C6／36细胞上登革2型病毒受体的免疫共沉淀

本文利用差速离心方法提纯的登革2型病毒、抗登革病毒单抗、病毒受体、耦合有G蛋白的琼脂糖珠之间特异性结合的作用,利用免疫共沉淀方法从C6／36细胞中分离鉴定出分子量约为35kDa受体蛋白;并用糖蛋白染色方法否定了此蛋白的糖基化特征。     

登革2型型内嵌合病毒全长cDNA克隆的构建

运用OL－PCR（Overlap PCR)方法,扩增出D2－04和D2－MON501结构蛋白区、5′非编码区等域的嵌合片段,以此片段替换pDVWS501质粒中的相应部分后,转化DH5α菌。测序结果表明,已成功构建含有D2－04株完整的PrM和E基因、一部分C基因,及D2－MON501株非编码区、非结构蛋白区和大部分C基因的嵌合病毒全长cDNA（QH－04／MON501）克隆。为进一步研究登革2型病毒结构蛋白区对毒力的影响打下基础。     

登革2型病毒结合血管内皮细胞分子机制的初步研究

以ECV304细胞为对象分析登革病毒感染血管内皮细胞的机制。2型登革病毒(DEN2)吸附后微量蚀斑法测定ECV304细胞上清释放的病毒滴度,证实该细胞对DEN2感染有一定的敏感性。机械刮取或胰蛋白酶消化法收集ECV304细胞分离膜蛋白,SDS—PAGE见胰酶处理样品缺失一43 kDa的膜蛋白。将ECV304细胞膜蛋白与^35S—Met标记的DEN2进行病毒重叠蛋白结合试验(VOPBA),有29、34和43kDa的3种膜蛋白可与DV结合,其中29 kDa的蛋白对胰酶耐受。培养的ECV304细胞中加入重组E蛋白(rEgp)对DEN2吸附进行阻断试验,微量蚀斑法与间接免疫荧光表明rEgp抑制DEN2感染该细胞。VOPBA中rEgp可阻断病毒与细胞膜蛋白的结合。结果表明ECV304细胞表面可能存在29、34、43 kDa的3种与DEN2结合的相关蛋白,DEN2E蛋白可直接介导DV感染血管内皮细胞。     

乙脑/登革2型嵌合病毒的构建

在乙脑病毒SA14-14-2株复制子载体pPartial△prM/E中克隆入DV2(Dengue virus serotype 2)的prM/E基因,构建乙脑/登革2型嵌合体克隆。将嵌合体克隆线性化后体外转录,获得的RNA转染BHK-21细胞,5～7d可观察到CPE。收获病毒上清液分别感染BHK-21细胞及C6/36细胞。接种于C6/36细胞中的嵌合病毒可使细胞出现CPE,RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光和Western blot检测显示:获得的嵌合病毒具有预期嵌合性核酸并能表达DV2的包膜蛋白,但不能在BHK-21细胞中传代培养。成功构建的乙脑/登革2型感染性克隆为进一步研究登革病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

用标记分析法对我国海南地区登革2型病毒株的抗原表位分析

用标记分析(signature analvsis)法了解我国海南地区3年(1985—1987)来流行的登革2型(DEN-2)病毒株的抗原性变化。用3种单克隆抗体(McAb),包括黄病毒属特异、亚属特异和登革2型型特异,分析了8个DEN-2病毒流行株,并与标准株新几内亚B林进行比较．通过统计分析和微机处理,发现8株中有5株与株准株类似,有3株显示出明显差异。株记分析法为病毒抗原性分析提供了一个高度敏感的方法,并可用于监测一个地区病毒株群的变化及新株的引人。     

