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中国昆虫区系的多元相似性聚类分析和地理区划 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了总结分析中国昆虫的分布规律, 为昆虫地理区划提出依据, 作者2008年创建了新的多元相似性聚类分析方法, 它与传统的聚类分析方法的主要不同是直接计算任意多个地区之间的相似性系数, 从而摈弃原来的合并环节。我们应用这种方法对中国823科17 018属93 662种昆虫的分布进行了定量分析。当种级水平相似性系数分别为0.19和0.14时, 全国64个基础地理单元聚类为20个小单元群和9个大单元群。根据聚类分析结果, 提出我国第一个由定量分析产生的9个昆虫区20个昆虫亚区的中国昆虫地理区划的初步方案。西北昆虫区、 东北昆虫区、 华北昆虫区、 青藏昆虫区稳定地组成中国北方昆虫大区, 江淮昆虫区、 华中昆虫区、 西南昆虫区、 华东昆虫区、 华南昆虫区稳定地组成中国南方昆虫大区。江淮昆虫区的设立是因为这里多平原和丘陵, 为重要农业区, 昆虫区系简单, 种类显著少于华东、 华中、 华南昆虫区, 而和华北昆虫区相当; 包括台湾在内的华东昆虫区是昆虫多样性最丰富地区之一, 显著高于邻近的华北、 江淮、 华南昆虫区。最后, 对昆虫地理定量分析中的重要环节进行讨论, 还对今后昆虫区系调查的薄弱地区提出建议。这项研究证明多元相似性聚类分析方法是简便、 快捷、 实用的, 能够在更广泛的范围应用, 这预示着生物地理学研究将会由定性研究进入到定量研究阶段。 相似文献
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分析了中国蛱蝶科已知324种昆虫的分布与区系组成,主要由古北区、东洋区、古北一东洋区共有种类组成,共计309种,占总数的95.37%;其种类组成与澳洲区、新北区有明显差异;特有种类较少,占总数的12.65%;广布种很少,仅占1.74%。同时统计分析了324种蛱蝶在我国各省的贫富指数。 相似文献
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中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫区系分析(半翅目:蜡蝉总科) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫的区系结构及起源特性,本文对中国已知瓢蜡蝉科昆虫3族45属187种进行区系分析,结果表明:中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫在世界动物地理区划中计3式区系型;东洋界区系型呈现主导优势,计179种,占总数95.72%;中国动物地理区划中计14式区系型,其中华南区系型所占比重最大,计121种,占总数64.71%;华南区成为现生中国瓢蜡蝉的集中与分化中心,并与华中区的联系最强;中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫具有较强的北方起源性,这与大陆漂移和板块运动密切相关,且燕山运动等地质事件造就了该类昆虫属种水平的分异与演化;该科族级水平演化关系为:瓢蜡蝉族Issini Spinola,1839最为原始,铲头瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini ChengYang,1991次之,球瓢蜡蝉族Hemisphaeriini Melichar,1906最为进化;通过聚类分析,中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫区系可分成3个区:即A区(东北区+华北区+蒙新区)、B区(华南区+华中区+西南区)和C区(青藏区),这可能与中国动物地理区划复杂的地理环境以及瓢蜡蝉自身飞行能力较差等原因相关。 相似文献
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本文就科昆虫的起源,各亚科、族及属的分布特点进行了分析和总结;并根据各属的世界分布情况,将其分为8种类型。文中还就中国科昆虫的地理分布及特点作了初步的探讨,结果表明:在我国已知的2亚科4族20个属中,东洋区分布的有10个属,其中有3个属仅分布于我国;古北区分布的有1个属;东洋-古北区分布的有3个属;东洋-新北区分布的有1个属;东洋-古北-新北区分布的有4个属;东洋-古北-新北-非洲区分布的有1个属。此外,科昆虫在中国的一个主要分布特点就是多数种类集中分布于华中区、华南区和西南区;而华中区则很可能是科种类的分化中心,并以此为中心向其他区扩散。 相似文献
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【目的】掌握我国祁连山国家公园青海片区寄蝇科昆虫资源,明确青海祁连山区寄蝇科昆虫种类和区系分布格局。【方法】于2019-2021年,采用网捕法对寄蝇科昆虫进行采集,用比较形态法进行标本观察分类,进一步对青海祁连山区寄蝇科昆虫资源进行整合。【结果】共调查分类鉴定出寄蝇科昆虫109种,隶属于4亚科15族54属,包含1个中国新记录属:马寄蝇属Masistylum Brauer&Bergenstamm,1893,2个中国新记录种:弓马寄蝇Masistylumarcuatum(Mik,1864)、黄缟寄蝇Onychogoniaflaviceps(Zetterstedt, 1838);54个种为青海新记录种;7个种为祁连山区优势种。区系分布格局显示,古北界+东洋界共有种与古北界特有种比例较高。【结论】青海祁连山国家公园的寄蝇科昆虫种类丰富,以植食性鳞翅目昆虫为宿主的寄蝇优势种明显,祁连山区寄蝇物种区系分布格局呈现出古北动物地理界青藏区的物种组成特征。 相似文献
