掌叶大黄胚胎学研究

掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)的花药4室,单或复孢原。药壁发育为单子叶型。腺质绒毡层发育后期出现双核。小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉为3细胞,表面具3条沟。子房1室,单胚珠,直生,两层珠被,由内珠被形成珠孔,厚珠心。单孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形或T形大孢子四分体。合点端的大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊。2个极核在受精前合并为次生核。3个反足细胞宿存。胚乳发育为核型,在球形胚末期开始形成细胞。合点端的胚乳核一直不形成细胞,而为游离核的胚乳吸器。在胚乳吸器和其它部位都发现胚乳核融合现象。胚的发育属于紫菀型。胚具小胚柄。成熟胚囊时期出现承珠盘,且存留时间很长,成熟胚期尚存痕迹。     

秦艽的胚胎学研究

秦艽具５个雄蕊,花药壁的发育属于双子叶型,为变形绒毡尾,花粉母细胞减粉分裂时的胞质分裂为同时型,四分孢子主要呈四面体型,成熟花粉粒球形,具３－孔沟,多为２细胞。子房一定,中轴胎座,其上着生众多具单珠被,薄珠心的倒生胚珠,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线型四分体。合点端大孢子继续发育,少数为合点端第二个大孢子形成功能大孢子,胚囊发育属蓼型,受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型,胚按茄型发育,胚乳核型,胚乳早     

延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的胚胎学研究初报Ⅰ.——大孢子的发生及雌配子体的形成

本文描述延龄草(Trillium tschonoskii Maxim.)的大孢子发生,雌配子体的形成和雄配子体的形态。胚珠为倒生型,双珠被,厚珠心型。胎座为侧膜胎座向中轴胎座的过渡类型,胶囊发育为葱型的变异型。孢原细胞直接发生于幼胚珠的珠心表皮细胞之下,孢原细胞平周分裂,形成初生周缘细胞及初生造孢细胞。初生周缘细胞分裂先于初生造孢细胞,分裂结果与珠心表皮细胞共同形成了珠心组织。初生造孢细胞进一步发育,形成大孢子母细胞。大孢子母细胞经减数第一次分裂后,即出现壁,形成二分体。一般是珠孔端二分体细胞小于合点端二分体细胞,但偶尔也见到前者大于后者的情况。在二分体形成后珠孔端二分体细胞立即退化、或经减数第二次分裂后再退化(该次分裂多为斜向的)。合点端二分体细胞发育,经二核胚囊,四核胚囊,六核胚囊阶段至成熟胚囊。一般在珠孔端的周围淀粉粒丰富,并先于合点端的核进行分裂。珠孔端由二个助细胞,一个卵细胞构成卵器,助细胞具钩突,并具丝状器,两个极核。合点端常见多核仁的大核,成熟胚囊未见八核。成熟花粉粒为二细胞的,花药壁具变形绒毡层,花粉中充满淀粉粒。沼生目型胚乳。     

高山红景天胚胎学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)具8个雄蕊,每个雄蕊有4个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型。形成的四分体为四面体形。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、二层中层和绒毡层五层细胞组成,其发育方式为基本型。腺质型绒毡层,有些绒毡层细胞分裂形成不规则双层,少数细胞双核。二细胞型花粉。雌蕊由4心皮组成。边缘胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,胚珠发育中形成珠心喙。大孢子四分体线形或T -形,合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,卵细胞核、助细胞核均位于细胞的合点端,珠孔端具液泡;极核融合为次生核,并位于卵细胞合点端附近; 3个反足细胞退化。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为石竹型;基细胞侵入珠孔端,形成囊状吸器。细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核分裂形成两个细胞,其珠孔端的细胞发育成胚乳本体,合点端的细胞直接发育成具一单核的合点吸器。     

八角枫大孢子发生和雌配子体发育

八角枫为顶生胎座、倒生胚珠、单珠被。孢原细胞处于珠心表皮之下,直接起大孢子母细胞的功能。珠心表皮细胞平周分裂产生多层珠心周缘细胞,为厚珠心。四分体线行排列,合点端的大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊。开花前,两极核事例成次生核,或不融合仍保留极核状态。反足细胞退化较晚,胚囊合点端具承珠盘。     

青阳参的大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

利用常规石蜡制片技术、荧光显微技术、光镜细胞化学技术、电子显微镜技术对青阳参大孢子发生、雌配子体形成过程进行了详细观察。结果显示,青阳参为边缘胎座,胚珠倒生、短珠柄,单珠被,薄珠心型,珠心细胞含有大量的淀粉粒、线粒体和内质网等;大孢子孢原细胞起源于下表皮并直接行使大孢子母细胞的功能;合点端的大孢子分裂形成8-核胚囊;蓼型胚囊;成熟胚囊中有大量淀粉粒;珠孔受精;胚乳在早期发育阶段以游离核形式存在,约在16~32核的阶段细胞壁形成,通常情况下胚乳核的分裂比合子的分裂早,成熟胚乳细胞单核、形状不规则,没有胚乳吸器;胚的发育经过原胚、球型胚和心型胚阶段,茄型;成熟的种子具有种毛,位于珠孔端的珠被表皮细胞是种毛长出的区域,种子中含有大量的脂肪。     