登革Ⅱ型病毒在白纹伊蚊体内分布的研究

利用蚊虫连续石蜡切片免疫组织化学技术,对登革Ⅱ型病毒(DEN-2)感染白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus后的散播时间、程度及组织器官的感染顺序进行监测,以了解DEN-2在媒介白纹伊蚊体内的分布规律。结果表明：大剂量感染登革Ⅱ型病毒后,在蚊虫消化道的主要部位以及大多数组织器官包括神经及内分泌系统在内,如涎腺、脑、神经节等亦检测到病毒抗原。登革Ⅱ型病毒一旦感染并逸出中肠会迅速侵染其它组织。从各组织感染率的高低推断,病毒逸出中肠后通过血淋巴传播到其它组织的顺序通常为：前肠、涎腺、咽部神经节、脑及食管下神经节、后肠及复眼的小眼等。     

乙脑/登革4型嵌合病毒的构建及其小鼠神经毒力测定

目的构建以乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)疫苗株SA14-14-2为基因骨架的乙脑/登革4型嵌合病毒,并分析该嵌合病毒对小鼠的神经毒力。方法通过重叠PCR方法扩增含有登革病毒4型(DENV-4)H241株pr ME基因序列和乙型脑炎病毒疫苗株SA14-14-2的NS1蛋白前177个核苷酸的融合片段,用Nar I和Bgl II双酶切后替换乙型脑炎病毒疫苗株SA14-14-2全长克隆中的相应区域,构建成乙脑/登革4型嵌合全长克隆,通过体外转录和转染BHK21细胞获得嵌合病毒(JEV/DENV-4 chimeric virus,JD4)。通过测定嵌合病毒JD4和2个母本株JEV SA14-14-2株及DENV-4 H241株蚀斑大小、小鼠脑内神经毒力和皮下感染入脑能力、乳鼠脑内神经毒力,比较JD4和母本株之间的差异。通过将JD4在原代地鼠肾(primary hamster kidney,PHK)细胞传代30次,分析传代后嵌合病毒的神经毒力是否减弱及减弱的程度。结果测序结果表明,构建的嵌合病毒JD4基因组序列和预期一致,没有产生新的位点突变。JD4蚀斑较SA14-14-2明显偏小,但和DENV-4 H241株没有明显区别。JD4对3周龄小鼠具有较强的脑内神经毒力,和母本株DENV-4 H241没有差异,对小鼠没有神经侵袭力。乳鼠实验结果表明,嵌合病毒JD4脑内神经毒力虽然略低于母本株DENV-4 H241,但两者之间没有明显差异,都明显强于乙脑疫苗株SA14-14-2。在PHK细胞传代30次后,小鼠神经毒力虽然有所减低,但并不明显。结论成功构建了嵌合病毒JD4,通过测定并比较JD4与母本株的蚀斑特征、小鼠及乳鼠神经毒力等试验,为分析登革疫苗候选株安全性研究奠定了基础。     

登革2型病毒E蛋白在酶母菌中的分泌表达

以pPICZαB为载体,应用RT-PCR从感染D2V的C6/36病变细胞中克隆全长E基因,电转化法将重组质粒整合入巴斯德毕赤氏酵母菌,经抗生素筛选、表型鉴定和PCR分析得到Mut^ 型的多拷贝整合菌,经甲醇诱导培养可产生69KD的融合蛋白,与含组氨酸尾的D2V包膜糖蛋白分子量理论值相符;免疫印迹证实该表达产物可与D2V E特异性单抗和D2V多抗进行反应;表达产物经金属螯合亲和层析可获得纯化的含组氨酸尾的E融合蛋白并保留其免疫反应性。研究显示克隆的全长D2V E基因可在毕赤氏酵母菌中高效分泌表达,E融合蛋白最大表达量0.1g/L。     