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横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫 总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5
横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪海相沉积分布非常广泛,在早石炭世杜内期至晚二叠世各沉积中均含有大量有孔虫化石,其中尤以维宪期和长兴期沉积中的有孔虫化石最为丰富和保存极佳。本文描述了较为常见和特征的分子共11科30属65种,其中8个为新种,根据分析和比较,横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫动物群的组合面貌和特征与我国华南地区同期地层中所见有孔虫动物基本一致,同属“南方型”生物群,同时也与特提斯海域同期地层中有孔虫动物群非常近似,因此可以说明横断山地区当时的海水不仅与我国华南海域及特提斯海域都是相通的,同时都繁衍着大致相同的有孔虫动物群,它们均生活在温暖和盐度较为正常的浅海水域中。 相似文献
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Lang Kai-Yung 《植物分类学报:英文版》1990,28(5):356-371
The Hengduan Mountain Region on the south-eastern fringe of the Qinghai-
Xizang (Tibet) Plateau is located in W. Sichuan, N. W. Yunnan and E. Xizang, with a wide
area of juxtaposition from the east to the west, the mountains extending and the rivers flowing
from the north to the south. In this paper it covers an area from Daojie, Wayao, Yingping,
Yangbi, Dali of Yunnan and Dukou of Sichuan in the south, to Banbar, Dengqeu, Shenda of
Tibet and Serxu, Dainkog, Shuajingsi and Nanping (Jiuzhaigou) of Sichuan in the north,
and from Lharong, Baxoi and Zayü of Tibet in the west, to Maowen, Wenchuan, Mt. Erlang,
Mt. Emei and Xichang of Sichuan in the east (Fig. 1.). The Gongga Mountain is the highest
in the region, its summit being at an altitude of 7556m, whereas the Dadu River Valley in
the eastern part of the area is only 1150 m above sea level. Therefore, the relative height is
about 6400 m in the region. The Hengduan Mountain Region is well-known for its various
topography, complex natural conditions and rich flora.
The floristic composition and features of orchids in Hengduan Mountain
Region.
1. The species of orchids are abundant in the region. As we know so far, orchids in
the Hengduan Mountain Region comprise 91 genera and 363 species with 9 varieties, and thus
it is one of concentration centres of orchids in China, making up 56.17% of the total number
of orchids genera in China, only less than in Yunnan and Taiwan, and 34.87% of the total
number of orchids species in China, only less than in Yunnan and Sichuan.
2. The orchids genera in the Hengduan Mountain Region are complex in geographical
components as indicated below:
(1) Four geneva are endemic to China and one of them is endemic to the region.
(2) Fourteen genera are of the north temperate distribution pattern, 2 of the Old World
temperate one, 18 of the East-Asian one (including Sino-Himalayan and Sino-Japanese) and
3 of the East-Asian-North American one.
