基于标记-重捕模型开展野生动物红外相机种群监测的方法及案例

红外相机技术的广泛应用推动了动物种群生态学研究方法的发展和革新, 特别是基于标记-重捕模型框架通过非损伤取样方式对物种数量和密度等种群参数的可靠估计, 为保护濒危物种和评估保护成效提供了有力的科学依据。对于身体上具有独特天然标记的动物(如多数猫科动物), 可依据红外相机拍摄身体上的独特斑点或条纹鉴别个体, 再运用标记-重捕模型, 估计动物种群数量、密度等参数。本文概述了标记-重捕模型的基本原理、特点以及国内外的应用, 特别是近年来发展出的空间标记-重捕模型。总结了从相机布设到数据分析的具体流程、操作原则, 并以青城山家猫为实例, 展示了应用红外相机数据通过空间标记-重捕模型估计种群密度和数量的基本步骤。最后展望了该模型在种群动态、景观廊道设计、资源选择等方面的应用和发展趋势。     

野生动物监测技术和方法应用进展与展望

野生动物是生态系统研究和保护管理的重要生物类群, 对调控生态系统结构和功能, 维持生态系统健康平衡具有显著作用。科学监测数据是野生动物研究、保护、管理决策的前提基础, 但由于传统监测技术的限制, 野生动物的多样性特征及其与环境、生态系统的平衡机制未得到充分关注和研究。随着自动化、智能化、信息化技术的发展及应用, 野生动物监测技术和方法出现较大突破和变革。该文论述了近年来野生动物监测研究领域的重要新技术, 包括红外相机技术、全球定位系统(GPS)追踪技术、DNA条形码技术和高通量测序技术等。通过综合介绍相关的基础概念、基本原理, 该文总结了新技术的应用优势和重大应用进展, 同时探讨了新技术应用中存在的问题, 并对未来野生动物监测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

占域模型的原理及在野生动物红外相机研究中的应用案例

占域模型解决了探测率常常被忽略的问题, 所需数据要求简单, 具有数据来源广泛、经济高效等优点, 越来越多地应用在野生动物监测和研究中。本文综述了占域模型的概念、基本原理及其近年来在国内外的应用进展, 并以红外相机数据为基础, 总结了占域模型所要求的数据采集、处理和分析等流程和基本原则, 同时以广东车八岭国家级自然保护区的花面狸(Paguma larvata)作为研究案例, 展示了占域模型的数据分析过程。最后根据近年来的发展和应用, 总结了占域模型的应用范围和发展趋势以及研究中存在的主要问题。     

红外相机技术在我国野生动物监测中的应用: 问题与限制

红外相机(camera traps)作为对野生动物进行“非损伤”性采样的技术, 已成为研究动物多样性、种群生态学及行为学的常用手段之一。其发展和普及为中国野生动物多样性和物种保育研究带来了诸多机会。如今, 国内大多数自然保护区都在运用红外相机技术开展物种监测工作。本文结合20年来已发表的相关研究, 从内容、实验设计以及发展趋势方面, 总结了目前红外相机技术在应用过程中出现的共性问题; 并就相机对动物的干扰性、影像识别、研究的适用范围及安全保障四个方面, 对该项技术在实践中存在的限制进行了探讨。最后结合红外相机技术未来的发展方向, 提出了建立技术规范、数据集成和共享、影像数据版权维护、提高监测效率等问题。     

低空无人机遥感在草原监测评价中的应用进展

低空域无人机遥感技术具有高时效性、高分辨率、低成本、易操控等优势,作为地面与高空遥感（航天与航空遥感）间测量尺度空缺的有益补充,低空无人机遥感扩展了样地样方空间尺度,提高了中、小尺度遥感观测信息的精细化程度,实现了草原生境信息的快速采集、处理与分析应用,是草原"星-空-地"一体化监测的重要组成。针对草原监测评价,总结了国内外低空无人机遥感在草原基况调查（草原草层高度监测、草原植被覆盖度监测与草原地上生物量估算）、草原动态监测（草原植被长势监测、草原产草量估测与草畜平衡监测）和草原应急管理（草原火灾、雪灾与生物灾害监测）中的应用。结合大数据、人工智能、云计算与物联网等新型技术,分析了低空无人机遥感在草原生态监测领域存在的不足和未来的发展方向,以期为低空无人机遥感关于草原监测评价与智慧草原的后续研究提供参考。     