登革2型病毒PrM基因的重组甲病毒RNA介导的抗病毒作用的研究

将扩增的登革 2型病毒株PrM基因导入pSFV载体的SP6启动子下游 ,筛选出含该基因正、反向插入的重组质粒DNA。用SpeI酶分别将重组的和辅助的质粒DNA线性化 ,并将其体外转录成 5′末端含帽子结构的RNA。再将这两种RNA共转染BHK细胞。然后将转染的宿主细胞用登革 2型病毒株攻击 ,并分别观察含正、反义PrM基因的重组甲病毒RNA介导的抗病毒效果。通过碱基序列测定 ,筛选出含PrM基因正、反向插入的pSFV PrM重组质粒。并获得了经重组RNA与辅助RNA共转染细胞而产生的重组病毒颗粒。含有反义PrM基因的重组病毒RNA ,在宿主细胞中具有抗登革 2型病毒复制的作用 ,而且强于含正义PrM基因的重组病毒RNA。     

Involvement of Tetraspanin C189 in Cell-to-Cell Spreading of the Dengue Virus in C6/36 Cells

Dengue virus (DENV) is naturally transmitted by mosquitoes to humans, infecting cells of both hosts. Unlike in mammalian cells, DENV usually does not cause extremely deleterious effects on cells of mosquitoes. Despite this, clustered progeny virions were found to form infection foci in a high density cell culture. It is thus interesting to know how the virus spreads among cells in tissues such as the midgut within live mosquitoes. This report demonstrates that cell-to-cell spread is one way for DENV to infect neighboring cells without depending on the “release and entry” mode. In the meantime, a membrane-bound vacuole incorporating tetraspanin C189 was formed in response to DENV infection in the C6/36 cell and was subsequently transported along with the contained virus from one cell to another. Knockdown of C189 in DENV-infected C6/36 cells is shown herein to reduce cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, which may be recovered by co-transfection with a C189-expressing vector in DENV-infected C6/36 cells. Moreover, cell-to-cell transmission usually occurred at the site where the donor cell directly contacts the recipient cell. It suggested that C189 is crucially involved in the intercellular spread of progeny viral particles between mosquito cells. This novel finding presumably accounts for the rapid and efficient infection of DENV after its initial replication within tissues of the mosquito.     

Amino Acid Requirements for the Growth of Aedes albopictus Clone C6/36 Cells and for the Production of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses in the Infected Cells

Amino acid requirements for the growth of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, cells and for the production of dengue (DEN) and Chikungunya (CHIK) viruses were examined by growing the cells or the viruses in media which were deprived of one of the 20 amino acids. Cell growth was markedly inhibited when cystine was omitted from the medium, and to a lesser extent by arginine deprivation. On the other hand, omission of alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid at the same time did not affect cell growth. Marked accumulation of alanine was observed in the medium when the cells were grown for 8 days in complete medium, with concomitant depletion of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The production of CHIK virus was inhibited markedly by omission of cystine from the medium after virus infection, while the production of DEN viruses was more affected by glycine deprivation, although cystine deprivation also inhibited virus production to a lesser extent. On the other hand, production of CHIK and DEN viruses was not affected when alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were omitted from the medium at the same time.     

Rift Valley Fever Virus Incorporates the 78 kDa Glycoprotein into Virions Matured in Mosquito C6/36 Cells

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus able to transition between distant host species, causing potentially severe disease in humans and ruminants. Viral proteins are encoded by three genomic segments, with the medium M segment coding for four proteins: nonstructural NSm protein, two glycoproteins Gn and Gc and large 78 kDa glycoprotein (LGp) of unknown function. Goat anti-RVFV polyclonal antibody and mouse monoclonal antibody, generated against a polypeptide unique to the LGp within the RVFV proteome, detected this protein in gradient purified RVFV ZH501 virions harvested from mosquito C6/36 cells but not in virions harvested from the mammalian Vero E6 cells. The incorporation of LGp into the mosquito cell line - matured virions was confirmed by immune-electron microscopy. The LGp was incorporated into the virions immediately during the first passage in C6/36 cells of Vero E6 derived virus. Our data indicate that LGp is a structural protein in C6/36 mosquito cell generated virions. The protein may aid the transmission from the mosquitoes to the ruminant host, with a possible role in replication of RVFV in the mosquito host. To our knowledge, this is a first report of different protein composition between virions formed in insect C6/36 versus mammalian Vero E6 cells.     