北柴胡大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

用石蜡切片法对北柴胡的大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程进行观察研究.结果显示,北柴胡的胚珠为倒生型,单珠被,薄珠心.孢原细胞不经分裂直接发育成大孢子母细胞;四分体线性,多数情况下合点端的大孢子为功能大孢子,少数情况下亚合点端的大孢子也可发育为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊;八核胚囊时期,珠心基部和两侧的一些珠心细胞保持自己的细胞质和形状,留存较久,成为珠心座细胞,珠被内表皮细胞发育为珠被绒毡层;花药壁发育类型为基本型,绒毡层为腺质绒毡层.小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体型四分体.成熟花粉为3细胞型.     

小蓬草的胚胎学研究

对小蓬草（Conyzacanadensis）大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了研究,主要结果如下：花药四室,药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成。表皮退化;药室内壁宿存,细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚;中层细胞退化较早,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始时仅存残迹;绒毡层于小孢子母细胞减数第一次分裂前期开始原位变形退化,属于腺质型绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列方式主要为四面体形和左右对称形;成熟花粉粒多为3-细胞花粉粒,偶见2-细胞花粉粒。子房下位,2心皮,1室,单胚珠,基生胎座;单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层。珠心表皮下分化出大孢子孢原细胞,孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子直线形排列,仅合点端的大孢子发育成功能大孢子母细胞,胚囊发育为蓼型。两个极核在受精前融合为次生核,珠孔受精。胚乳发育属于核型,胚胎发育为紫菀型;具胚乳吸器。     

濒危植物瑶山苣苔的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体发育及胚胎发育进行了细胞学观察,结果表明:瑶山苣苔胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的四分体呈直线排列,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子退化,胚囊为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊发育方式。花药为四囊形,花药壁由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层,小孢子形成时胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为四面体形,成熟花粉为2核细胞。胚乳发育为细胞型,在胚的发育过程中被吸收耗尽。瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育基本正常,不是导致其濒危的原因。但瑶山苣苔果实成熟时,胚仅发育至球形胚时期,需要经过一定时间休眠才能完成形态后熟,表明胚未发育完全可能是该物种天然更新困难的原因之一。     

一年蓬的胚胎学研究

对一年蓬大小孢子、雌雄配子体、受精、胚乳和胚的发育过程进行了观察研究。结果显示:花药4室;药壁发育属于双子叶型,由表皮、药室内壁、1层中层和1层绒毡层组成;花药成熟时表皮退化,药室内壁宿存,其细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚;中层形成不久随即退化;绒毡层于小孢子母细胞减数第一次分裂前期开始原位退化,小孢子时期完全退化,属腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体主要为四面体型,兼有十字型和左右对称型;成熟花粉粒为3-细胞粒。子房下位,两心皮一室,单胚珠,基生胎座,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层;珠心表皮下分化出大孢子孢原,孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞;直线形四分体,合点端为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型,存在二倍体孢子生殖的胚囊;两极核在受精前融合为次生核,珠孔受精;胚乳发育属核型,具胚乳吸器,胚胎发育为紫菀型。并对一年蓬胚胎发育中的无融合生殖现象进行了讨论。     

Studies on the Development of Gametophytes in Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae)

The floral bud of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. began to differentiate at the end of April. In the beginning of November, female and male gametophytes reached their maturation. The flowers fell off in the following March. The wall of the microsporangium comprised epidermis, endothecium, two or three middle layers and a single layer of amoeboid tapetum with two nuclei. The extra-tapetal membrane was formed during the later stage of the development of anther. Meiosis of microspore mother-cell was normal and cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The tetrad was tetrahedral in shape. The mature pollen grains were 2-celled and 3-colporate. The ovule was unitegminous and tenuinucellate. During the development of the ovule, some special structures were formed, e. g. hypostase and obturator which originated from the integument. A single archesporium differentiated immediately below the nucellar epidermis. It functioned directly as the megaspore mother-celL This cell under went meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore was functional. The development of the embryo sac was conformed as the polygonum type. Two polar nuclei fused into the secondary nucleus and 'three antipodal cells degenerated soon after the embryo sac reached its maturation, at that time the female gametophyte had become an embryo sac which consisted of only four cells each with a nucleus just before two months of blooming. The nuclei of some synergids located in the chalazal part of the cells. Contrarily, the micropylar past of the synergids were occupied by a large vacuole. The secondary nucleus was usually located in the chalazal part of the embryo sac.     

