Supplemental Cytogeographical Studies on the Scilla sinensis （Louriro） Merrill Complex in China

Seven hundred and fourteen individuals of the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill complex were sampled from 21 populations at 19 localities in 10 provinces and two cities of China and investigated cytologically in order to test its cytotype composition and cytogeographical variation still further. Five cytotypes were found (i.e. AA (2n = 16), BB (2n = 18), AABB (2n = 34), AAA (2n = 24), and AABB 9 (2n =43)). Until now, nine of the 12 cytotypes have been identified on the continent, which indicates that it is an important place for the cytotypic differentiation of the complex. The cytotype AABB 9 is a new record on the continent. AAA was recorded for the second time in this complex. The majority of populations are composed of only one cytotype (AA, BB, or AABB), whereas another four populations consist of more than two cytotypes involving AA, BB, AAA, AABB, and AABB 9. The distribution of BB covers the entire region south to Huai River, whereas AA populations are distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Hong Kong, and Guangdong and are isolated from its major distribution. The appearance of AABB 9 is possibly evidence for the degeneration of the subglobular bulb type of AABB and the fact that AAA and AAAA exist in the interior border regions of the range of this complex probably suggests that drought is a major factor promoting plant polyploidization. In addition, the mean numbers of B chromosomes per individual, the percentage of individuals with the B chromosome in each population, and the correlation coefficients between the latter and their latitude/longitude were calculated. Generally speaking, the B chromosome number is higher in BB populations compared with AA populations and there is a prominent tendency that the B chromosome content in either AA or BB populations correlates with the latitude and longitude of the populations.     

中国云南鳞毛蕨属(鳞毛蕨科)13种植物的染色体数目

报道了中国云南产鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae鳞毛蕨属Dryopteris Adanson 13种植物的染色体数目。其中4个种：多雄拉鳞毛蕨D．alpestris（2n=82）、哈巴鳞毛蕨D．habaensis（2n=82）、脉纹鳞毛蕨D．lachoongensis（2n=82）和永自鳞毛蕨D．yungtzeensis（2n=82）的染色体数目为首次报道;无融合三倍体的川西鳞毛蕨Dryopteris rosthornii、无融合四倍体的大羽鳞毛蕨D．wallichiana以及无融合二倍体的栗柄鳞毛蕨D．yoroii为3个新发现的细胞类型。细胞学研究结果支持高山鳞毛蕨组sect．CaespitosaeS．G Lu应该为鳞毛蕨属内一个独立的组;中国喜马拉雅地区的鳞毛蕨属植物中存在着大量的无融合二倍体细胞类型。对蕨类植物中同一植株产生不同倍性孢子的现象进行了讨论。     

Cytological Studies on Some Plants of Sichuan and Neighbouring Regions (I)