(3) Twenty one genera belong to the tropical Asian distribution pattern, 3 to the tropical
Asian-tropical African one, 13 to the tropical Asian-tropical Australian one, 1 to the tropical
Asian-tropical South American one, 8 to the Old World tropical one and 2 to the pantropical
one.
(4) Two genera are cosmopolitan.
The analysis of genera: Fourty eight genera (containing 151 species with 4 varieties) of the tropical distribution occur in the region, among which Calanthe and Cymbidium
distributed in the temperate region, and Bulbophyllum and Peristylus in the subtropical part
of China are comparatively abundant (with over 10 species), but the other 25 genera are monospecific and 11 genera each contain only 2-3 species. Some epiphytic genera mainly distributed in tropical Asia and belonging to tropical florestic elements, such as Vanda, Luisia,
Schoenorchis, Flickingeria, Monomeria, Kingidium, Acampe, Phalaenopsis, Thrixspermum,
Eria, Taeniophyllum, and terrestrial genera, such as Aphyllorchis, Collabium, Mischobulbum,
Paphiopedilum, Thunia, Brachycarythis, Satyrium, Corybas, Geodorum, Zeuxine, Tropidia,
have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the northern limit of distribution. Of 151 species
with 4 varieties, 41 species with 4 varieties are endemic to China, and 14 species with 3 varieties of them are endemic to the area, making up 3.86% of the total in the region under
discussion.
There are 41 genera (containing 189 species with 5 varieties) of the temperate distribution,
which occur in the region. Among them Platanthera (22 species with 1 variety), Cypripedium (17 species), Herminium (16 species), Amitostigma (15 species with 1 variety), Orchis
(12 species), Hemipilia (8 species with 1 variety), Neottianthe (4 species), Gymnadenia (4
species), Diphylax (3 species), Bletilla (3 species), have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the
distribution centre and differentiation centre. Among the 189 species with 5 varieties, 111 species
with 5 varieties are endemic to China, and 54 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the area,
making up 14.88% of the total of orchids in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Although the
number of temperate distribution genera is smaller than that of tropical distribution ones, several points may be mentioned:
(1) The Hengduan Mountain Region is distribution centre and differentiation centre of
a number of temperate genera in China, and is the northern limit of many genera mainly distributed in the tropics.
(2) The number in the former category is obviously larger than that in the latter.
(3) Endemic species in the former category in the area are over three times as many as
those in the latter.
The differentiation of species of the temperate distribution genera is obviously stronger
than the tropical ones, which characterizes the orchid flora in the area as the temperate one.
The life forms of genera. The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region so far
known comprises 91 genera, among which 51 are terrestrial, 32 epiphytic and 8 saprophytic,
thus with the terrestrial one dominant.
The analysis of species: The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region
so far known comprises 363 species with 9 varieties. Their distribution patterns and floristic
components, to which they belong, are indicated as follows:
(1) Fifty four species, belonging to 33 genera, are widespread, covering the whole East Asian Region, but 6 of them are endemic to China.
(2) Forty four species, belonging to 27 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Japanese
Subregion, but 22 species of them are endemic to China.
(3) One hundred and ninety five species with nine varieties, belonging to 53 genera,
are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion under discussion:
(A) Four species (i.e. Aphyllorchis alpine, Listera divaricata, L. pinetorum and Oreorchis micrantha) are distributed in the Himalayan Region and S. E. Xizang (Tibet), western
part of this region.
(B) Twenty five species, belonging to 17 genera, are distributed in N. W. Yunnan and
the Himalayan Region (Appendix, 1.).
(C) Sixteen species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region
and W. Sichuan. Among them 6 species occur only with Mt. Emei as the easternmost limit
and 10 species occur in the region west of Mt. Emei.
(D) Ten species, belonging to 9 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region, this
region and S. Shaanxi, S. Gansu or S. E. Qinghai.