人类疱疹病毒6型感染细胞免疫学特性研究

采用间接免疫荧光法、ＡＰＡＡＰ法及ＭＴＴ法,研究了人类疱疹病毒６型（ＨＨＶ６）中国南京地方株ＣＮ５感染细胞病毒抗原表达的形态学和动力学特征、ＣＤ抗原表达阳性细胞百分率的变化及ＰＨＡ诱导的细胞增殖反应的改变。结果显示,ＣＮ５感染脐血单个核细胞（ＣＢＭＣｓ）后８～１２ｈ即可在细胞内检出病毒抗原,至接种后４８ｈ,病毒抗原阳性细胞可达３６％;ＣＮ５感染ＣＢＭＣｓ和成人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）后可引起两者ＣＤ３阳性细胞减少、ＣＤ４阳性细胞增多,而对ＣＤ２、ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４５ＲＡ阳性细胞百分率未见明显影响;ＣＮ５感染细胞裂解液对ＰＨＡ诱导的ＰＢＭＣｓ增殖反应具有抑制作用,这种抑制作用与该裂解液的蛋白浓度之间呈一剂量依赖关系,且可被ＨＨＶ６抗血清所逆转。     

The influence of higher temperature on dengue-2 virus infected C6/36 mosquito cell line

Dengue-2 virus infection of C6/36 cells was studied at 28 and 37 degrees C. In infected cells maintained at 28 degrees C, syncytial development was seen on day 4 postinfection, whereas at 37 degrees C, extensive syncytial development was seen by 32 h. Extracellular virus titre was found to correlate with the cytopathic changes. Nine Dengue-2 virus specified proteins were observed in polyacrylamide analyses of cytoplasmic extracts of C6/36 infected cells. All the proteins were observed, although in varied intensities by 32 h postinoculation at 37 degrees C and only on day 4 postinoculation at 28 degrees C. The GP60 glycoprotein appeared at 32 h postinfection when the cells were maintained at 37 degrees C and became prominent only on day 5 at 28 degrees C. The results revealed that a higher temperature accelerated the onset of cytopathic effects, hastened the development of virus specified proteins, and also enhanced the titre of extracellular infectious virus. The importance of the accumulation of the envelope protein GP60 for the development of CPE was indicated.     

胡椒碱对白纹伊蚊C6/36细胞株的毒性作用

采用MTT检测法、Annexin-V/PI双染流式细胞仪检测法及细胞形态学观察法,研究了植物型杀虫剂胡椒碱对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus C6/36细胞株的细胞毒性、诱导细胞凋亡与坏死的关系、Fas蛋白的表达、细胞生长状态改变及受损细胞的恢复。结果表明：胡椒碱浓度在0.035 mmol/L以上时可以诱发C6/36细胞形态学改变,在倒置显微镜下表现为细胞呈多形性,细胞胀大或皱缩,细胞间隙增宽,大片细胞聚集成团,脱落、崩解、死亡。用胡椒碱处理24 h后,对C6/36细胞的半数毒性浓度（IC₅₀）为 0.32 mmol/L,且毒性作用强度随着药物浓度增加而增强。Annexin-V/PI双染法检测结果显示药物浓度在0.28 mmol/L 以上诱导的细胞凋亡明显,药物浓度为0.56 mmol/L 时细胞凋亡率达19.4%,而药物引起的细胞总死亡率为72.7%;Fas蛋白表达在药物浓度0.28 mmol/L 以上时有所上调,但不明显。高浓度胡椒碱（0.56 mmol/L）分别作用于C6/36细胞24和48 h,在经历一段生长停滞后,24 h组受损细胞均可缓慢恢复,而48 h组细胞则出现不可逆性的损伤。由此认为：胡椒碱对C6/36细胞株有毒性作用,但药物诱导的细胞凋亡在细胞毒性作用机制中不占主导地位;胡椒碱对C6/36细胞的作用有时间依赖性,延长作用时间,药物对细胞的毒性作用增强。     