From standpoint of floristic division, Sichuan is located in the middle part of Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan 1978) or is the area where Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom meet (wu 1979). Here exist many socalled Arcto-Tertiary elements and newly originated species or races. In order to bring the light the origin and differentiation of Eastern Asiatic elements, cytological investigation on plants of this region are very significant. The materials of the following 5 species were collected on Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province. Voucher specimens are kept in CDBI. 1. Toricellia angulata Oliver var. intermedia (Harms) Hu PMC meiotic examination revealed n = 12 at diakinesis (Pl. I fig. 9) Toricellia, consisting of 2 spp., is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region. Based on our result along with the report of Toricellia tiliifolia (Wall.) DC. (2n=24) by Kurosawa (1977), we argue that the basic chromosome number of Toricellia is 12. Many authors, such as Airy-Shaw (1973), Dahlgren (1975, 1977), Takhtajan (1969, 1980), Thorne (1983), have adopted Hu’s (1934) treatment erecting it as a monotypic family Toricelliaceae. Its systematic position, whether closer to Cornaceae than to Araliaceae or vice versa, has been in dispute. Cytologically it seems closer to Araliaceae, as shown anatomically (Lodriguez 1971), because the basic chromosome number of Cornaceae s. 1. is x=11, 9, 8 (Kurosawa 1977), whereas that of Araliaceae is 12 (Raven 1975). 2. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino Somatic chromosome number, 2n=24 was determined from root-tip cells (Ph. I. fig. 8). Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl., consisting of 3 spp., is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region. C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino is distributed from Himalayan region to S. W. China. The present report is in accord with the number reported by Kurosawa (1966) who got the material from Darjeeling of India. However the karyotype of the present plant is slightly different from that given by Kurosawa. In the present material, the satellites of the 1st. pair of chromosomes and the short arms of llst. pair of chromosomes are visibly longer than those of Kurosawa’s drawing (fig. 1, 2) The plants from Yunnan, Sichuan and Hubei Provinces, named as C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leitchtlin ex Elwes) Stearn, differ slightly from those of Himalayan region also in outer morphological characters. The taxon needs both cytological and taxonomical further studies. 3. Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. PMC meiotic examination revealed n=8 at diakinesis (Pl. I. fig. 6) This species is widely distributed from Himalayan region through Indo-China to our Taiwan Province and Indonesia. Three cytotypes (2n=14, 16, 30) were reported for the taxon including its variety, var. parviflorum (Wall) Hara, by various authors (Hasegawa 1932, Mehra and Pathamia 1960, Kurosawa 1966, 1971 Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a). Some authors consider D. pullum Salisb. and D. calcaratum D. Don as synonyms of D. cantoniense. So D. cantoniense may be a species aggregate with different extreme races. Sen (1973a, b.) reports that the somatic chromosome numbers of D. pullum and D. calcaratum from Eastern Himalayan region are 14, 16, 28, 30, 32. He also discovered that chromosome alterations in species of Disporum involve not only the number but the structure as well. He found that in species of Liliaceae where the reproduction is mainly vegetative, polysomaty often occurs. In China we have not only D. cantoniense and D. calcaratum but also D. brachystomon Wang et Tang which is similar to D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) Hara. These taxa need further critical studies. 4. Paris fargesii Franch. PMC meiotic examination revealed n=5+2B (Voucher no. 112) or n=5 (Voucher no. 62) at MI and AI (Pl. I. fig. 1. 4. 5.). This is the first report for the species. A bridge and a fragment were also observed at AI. Paris polyphylla Smith is extraordinarily polymorphic species. Hara (1969) regards all chinese extreme forms, such as P. fargesii Franch., P. violacea Lévl., P. pubescens (Hand. -Mzt.) Wang et Tang, etc. as infraspecific taxa of P. polyphylla. Needless to say, the various races of P. polyphylla Smith in China need further critical studies and are good material for further study to understand the speciation. 5. Reineckia carnea(Andr.) Kunth Reineckia is a monotypic genus endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region. In the present material somatic chromosome number in root-tip cells is determined as 2n=38 (Pl. I. fig. 7). According to the terminology defined by Levan et al., the karyotype formula is 2n=28 m+10 sm. The length of chromosomes varies from 14.28 μ to 5.5 μ. The idiogram given here (fig. 3) is nearly the same as that presented by Hsu et Li (1984). The same number has been previously reported by several authors, Noguchi (1936), Satô (1942), Therman (1956). The karyotype is relatively symmetrical (2B, accorling to the classi-fication of stebbins 1971) in accord with the opinion of Therman (1956).     

Cytogeography of the Phleum pratense group (Poaceae) in the Carpathians and Pannonia

Cytogeographical variability within the Phleum pratense group in the Carpathians and adjacent part of Pannonian lowland, based on 132 populations analysed by flow cytometry, is described. Only diploid and hexaploid plants were detected among 635 samples from the studied area. Diploids were found to be less frequent (127 plants, 20%) than hexaploids (508, 80%). With the exception of the single pure diploid population, diploids always co-occured with hexaploids (30 localities, 22.7%). The majority of populations (101, 76.5%) consisted of hexaploid plants. Most mixed populations occur in the Western Carpathians (26). In the Eastern Carpathians, mixed populations are much rarer, with three populations in Ukraine and one in Romania. In the Southern Carpathians, only hexaploids occur. The conventional taxonomic concept of the two species, diploid P. bertolonii and hexaploid P. pratense , was followed in spite of their sympatric occurence. Distribution maps based on chromosome number data from previous studies and on ploidy level estimates are given for both species in the studied area. The pattern of different distribution of the two taxa within the Carpathians is discussed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 157 , 475–485.     