(E) Eight species, belonging to 6 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region and
this region. Among them 6 species have their range extending eastwards to Guizhou and 2
species eastwards to Guangxi.
(F) Five species, belonging to 5 genera, having their range extending from this region
southwards to N. Burma.
(G) One handred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are endemic to China
behind discussion.
(4) (A) Three species (i.e. Anoectochilus moulmeinensis, Bulbophyllum forrestii and
Liparis chapaensis) are distributed in Indo-China, Burma and the region.
(B) Nine species, belonging to 7 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, N. E. India
and this region.
(C) Forty six species, belonging to 21 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, the Himalayan Region and this region (Appendix, 2.).
(D) Twelve species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in Indo-China and this region (Appendix, 3.)
3. The vicarism is obvious in the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region.
There are 10 species-pairs (in genera Calanthe, Tropidia, Anoectochilus, Mischobulbum,
Bulbophyllum, Gymnadenia, Pogonia, Tipularia, Tulotis, Orchis, etc.) of the horizontal vicarism and 7 species-pairs (in genera Epigeneium, Epipogium, Platanthera, Pogonia, etc.) of the
vertical vicarism in the region.
4. The endemic species are prolific in the region.
In the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region there are 155 species and 9 varieties endemic to China:
(1) Six species are widespread in the whole East-Asian Region.
(2) Twenty two species are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion.
(3) One hundred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are the elements of the
Sino-Himalayan Subregion. Among them 69 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the region (Appendix, 4.), making up 19% of the total in the region; other 58 species with 4 varieties are distributed in the region and neighbouring regions or provinces of it (Appendix, 5.).
5. Remarkable differentiation of the orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region is
shown by evident vicarism and abundance of endemic elements, exampled by Amitostigma,
Herminium, Orchis, Cypripedium, Platanthera, etc. and one group of Platanthera, which is
confined to the south fringe of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau-Hengduan Mountain Region. The
group consists of 12 species, of which one (P. edgeworthii) is distributed in the Western Himalayas from Hazara in Pakistan to Kumaun in India, and all the other 11 species (i.e.P.
stenantha, P. bakeriana, P. roseotincta, P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula, P. exilliana, P.
chiloglossa, P. leptocaulon, P. platantheroides, P. clavigera and P. latilabris) occur in China,
with 3 of them (i.e.P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula and P. chiloglossa) endemic to China.
According to their structure of gynostemum and form of labellum they belong to Platanthera
without question, although they are different from the other members of Platanthera in stigma
convex (not concave) and sepals mammillary-ciliate, stigma exhibits a series of evolutionary
trends in part of species, from stigma single, convex, elliptic and located near rear of spur
mouth (in P. stenantha) to stigma single, suddle, and located near front of spur mouth (in P.
bakeriana) and to stigma double, separate and located at front of spur mouth in the other
ten species.
The group in Platanthera is only confined to the area from the south fringe of the Xizang
(Tibet) Plateau to the Hengduan Mountain Region. It seems that the genus has been affected
by intense lift of the area, causing variation and differentiation and giving rise to the group
due to the long-term natural selection. Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province is the eastern limit of
distribution of the group, where there are three spcies, among which two (P. deflexilabella
and P. longiglandula) are endemic to the mountains.
In addition, among Risleya (1 species), Diphylax (3 species) and Diplomeris (2 species),
three genera typical of distribution in the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, Risleya and Diphylax
have Mt. Emei as their eastern limit. Eleven species, belonging to elements of the SinoJapanese Subregion, occur only from Japan to Western Sichuan with Mt. Emei as the western
limit. Among nine species, belonging to elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, six occur
from the Himalayas to W. Sichuan and three of them are endemic to the Hengduan Mountain
Region, with Mt. Emei as their eastern limit of distribution. There are eight endemic species and one variety of orchids in Mt. Emei, making up about 11.59% of the total endemic
species in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Orchid floristic elements in Mt. Emei are obviously different from those in Mt. Jinfo, the former being mainly of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, while the latter being mainly of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. From the distribution patterns of the orchid floristic elements in the Hengduan Mountain Region and Eastern
China, the Emei Mountain is considered important for drawing a boundary line between the
Sino-Japanese Subregion and the Sino-Himalayan Subregion.