Series quartz crystal sensor for remote bacteria population monitoring in raw milk via the Internet

A remote monitoring system based on a piezoelectric quartz crystal (SPQC) sensor was developed for the determination of the bacteria population in raw milk. The system employs the Windows XP server operating system, and its programs for data acquisition, display and transmission were developed using the LabVIEW 7.1 programming language. The circuit design consists of a circuit with a piezoelectric quartz crystal (SPQC) and a pair of electrodes. This system can provide dynamic data monitoring on a web-page via the Internet. Immersion of the electrodes in a cell culture with bacteria inoculums resulted in a change of frequency caused by the impedance change due to microbial metabolism and the adherence of bacteria on the surface of the electrodes. The calibration curve of detection times against density of bacteria showed a linear correlation coefficient (R(2) = 0.9165) over the range of 70-10(6) CFU ml(-1). The sensor could acquire sufficient data rapidly (within 4 h) and thus enabled real-time monitoring of bacteria growth via the Internet. This system has potential application in the detection of bacteria concentration of milk at dairy farms.     

利用遥感光谱法进行农田土壤水分遥感动态监测

自 1 997年 4月至 1 998年 1 0月 ,在甘肃省定西县进行了大面积 0～ 5 0 cm土层农田土壤水分按每 1 5 d本底资料实际观测 ,对此间收到的 5幅 TM与 7幅 NOAA卫片数据资料进行了加工处理 ,并对地面光谱资料也进行了观测。在光谱反演与光谱和土壤水分相关性分析基础上 ,利用遥感技术和地理信息系统 ,初步建立了典型试验区 ( 3× 3km2 )遥感信息与土壤含水量之间的遥感光谱相关监测模型 ,做出了观测区土壤水分含量分布图和得到了大面积农田土壤水分宏观动态监测结果 ,并同地面实测土壤水分进行了精度校正。研究结果表明 ,文中提出的“光学植被盖度”概念 ,对土壤水分遥感监测研究是有益的 ,利用遥感光谱法和数学统计方法求出了有关物理参数 ,初步建立了 TM与 NOAA光谱水分监测模型 ,其模型监测 0～2 0 cm土层含水量的精度达到 90 %以上 ,实际监测土壤水分精度达到 72 .3% ;在遥感监测 2 0～ 5 0 cm土层土壤含水量中 ,利用遥感模型监测土壤水分精度达到 80 %以上 ,实际遥感监测精度达到 60 %左右 ,其结果可有效指导干旱半干旱雨养农业区春耕时间和动态监测大面积土壤墒情 ,可为农业生产提供科学依据。另外 ,经地面大量观测表明 ,一般来说 ,当土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的 5 5 %～ 85 %时 ,从生长状况和经济     

土壤水分遥感监测研究进展

土壤水分是陆地表面参数化的一个关键变量。土壤水分含量随时空的转换而变化,在地-气界面间物质、能量交换中起着重要的作用,是农作物生长发育的基本条件和农作物产量预报的重要参数。遥感技术具有大面积同步观测,时效性、经济性强的特点,为大面积动态监测土壤水分提供了可能。总结了近年来国内外遥感监测土壤水分理论、方法的发展和应用,介绍了目前几种比较成熟和广泛应用的土壤水分遥感监测方法与模型,对比分析了各种监测方法的优缺点,指出了土壤水分遥感监测方法存在的不足,指明了今后发展的方向,展望了土壤水分遥感监测方法的发展趋势。     

红树林生态系统遥感监测研究进展

随着现代遥感技术的迅速发展,遥感监测已经成为红树林生态系统变化监测的重要手段和方法。从遥感技术在生态系统变化监测应用领域入手,综述了国内外红树林遥感监测的发展历程,系统总结了遥感技术在红树林湿地动态、种间分类、群落结构(叶面积指数、冠幅、树高等)、生物量、灾害灾情(病虫害、风暴潮等)、景观格局动态、驱动力、红树林湿地保护与管理等领域应用现状,归纳了不同应用领域遥感监测的理论、方法及研究现状。指出我国在红树林遥感监测中存在的不足。提出红树林遥感监测应在分类标准体系规范化、分类精度提升、红树林生态学特征参数(物种多样性、优势度等)、生态系统环境空间演变过程及遥感监测的尺度效应方面加大研究力度。充分发挥区域综合监测模型在红树林生态系统变化遥感监测中的作用。     