饲料中硒的添加量与中华米虾肌肉中SOD的活性

研究了饲料中添加量为0、0.15、0.30、0.45、0.60、0.75μg/g的硒,对中华米虾(Caridina denticulatasinensis)体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响。结果表明,硒对中华米虾体内SOD的激活作用显著,并表现出明显的时间效应和剂量效应。随着养殖时间的延长,各实验组虾体内SOD的活性会相应地降低。饲料中添加硒浓度为0.45μg/g时,虾体SOD的活性最高。     

分子标记在茶树遗传育种上的应用

综述了近年来分子标记在茶树种质资源和品种鉴别、遗传多样性、遗传演化、遗传稳定性及分子遗传图谱构建等方面的应用 ,并展望了其应用前景。     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. EndEmic in China

Four compounds were for the first time isolated from trunk of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. grown in Yunnan. They were identified as 3-epi-betulinic acid(l), 3,5,7-tri-hydroxy-flavanonol (pinobanksin) (2), daucosterol (3) and β-sitosterol (4), respectively by chemical and spectral (IR, NMR, and MS) analyses. 1 and 2 were the main components.     

中华小尖柳珊瑚的化学成分

从采自中国南海的中华小尖柳珊瑚Muriceilla sinensis（Veaill）中分离得到了4个Eunicellane型二萜和2个B环开环型甾醇,利用波谱技术分别确定为13-deacetoxyl calicophirin B（1）,eallcophirin B（2）,ealicophirin C（3）,mrogorsin（4）,calicoferol E（5）和calicoferol B（6）。在活性筛选中,化合物5对PTP1B显示抑制活性,IC50为27．28μM。     

白木香叶解剖结构的研究

用石蜡切片法制片,光学显微镜观察,研究白木香叶的解剖结构。结果表明,白木香叶为典型的异面叶,但同时还表现出许多旱生形态。表皮由一层排列紧密形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,细胞外壁角质膜较厚。上表皮角质膜一般较下表皮角质膜厚1μm,下表皮上零星分布着单细胞表皮毛。气孔仅分布在下表皮上,微下陷,气孔类型为无规则型。叶肉组织发达,其间分布着较多的长方晶体,其细胞长轴与表皮垂直。栅栏组织由1—2层排列整齐的圆柱形细胞组成。栅栏组织的外层细胞转化为异细胞,海绵组织内具有一层由异细胞组成的下皮层;横切面上栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度之比为1：3。主脉发达,有异细胞组成的维管束鞘,具双生韧皮部。叶内具有发达的木质部外纤维。这些特征与旱生环境相适应。     

中国姜花属十九个分类群的细胞学研究

采用压片法对中国姜花属十八个分类群进行了体细胞染色体计数,对白姜花减数分裂终变期I的染色体数目和形态进行了观察。结果显示:包括白姜花在内的十九个分类群中有六个二倍体,一个三倍体,十二个四倍体,其中十二个分类群的体染色体数目为首次报道,显示中国姜花属植物具有较高比例的多倍体类型;姜花属的染色体基数为n=17,染色体组可能是多倍体起源的。     

湖南阳明山黄杉林群落的研究

通过采集植物标本、区系分析和样地调查,研究了自然保护区黄杉林的群落学特征,主要结果是：1)阳明山黄杉林可划分为两个群落类型,即黄杉与马尾松混交林、黄杉与甜楮混交林;2)阳明山黄杉林群落具有残遗性和古老性,其与阳明山所属的亚热带自然条件特征相一致．     

中华鳖白细胞介素21基因cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

目的:从中华鳖脾脏、肝脏、肠道构建的SMARTer cDNA文库中克隆中华鳖白细胞介素21(IL-21)基因的cDNA。方法:采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)法克隆中华鳖IL-21基因cDNA序列,并利用生物学软件进行生物信息学分析。结果:中华鳖IL-21 cDNA长874 bp,其编码产物包含135个氨基酸残基,二级结构主要包括α螺旋、延伸链、无规则卷曲和β转角,三级结构包括信号肽和IL-15结构域。系统进化分析表明其与鸟类首先聚类,其次为哺乳类。以人IL-21为模型,构建了中华鳖IL-21的3D结构模型。结论:从生物信息学分析可知我们所获序列为中华鳖IL-21 cDNA,为深入研究中华鳖IL-21及相关通路奠定了基础。     

