters differ in gene expression patterns, enzymatic properties, and subcellular localizations, suggesting that the enzymes probably underwent sub‐ and/or neofunctionalization in the lepidopteran insects. Interestingly, selective pressure analysis provided significant evidence of positive selection on duplicate Treh1b gene in lepidopteran insect lineages. Most positively selected sites were located in the alpha‐helical region, and several sites were close to the trehalose binding and catalytic sites. Subcellular adaptation of duplicate Treh1b driven by positive selection appears to have occurred as a result of selected changes in specific sequences, allowing for rapid reprogramming of duplicated Treh during evolution. Our results suggest that gene duplication of Treh and subsequent functional diversification could increase the survival rate of lepidopteran insects through various regulations of intracellular trehalose levels, facilitating their adaptation to diverse habitats. This study provides evidence regarding the mechanism by which gene family expansion can contribute to species adaptation through gene duplication and subsequent functional diversification.     

Evolution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cd59</Emphasis> gene in mammals

The CD59-coding sequences were obtained from 5 mammals by PCR and BLAST, and combined with the available sequences in GenBank, the nucleotide substitution rates of mammalian cd59 were calculated. Results of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates revealed that cd59 experienced negative selection in mammals overall. Four sites experiencing positive selection were found by using “site-specific” model in PAML software. These sites were distributed on the molecular surface, of which 2 sites located in the key functional domain. Furthermore, “branch-site-specific” model detected 1 positive site in cd59a and cd59b lineages which underwent accelerated evolution caused by positive selection after gene duplication in mouse.     

Evolution of cd59 gene in mammals

The CD59-coding sequences were obtained from 5 mammals by PCR and BLAST, and combined with the available sequences in GenBank, the nucleotide substitution rates of mammalian cd59 were calcu- lated. Results of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates revealed that cd59 experienced negative selection in mammals overall. Four sites experiencing positive selection were found by using "site-specific" model in PAML software. These sites were distributed on the molecular surface, of which 2 sites located in the key functional domain. Furthermore, "branch-site-specific" model detected 1 positive site in cd59a and cd59b lineages which underwent accelerated evolution caused by positive selection after gene duplication in mouse.     

Gene duplication and adaptive evolution of the CHS-like genes within the genus Rheum (Polygonaceae)

It is suggested that gene duplication plays an important role in adaptation and evolution of plants. In this study, we examined whether the genus Rheum, with extensive diversification in the Qinghai-Tibeten Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions, possessed the duplication of the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes and whether it underwent positive evolution. Here we cloned CHS-like genes from 16 Rheum species. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that CHS-like genes from Rheum comprised two monophyletic lineages (subfamilies), both of which were sisters to another related genus. The results showed that a genus-specific duplication occurred after this genus originated. The comparison of non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratios between the two lineages in Rheum further indicated that a few sites along the duplicate branch underwent positive selection. The findings indicate that the duplication of Rheum species could contribute to their adaptive ability to rapidly changing environments which was resulted from the large-scale uplifts stages of QTP.