Copper induces apoptosis in Aedes C6/36 cells

The Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell clone is used as a model system to study the effects of heavy metals on insect cells. Here we report on the effects of Cu(2+) on these cells. Similar to Cd(2+) and Hg(2+), Cu(2+) induces hyperpolymerization of the microtubules; moreover, with Cu(2+) this is followed by cell aggregation and massive apoptosis. This process, which is cell density dependent, is maximal between 0.75 and 1 mM; this is just under the LC(50) as determined by a membrane integrity test. At higher Cu(2+) concentrations, cell death occurs by necrosis. Apoptosis was ascertained by fluorescence and electron microscopy and by agarose gel electrophoresis. At 0.75 mM, apoptosis started at 18-hr exposure time and the amount of apoptotic cells increased almost linearly until 42 hr; then a plateau was reached with 70-80% apoptotic cells. This is the first report on Cu(2+)-induced apoptosis in insect cells. Possible induction mechanisms are discussed in the light of existing literature on vertebrate cells.     

Proteomics Profiling of Chikungunya-Infected Aedes albopictus C6/36 Cells Reveal Important Mosquito Cell Factors in Virus Replication

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the only causative agent of CHIKV fever with persistent arthralgia, and in some cases may lead to neurological complications which can be highly fatal, therefore it poses severe health issues in many parts of the world. CHIKV transmission can be mediated via the Aedes albopictus mosquito; however, very little is currently known about the involvement of mosquito cellular factors during CHIKV-infection within the mosquito cells. Unravelling the neglected aspects of mosquito proteome changes in CHIKV-infected mosquito cells may increase our understanding on the differences in the host factors between arthropod and mammalian cells for successful replication of CHIKV. In this study, the CHIKV-infected C6/36 cells with differential cellular proteins expression were profiled using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) coupled with the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). 2DE analysis on CHIKV-infected C6/36 cells has shown 23 mosquito cellular proteins that are differentially regulated, and which are involved diverse biological pathways, such as protein folding and metabolic processes. Among those identified mosquito proteins, spermatogenesis-associated factor, enolase phosphatase e-1 and chaperonin-60kD have been found to regulate CHIKV infection. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown of these proteins has demonstrated the biological importance of these host proteins that mediate CHIKV infection. These findings have provided an insight to the importance of mosquito host factors in the replication of CHIKV, thus providing a potential channel for developing novel antiviral strategies against CHIKV transmission.     

BST2/Tetherin Inhibits Dengue Virus Release from Human Hepatoma Cells

Type I interferons (IFN) have been shown to play an important role for inhibiting Dengue virus (DENV) infection. Identifying IFN-induced cellular proteins are essential for understanding its mechanisms against DENV. Here we established stable Huh7-derived cell lines expressing the IFN-induced cell membrane protein BST2 (Huh7-BST2) or its variant bearing a V5 tag at the C-terminal (Huh7-BST5CV5). These cell lines were infected with DENV to determine proteins modulating their anti-DENV response. We found that expression of BST2 did not affect the efficiency of DENV infection and intracellular replication. Rather, it significantly reduced the virion yield of the infected cells, particularly at low MOI infection. In addition, BST2 also decreased the foci formation and the size of infectious foci in cultured Huh7 monolayers with media containing methocellulose. The addition of the V5 tag at C-terminal inhibited the GPI modification of BST2 and blocked its shift from endoplasm to cytoplastic membrane. BST2CV5 did not affect DENV infection and foci formation in Huh7 cells but reduced virion yield by 1 log at low MOI infection. Interestingly, intracellular BST2CV5 expression was reduced by high level of DENV production.

Conclusion

Our results imply that BST2 is a functional mediator of the IFN response against DENV infection. BST2 inhibits the release of DENV virions from Huh7 cells and limits viral cell-to-cell transmission. BST2CV5 variant is unable to inhibit DENV release but impairs viral infection in cells.