野生扬子鳄种群及栖息地现状研究

1999年7～8月及2000年8～9月,利用GPS、激光测距仪等,采用夜间灯光照射计数方法,对 有野生扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)存在的安徽省宣州、泾县、广德、郎溪、南陵等5 县市的26个地点进行了调查,包括扬子鳄国家级自然保护区的13个指定保护点。结果发现： 目前野生扬子鳄主要生存在第一类栖息地（1999年50.7%、2000年40.0%）,面积为17.38 hm²;其他两类栖息地的野生扬子鳄分布比率较小（各为1999年24.0%、2000年30.9%、1999 年25.3% 、2000年29.1%）,面积分别为22.04hm²、19.03hm²。两年的平均生态密度分别为1.28条/hm²和1.79条/hm²,野生扬子鳄种群数量为145条。其种群已明显分为至少18个数 量不等且相互隔离的地方种群。建议恢复足够大的栖息地,并放饲养鳄于其中以重新 建立有效野生种群。     

兴义维蚋多线染色体研究（英文）

首次在国内对兴义维蚋Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense的多线染色体进行研究, 并提供其多线染色体标准图。选取兴义维蚋的成熟幼虫, 用改良苯酚品红染色法进行唾腺多线染色体制备, 并进行测量、 描述及分析。结果表明： 兴义维蚋多线染色体数目为3对（2n=6）。Ⅰ号染色体具中央着丝粒, Ⅱ和Ⅲ号染色体均为亚中央着丝粒染色体。核仁组织者区位于Ⅰ号染色体短臂近着丝粒端。巴尔比尼氏环和双泡位于Ⅱ号染色体短臂近中央位置。3对染色体的着丝粒区可形成明显的染色中心。兴义维蚋多线染色体具有多态性的倒位, 倒位频率为0.64。兴义维蚋多线染色体的着丝粒、 核仁组织区、 巴氏环、 双泡等主要特征性结构的位置及形态恒定一致,可作为该种的重要鉴别特征。其多态性的倒位可为该蚋种在细胞水平上进行蚋类分类鉴别和系统发育等研究提供基础资料。     

当归内酯对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的重建作用(英文)

探讨当归内酯(ASDL)对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的重构作用。通过小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制动物模型。采用免疫器官重量法和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验检测了ASDL对非特异性免疫功能的影响;用血清溶血素分光光度法检测了对体液免疫功能的作用;用MTT法进行了致分裂原诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增值反应实验,再用乳酸脱氢酶法测定了NK和CTL细胞活性,从而确定ASDL对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响。结果表明:ASDL能够对免疫低下小鼠的非特性和特异性免疫功能起到一定的重构作用。但是这种效果并不是剂量依赖性的,20 mg/kg这个剂量的效果明显好于5和80 mg/kg这两个剂量。上述结果表明ASDL能够显著提高免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能。     

光皮木瓜果实发育期间主要成分含量的变化

对光皮木瓜果实发育期间主要成分含量的变化进行了分析.结果显示:(1)光皮木瓜果实发育期间,可溶性固形物含量总体呈上升趋势,花后151 d达到最大值14.8%;干物质、粗纤维和多酚含量的变化均呈单峰型,分别于花后95、67和95 d达到峰值(26.49%、14.96%、81.843 1 mg/gDW),并分别于花后165、179和179 d降至最低值(18.3%、6.47%、42.014 6 mg/gDW);黄酮、多糖、齐墩果酸含量均呈逐渐增加趋势,在果实发育后期略有下降,其中多糖和齐墩果酸含量均于花后137 d达到最大值,分别为110.431 2 mg/gDW和10.312 1 mg/gDW,黄酮含量在花后151 d达到最大值3.201 1 mg/gDW.(2)多酚的单果产量在果实发育过程中的变化趋势与多酚含量一致,于花后95 d多酚单果产量达到最高值(5.448 6 g);齐墩果酸、多糖及黄酮的单果产量在果实发育期间逐渐增加,花后165 d多糖的单果产量达到最高值(8.508 1 g),花后179 d黄酮和齐墩果酸的单果产量均达到最高值(0.261 2 g和0.747 4 g).研究表明,花后137 d(8月25日)至151 d(9月8日)木瓜果实青绿,齐墩果酸、多糖、黄酮含量最高,为加工木瓜饮片等的最佳采收期;花后165 d(9月22日)至179 d(10月6日)时,木瓜果实基本转黄,其中齐墩果酸、多糖、黄酮的单果产量最高,且多酚和粗纤维含量最低,是药用有效成分提取和加工果酒、果脯、果醋等木瓜食品的最佳采收期.     