The discussion may be summarized as follows: the floristic features of the orchid flora in
the Hengduan Mountain Region are: (1) rich in species, complex in geographical components,
eminent vicarism and differentiation, and prolific in endemic species; (2) terrestrial life form
is dominant one; (3) mainly consisting of temperate and subtropical East-Asian elements, es pecially, elements of Sino-Himalayan Subregion, though with some tropical elements and elem-ents of other regions. 相似文献
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论世界芨芨草属(禾本科)的地理分布 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
本文详细讨论了世界芨芨草属的地理分布等问题。1.全世界芨芨草属共有23种1变种,分为5个组。本文对它们进行了系统介绍。2.属的地理分布,最北为北纬62°(羽茅、毛颖芨芨草),最南为北纬26°(林阴芨芨草)。就海拔而论,分布最低的海拔记录为120m(雀麦芨芨草),分布最高的海拔记录为4600m(干生芨芨草和藏芨芨草)。3.本文讨论了芨芨草属5个组(芨芨草组,钝基草组,直芒草组,新芨芨草组,拟芨芨草组)的系统位置,和每个组包括的种类及5个组的分布格局。4.根据塔赫他间世界植物区系区划,统计了每个区的种数,明显看出伊朗—土兰区种类(18/24)是第一位,东亚区(14/24)居第二位。中国有17种,横断山脉地区、华北地区和唐古特地区种数最丰富(10种和9种)。5.研究结果表明:(A)从种的分布格局分析可见,横断山脉地区北部、唐古特地区东部和华北地区西部的交汇地是芨芨草属分布中心。(B)根据芨芨草属形态特征演化趋势分析和地史学资料推测横断山脉地区北部是芨芨草属的起源地。(C)有三条路线向外散布:a)从横断山脉地区向西沿喜马拉雅山脉,经克什米尔地区抵达地中海和中欧;b)从横断山脉向西北经祁连山、天山、塔里木盆地西侧山地,抵吉尔吉斯斯坦伊塞克湖; c)由横断山脉向东北经甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北和东北,抵达西伯利亚,东达堪察加半岛,西至鄂毕河上游,并经白令海峡陆桥分布到美国内华达山脉和落基山山脉。(D)该属植物集中分布于北半球半湿润、半干旱和干旱地区,以及极端干旱的荒漠区山地。植物的形成、发展和生态适应与气候相联系,并经过长期的适应和进化,塑造了一系列中生、旱中生的形态-生态特征和生活型。 相似文献
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贡嘎山地区位于青藏高原的东南缘,横断山系的东北段,现有杜鹃属植物73种4变种2亚种。在贡嘎山地区东坡的不同垂直高度上分布有43种(包括变、亚种)杜鹃,西坡则分布有63种(包括变、亚种)。贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物的区系组成属于泛北极植物区,大致分为:1、中国-日本森林植物亚区,只有1种杜鹃。2、中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,有78种(包括4变种, 2亚种),其中(1)1种分布于西藏、云南,并经云南入缅甸分布;(2)44种为四川特产;(3)5种为贡嘎山地区特有种。另外,贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物区系还有其特点:1、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分布中心之一;2、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分化中心之一;3、贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物有垂直替代现象。 相似文献
16.