基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)是淡水生态系统保护的旗舰物种, 目前三江源或为其在中国仅存的连片栖息地之一。然而, 该区域欧亚水獭基础生态学信息尚属空白, 已开展的工作也多依赖于红外相机而可靠性有待评估。本文基于2018-2020年间在青海玉树通过视频监控系统和红外相机收集到的数据, 在分析区内水獭活动节律的同时, 对红外相机监测的有效性和准确性进行了评估。结果表明, 在玉树, 欧亚水獭在每日17时至次日9时活动频率较高, 每年12月至次年6月间拍摄频率较高; 繁殖期或随每年10月个体交配而开始, 至次年6月幼崽独立而终止。红外相机约可捕获69.18%的水獭出现事件, 且拍摄率随事件持续时间的延长而提高; 通过红外相机可以准确地描述出水獭活动节律, 仅有约半数红外相机影像可以准确还原事件主题(56.28%)和多只个体参与的事件中的个体数量(49.35%)。因此, 在使用红外相机对欧亚水獭进行行为学研究时应对这一情况进行充分考虑。     

Remote monitoring of nests using digital camera technology

ABSTRACT.   Although cameras have been used for many years to collect data at birds' nests, recent advances in digital technology have led to increased storage capacity, faster and easier review of data, and reduced power consumption. The development of sophisticated triggering mechanisms, such as video motion detection, herald a new era of portable, energy-efficient systems that require less frequent maintenance. We used a digital infrared camera system to monitor predation events at the nests of ground-nesting Lapwings ( Vanellus vanellus ; N = 40) and tree-nesting Spotted Flycatchers ( Muscicapa striata ; N = 17). Eight predator species were recorded taking eggs or chicks at Lapwing ( N = 10) and Spotted Flycatcher ( N = 7) nests, including red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), badger ( Meles meles ), sheep ( Ovis aries ), and Carrion Crow ( Corvus corone ) at Lapwing nests and Eurasian Jay ( Garrulus glandarius ), European Buzzard ( Buteo buteo ), Great-spotted Woodpecker ( Dendrocopus major ), and domestic cat ( Felis catus ) at flycatcher nests. We tested three system configurations in an attempt to minimize power requirements and maximize predation-event recording capability. We found that the use of a passive-infrared sensor to awaken the system from standby mode did not compromise reliability and reduced power consumption. With this system, a 38-A h battery operated the system for 120 h with no maintenance at a cost per unit of about $800 (US; or £400 UK Sterling). Further modifications would permit adaptation of the system for a wide range of scientific and nest surveillance operations.     

Temporal transferability of wildlife habitat models: implications for habitat monitoring

Aim Temporal transferability is an important issue when habitat models are used beyond the time frame corresponding to model development, but has not received enough attention, particularly in the context of habitat monitoring. While the combination of remote sensing technology and habitat modelling provides a useful tool for habitat monitoring, the effect of incorporating remotely sensed data on model transferability is unclear. Therefore, our objectives were to assess how different satellite‐derived variables affect temporal transferability of habitat models and their usefulness for habitat monitoring. Location Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. Methods We modelled giant panda habitat with the maximum entropy algorithm using panda presence data collected in two time periods and four different sets of predictor variables representing land surface phenology. Each predictor variable set contained either a time series of smoothed wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI) or 11 phenology metrics, both derived from single‐year or multi‐year (i.e. 3‐year) remotely sensed imagery acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We evaluated the ability of models obtained with these four variable sets to predict giant panda habitat within and across time periods by using threshold‐independent and threshold‐dependent evaluation methods and five indices of temporal transferability. Results Our results showed that models developed with the four variable sets were all useful for characterizing and monitoring giant panda habitat. However, the models developed using multi‐year data exhibited significantly higher temporal transferability than those developed using single‐year data. In addition, models developed with phenology metrics, especially when using multi‐year data, exhibited significantly higher temporal transferability than those developed with the time series. Main conclusions The integration of land surface phenology, captured by high temporal resolution remotely sensed imagery, with habitat modelling constitutes a suitable tool for characterizing wildlife habitat and monitoring its temporal dynamics. Using multi‐year phenology metrics reduces model complexity, multicollinearity among predictor variables and variability caused by inter‐annual climatic fluctuations, thereby increasing the temporal transferability of models. This study provides useful guidance for habitat monitoring through the integration of remote sensing technology and habitat modelling, which may be useful for the conservation of the giant panda and many other species.     