四十五种叶蝉的染色体研究（同翅目：叶蝉总科）

研究观察了45种中国雄性叶蝉的减数分裂,其中44种的核型为首次报道,染色体数目变化在2n=12～26之间,性别决定均为XO型。从叶蝉总科的组型图来看,该科染色体数目变化在2n=8～28之间,峰值为2n=18(16+XO),另外几种类型2n=16,20,22也有较高的出现频率。科内染色体数目的进化不具有明显的方向性,2n=22(20+XO)是该科的原始核型,易位导致的不均等互换可能是染色体数目进化的主要机制。从精子发生来看叶蝉总科与角蝉总科的关系较为密切,两者的共同特点是：①精母细胞体积较大,显著不同于沫蝉和蝉科;②减数分裂行为及精子变态过程相似;③染色体数目较少,染色体体积较大;④减数分裂前期具有典型的花束期,没有弥散期,因而不同于蜡蝉。但是由于叶蝉总科的染色体变异范围明显大于角蝉总科,而角蝉总科的核型相对较为保守,从核型上来说角蝉总科是比叶蝉总科较为原始的类群。     

甘肃省冬虫夏草遗传多样性的ISSR分析

对采自甘肃省3个冬虫夏草主产区域6个具有代表性地方的18个样本进行ISSR分析。15条ISSR引物共扩增得到条带清晰并呈多态性的95条谱带,每一引物扩增获得的ISSR条带数在3－9条之间,扩增片段集中在300－3,000bp。基于遗传相似性系数（GS）、不加权成对群算术平均法（UPGMA）构建的系统树分析,可以看出：分离自同一株虫草上不同部位的样本无显著遗传差异;同一地点样本间的遗传分化较小;不同地域的样本间存在着较大的遗传分化,遗传多样性较丰富。同时6个地方的冬虫夏草明显地分为3个区域,而在同一区域不同     

中华绒螯蟹肉碱乙酰转移酶（CAT）基因表达分析

肉碱乙酰转移酶（CAT）是一种作用于短链脂肪酸的酶。本研究克隆了中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）CAT基因的开放阅读框序列（ORF）,并采用实时荧光定量PCR（q-PCR）分析其在雌雄不同组织中的表达模式以及不同卵巢发育时期肝胰腺和卵巢的表达变化。结果表明,CAT的ORF长为1 929 bp,编码642个氨基酸,无跨膜域和信号肽,预测的蛋白含有一个Acyltransferases ChoActase保守结构域（40 ~ 56 aa）,和一个Carn-acyltransf superfamily典型结构域（43 ~ 626 aa）。CAT在雌雄蟹所有组织中均有表达,雄蟹中肝胰腺和肌肉组织的表达量较高,在其他组织中的表达量相对较低;雌蟹中肝胰腺的表达量最高,其次为卵巢和肌肉。肝胰腺以及卵巢的CAT表达量在不同卵巢发育时期之间差异显著（P < 0.05）,表明CAT在卵巢发育过程中起着重要作用。     

中国海鲇属丝鳍海鲇(原"中华海鲇")的分类学厘定及其性别差异

海鲇属Arius鱼类是世界上重要的海洋捕捞对象之一。长期以来,国内有关研究者将分布于我国海域的腭骨齿单侧一群的海鲇属个体定名为中华海鲇A·sinensis。据查证,原TachysurussinensisLac啨p埁de,1803的命名仅依据一幅中国画,不具科学上的有效性。而Valenciennes在1840年记录的新种A·sinensis背鳍无棘,臀鳍鳍条数13,与我国被定名为“中华海鲇”的标本(背鳍有棘,臀鳍鳍条数16-19)的特征不符。基于中国科学院动物研究所标本馆馆藏标本的研究认为,A·sinensis的科学名无效,我国原被定名为“中华海鲇A·sinensis”的标本实际应为丝鳍海鲇A·arius(Hamilton,1822)。进一步分析显示,丝鳍海鲇雌雄个体间存在显著的形态差异:雌性个体与雄性个体相比腭骨齿群面积较大,两侧齿群间距较小(0·2%vs0·4%,体长),腹鳍较长(17·7%vs14·4%,体长),眼后头长较小(12·3%vs14·7%,体长)[动物学报51(3):431-439,2005]。