西藏瘤祝蛾属一新种记述(鳞翅目:祝蛾科) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作者(1994)发表了“中国瘤祝绒属研究及新种记述”一文后,又在西藏发现瘤祝蛾属一新种。这也是首次在西藏发现该属昆虫。至此,我国已有该属昆虫31种。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。甲泡祝峨*orodoraoacma新种翅展22mm。触角浅黄褐色。下唇须第H节内侧深黄褐色,外侧及末节浅黄褐色。头部颜面浅黄褐色,头顶深褐色。胸部褐色。前翅褐色,具有黄色丝绸光泽,无花纹,缘毛暗褐色。后翅浅黄褐色,具丝绸光泽,缘毛灰黄色。二外生殖器(图1):爪形突大,端部加宽成“T”形。颚形突短宽,末端尖而长。抱器瓣几乎等宽,靴状,其端半… 相似文献
17.
One new genus and four new species of Lachesillinae are described frommaterial collected on the Chinese arborvitae from Xizang Autonomous Region,China.Type specimens are kept in the Insect Collections of Beijing Agricultural University. 相似文献
18.
GAEL J. KERGOAT LAURENT SOLDATI ANNE‐LAURE CLAMENS HERVE JOURDAN ROULA JABBOUR‐ZAHAB GWENAELLE GENSON PATRICE BOUCHARD FABIEN L. CONDAMINE 《Systematic Entomology》2014,39(3):486-499
Insect diversity represents about 60% of the estimated million‐and‐a‐half described eukaryotic species worldwide, yet comprehensive and well‐resolved intra‐ordinal phylogenies are still lacking for the majority of insect groups. This is the case especially for the most species‐rich insect group, the beetles (Coleoptera), a group for which less than 4% of the known species have had their DNA sequenced. In this study, we reconstruct the first higher level phylogeny based on DNA sequence data for the species‐rich darkling beetles, a family comprising at least 20 000 species. Although amongst all families of beetles Tenebrionidae ranks seventh in terms of species diversity, the lack of knowledge on the phylogeny and systematics of the group is such that its monophyly has been questioned (not to mention those of the subfamilies and tribes contained within it). We investigate the evolutionary history of Tenebrionidae using multiple phylogenetic inference methods (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and parsimony) to analyse a dataset consisting of eight gene fragments across 404 taxa (including 250 tenebrionid species). Although the resulting phylogenetic framework only encompasses a fraction of the known tenebrionid diversity, it provides important information on their systematics and evolution. Whatever the methods used, our results provide strong support for the monophyly of the family, and highlight the likely paraphyletic or polyphyletic nature of several important tenebrionid subfamilies and tribes, notably the polyphyletic subfamilies Diaperinae and Tenebrioninae that clearly require substantial revision in the future. Some interesting associations in several groups are also revealed by the phylogenetic analyses, such as the pairing of Aphtora Bates with Phrenapatinae. Furthermore this study advances our knowledge of the evolution of the group, providing novel insights into much‐debated theories, such as the apparent relict distribution of the tribe Elenophorini. 相似文献
19.
昆虫小分子化合物的分子系统学研究综述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
昆虫体内的小分子经合物可分为初级代谢物和次级代谢物,本文综述了这两类小分子化合物在昆虫分类上的应用情况。化学指纹法简便快速,所获的数据是较高阶元的分类性状,而且有良好的生长地区指示作用。游离氨基酸只在四,五十年代应用较多。碳氢化合物是近十年在昆虫分类上应用较多的一类次生性化合物,易一提取,分析方法简便快速,但这类数据多属定量的,只能用多元分析法分析。昆虫外分泌物,尤其是防卫性外分泌物,在分类学研究 相似文献
20.
昆虫标本馆建设与昆虫系统学的未来 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
昆虫标本馆是昆虫标本的保藏、研究和科学教育的实体,代表国家或者区域水平,致力于研究昆虫多样性、揭示昆虫进化规律,为国民经济建设持续发展服务。昆虫系统学研究是昆虫标本馆研究人员的主要任务,它的发展与昆虫标本馆的建设唇齿相依。本文阐述了昆虫标本馆的功能与作用,建设昆虫标本馆的重要性和迫切性;展望了昆虫系统学的未来以及昆虫系统学发展的机遇。 相似文献