巨龙竹生殖器官形态结构及雌、雄配子体的发育

通过石蜡切片的方法对巨龙竹生殖器官结构、大小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察研究。 巨龙竹为一心皮组成的单室单子房,子房内具有一个胚珠,倒生、双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能。胚囊的发育为蓼型,具多个反足细胞。巨龙竹的花药壁由4层结构组成,包括表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层;花药壁发育为单子叶型,绒毡层为腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为四面体型;成熟花粉粒为2细胞型,具1个萌发孔。小穗发育雌雄异熟,雌蕊的发育早于雄蕊的发育。     

小蓬草的胚胎学研究

对小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了研究,主要结果如下:花药四室,药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成.表皮退化;药室内壁宿存,细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚;中层细胞退化较早,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始时仅存残迹;绒毡层于小孢子母细胞减数第一次分裂前期开始原位变形退化,属于腺质型绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列方式主要为四面体形和左右对称形;成熟花粉粒多为3细-胞花粉粒,偶见2细-胞花粉粒.子房下位,2心皮,1室,单胚珠,基生胎座;单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层.珠心表皮下分化出大孢子孢原细胞,孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子直线形排列,仅合点端的大孢子发育成功能大孢子母细胞,胚囊发育为蓼型.两个极核在受精前融合为次生核,珠孔受精.胚乳发育属于核型,胚胎发育为紫菀型;具胚乳吸器.     

柴胡大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育

以柴胡（Bupleurum chinense）为研究对象,运用石蜡切片技术对其大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明：柴胡花药具4个药室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞构成,花药壁发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体型小孢子。成熟花粉三细胞型。胚珠倒生型,单珠被,薄珠心。大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型或T型排列,多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子,由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。在胚囊发育过程中,珠被内表皮细胞特化成珠被绒毡层。同一朵花中,雄蕊先熟,记录了花蕾大小及雌、雄配子体发育的对应关系。     

星星草大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的观察

利用常规石蜡制片法研究了星星草[Puccinellia tenutiflora(Griseb．)Scribn．et Merr．]大、小孢子发生及其雌、雄配子体的发育过程。主要结论是：(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为左右对称型;(2)成熟的花粉为三细胞型,具单萌发孔;(3)花药壁由4层结构组成,最外层为表皮,其内分别为药室内壁、中层、绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型,花药壁的发育属于单子叶型;(4)星星草为单子房,单胚珠,双珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能;(5)胚囊发育属于蓼型,成熟胚囊形成时,反足细胞经无丝分裂形成4～6个反足细胞,反足细胞内可能存在多次DNA复制过程。     

Embryological Studies on Sagittaria guayanensis H. B. K. Subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin (Alismataceae)

This paper deals with the embryological characteristics of Sagittaria guayanensis H. B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin. The anther wall development follows the Monocotyledonous type. The cytokinesis of microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the Successive type. The tetrads of microspores show an isobilateral arrangement, and the mature pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovule is bitegminous, pseudo-crassinucellate and anatropous. The megaspore mother cell originates directly from a single archesporial cell. The mature embryo sac consists of 7 cells including 8 nuclei and conforms to the Allium type. The two polar nuclei do not fuse into a secondary nucleus before fertilization. Instead, one sperm fuses with the micropylar end polar nucleus first , and the fertilized polar nucleus then migrates to the chalazal end, where it fuses with the second polar nucleus, forming the primary endosperm nucleus. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. The mature embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by two leaves. The endosperm development corresponds to the Helobial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms two chambers:large micropylar one and small chalazal one. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains binucleate, while, in the micropylar chamber free nuclear divisions occur and then cellnlarization takes place. During the embryo formation the endosperm gradually degrades and can not be found in the mature seed. The subgenus Lophotocarpus is different from the subgenus Sagittaria in some embryological aspects, especially in the structure of mature embryo sac and the double fertilization process.     

冠果草的胚胎学研究

冠果草花药壁的发育为单子口十型,绒毡层为周原质团型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体呈左右对称式排列,成熟花粉为三细胞型。双珠被,假厚珠心,倒生胚珠。胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊的特点是两个极核分别位于中央细胞两端,不融合成次生核。受精过程中,一个精于与卵核融合形成合子,另一精子先与珠孔端极核融合,之后受精极核再移动到合点端与另一极核融合,形成初生胚乳核。胚的发育为石竹型。成熟胚呈马蹄形,具有2片真叶。胚乳发育为沼生目型。随着胚的发育,胚乳细胞逐渐解体,成熟种子中无胚乳。     

The Studies on Embryology in Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim

The development of the anther wall follows Basic-type. The cytokinesis at the time of pollen mother cell meiosis conforms to successive type. The arrangement of the microspores in the tetrad is referred to isobilateral. The primary wall between the generative cell and the vegetative cell is callose. The callose wall is easily detected under the fluorescence microscope. The mature pollen grain is 2-celled type. The ovule is bitegminous, tenui-nucellar and anatropous. The development of the female gametophyte follows Fritillaria-type. The mature embryo sac. consists of the six cells including the seven nuclei. The fertilization is referred to the premitotic syngamy type. The fusion of the female and male nucleoli is not observed at the end of the fertilization. The division of the primary endosperm nucleus is earlier than that of the zygote. The development of the endosperm is referred to nuclear type. The division of the zygote is transverse of longitudinal, the development of the embryo conforms to Onagradtype. When the seed is mature, the embryo is at the proembryo stage without differentiation and the endosperm cells are not absorbed.