浒苔遥感监测研究进展

浒苔大规模集聚形成的绿潮灾害是海洋生态系统主要生态环境问题之一,基于卫星遥感影像监测浒苔及其扩展动态已成为一种及时有效的手段。对国内外浒苔遥感监测方面文献进行归纳整理,认为光学遥感数据、多波段比值法是最常用的遥感数据和监测方法。对遥感监测浒苔机理进行了阐述,并对分类方法进行评价认为监督分类法解译精度不高。目前单波段阈值法和多波段比值法应用广泛,但在监测漂浮浒苔和混合象元解译存在不足。辐射传输模型法能有效提高信息解译的精度,但还处于起步阶段。遥感监测浒苔灾害的未来发展需要提高影像空间分辨率,深入研究监测方法,进行多种平台和多源遥感数据相结合,并由定性走向定量,从而建立健全遥感监测预警系统。     

基于多源遥感数据的生态保护修复项目区监测方法评述

回顾了山水林田湖草生态保护修复项目的实施背景,针对生态保护修复项目监测监管范围广、技术难等问题,强调了基于多源遥感数据开展项目遥感监测的重要性与必要性。从监测指标拟定、遥感地物信息提取、多源遥感数据融合、动态变化检测等方面评述了基于多源遥感数据的生态保护修复项目区监测方法,包括基于中高空间分辨率遥感数据的地物信息提取、融合机器学习的非线性混合像元分析、基于混合像元分析的时空融合等。在总结技术和工作推进方面的优势、局限基础上,提出要结合实际工作,持续优化国土空间生态保护修复监测指标;充分挖掘遥感数据解析的相关算法潜力,提升地物信息提取和混合像元分析的精度;加强时空融合算法与变化检测方法的研究探索,加强相关方法的实践应用;以“山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点”项目为平台,建立稳定的国土空间生态保护修复遥感监测运行机制,加强科技创新,形成技术标准,指导工作开展。     

Continuous remote monitoring of fish activity with restricted home ranges using radiotelemetry

Signal strength received by a fixed antenna increased as a transmitter was positioned closer to it and decreased as the transmitter was positioned further away. Depth and transmitter orientation also influenced signal strength, but these were less pronounced than the effect of distance. The variations in signal strength recorded from fixed distances, depths or orientations were low, suggesting that variation in signal strength only occurs if the transmitter is moved. The use of signal strength variation as a measure of fish activity over a 24 h period was compared with observed patterns of point habitat use of a live fish. Close correspondence of assessments of activity using signal strength variation and habitat use was observed. This study demonstrated the potential utility of radiotelemetry in association with point-in-time habitat use data to determine home-range and diel and seasonal patterns of fish activity over 24 h periods.     

无人机在生物多样性遥感监测中的应用现状与展望

近十年, 无人机平台由于其灵活机动、成本低等优势在植被生态调查、资源环境监测、生物多样性保护等领域逐渐兴起。本文从生物多样性遥感监测应用角度首先介绍了无人机分类系统, 为具体工作开展过程中如何选择合适的载体和传感器提供了参考; 继而总结了不同类型无人机的适用性及其可搭载传感器的用途与区别。在此基础上, 针对无人机平台的高精度遥感信息具体应用案例, 就反映生物多样性变化并揭示其驱动机制方面的无人机遥感直接和间接指标的相关研究进展展开阐述。最后, 就目前无人机遥感技术在生物多样性监测领域的应用中存在的限制, 如软硬件结合匹配程度不够、部分设备过于昂贵、法律法规不完善、与传统生物多样性监测手段结合较弱等问题进行探讨。我们认为: 无人机遥感技术可以很好地弥补地面监测与航天、卫星遥感之间的尺度空缺, 更好地将监测点上的结果以准确、可靠的推绎方法扩展到区域尺度供决策分析使用。今后迫切需要进一步加大生物多样性近地面遥感监测项目建设的实施力度, 从整体上提高生物多样性热点区域应对变化的分析预警能力。     

秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台介绍

秦岭地处我国中西部, 生物地理位置重要, 拥有丰富的生物多样性, 有大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、秦岭羚牛(Budorcas bedfordi)、金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)和朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)等4个秦岭森林旗舰物种, 被称为“秦岭四宝”。利用红外相机技术开展秦岭野生动物的非损伤性监测不仅可以为秦岭山系提供物种名录信息, 还可以为了解秦岭野生动物的行为和活动格局提供科学数据。清华大学环境学院生态团队自2009-2020年在秦岭中段南坡先后实施了7个项目, 对秦岭南坡的4个保护区进行了野生动物监测, 面积达1,113 km ²(26.5 km × 42 km), 红外相机位点数267个, 相机日数152,160天, 共获取红外相机照片855,260张。共鉴定出27种野生兽类和63种野生鸟类, 并应用这些照片数据开展了信息挖掘工作, 对野生动物行为、稀有物种、与生境的关系, 以及人为活动对野生动物的影响等领域进行了研究, 已取得部分成果。在此基础上建立了“秦岭中段野生动物多样性的红外相机监测数据库平台”, 供团队内部及合作者使用。通过10年的监测, 我们提出未来研究建议: (1)对于非常偶见的物种, 还需要更长的时间并在更多样化的生境布设相机, 以获取更多影像数据评估其现状; (2)数据库需要在更大程度和深度上进行信息挖掘, 尤其在种间关系、物种-生境关系、种群动态等方面; (3)对典型大种群数量的物种(如秦岭羚牛和野猪Sus scrofa)及食物链顶端大型捕食动物(如金钱豹Panthera pardus)进行种群动态研究, 为整个秦岭生态系统的健康持续提供科学支撑; (4)利用数据库的数据及今后红外相机监测数据进行野生动物疾病的发生发展监测研究。     

Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies

Recent advances in communication and sensor technology have catalyzed progress in remote monitoring capabilities for water quality. As a result, the ability to characterize dynamic hydrologic properties at adequate temporal and spatial scales has greatly improved. These advances have led to improved statistical and mechanistic modeling in monitoring of water quality trends at local, watershed and regional scales for freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. In addition, they have greatly enhanced rapid (e.g., real-time) detection of hydrologic variability, recognized as a critical need for early warning systems and rapid response to harmful algal bloom events. Here, we present some of the landmark developments and technological achievements that led to the advent of real-time remote monitors for hydrologic properties. We conclude that increased use and continuing advancements of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) and sensing technologies will become a progressively more important tool for evaluating water quality. Recent engineering and deployment of RTRM technologies by federal and state regulatory agencies, industries, and academic laboratories is now permitting rapid detection of, and responses to, environmental threats imposed by increased nutrient loadings, development of hypoxic and anoxic areas, toxicants, and harmful algal bloom outbreaks leading to fish kill events and potential human health impacts.     

Evaluation of remote sensing techniques for monitoring giant kelp populations

Photographs and maps of the floating canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, provide an important data source to monitor nearshore water quality in southern California. Declines in water quality related to turbidity from coastal development, ocean discharges, and non-point source runoff have caused reductions in the areal extent of these kelp beds. Historically the kelp beds have been monitored by a variety of methods including small format infrared and color photography. New digital remote sensing instruments combined with geographical information system (GIS) databases offer an efficient method for collecting and analyzing data on changes in kelp bed size and location. SPOT satellite imagery has been found to provide adequate resolution for mapping the larger beds of giant kelp along the California coast. Beds smaller than 10 ha are not resolved well with SPOT imagery and need to be mapped with a resolution greater than the 20 m pixel size provided by the SPOT multispectral imagery. Imagery from a prototype of the Positive Systems ADAR system, an airplane mounted multispectral video sensor, provided a spatial resolution of 2.3 m in 4 spectral bands. ADAR imagery taken on 2 October 1991 of the San Onofre Kelp Bed in northern San Diego County showed 39% more kelp than small format color infrared photography made during the same time period.