Chemiluminescence determination of bromhexine hydrochloride with morin as chemiluminescent reagent

A new chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was observed when cerium(IV) solution was injected into bromhexine hydrochloride–morin solution. Based on this, a flow‐injection CL method for the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride was established. A possible mechanism of the CL reaction was proposed via the investigation of the CL kinetic characteristics, the CL spectrum and the fluorescence spectra of some related substances. Under optimum conditions, the CL signal was correlated linearly with concentration of bromhexine hydrochloride over the range 2.0 × 10^–9–2.0 × 10^–7 g/mL, with a linear correlation of 0.9995. The detection limit was 9 × 10^–10 g/mL bromhexine hydrochloride and the relative standard deviation was 1.0% (c = 2.0 × 10^–8 g/mL bromhexine hydrochloride, n = 11). The method was applied to the determination of bromhexine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection determination of diclofenac sodium based on its sensitizing effect on the chemiluminescent reaction of acidic potassium permanganate–formaldehyde

A sensitive and simple chemiluminescent (CL) method for the determination of diclofenac sodium has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between formaldehyde and acidic potassium permanganate. A calibration curve is constructed for diclofenac sodium under optimized experimental parameters over the range 0.040–5.0 µg/mL and the limit of detection is 0.020 µg/mL (3σ). The inter‐assay relative standard deviation for 0.040 µg/mL diclofenac sodium (n = 11) is 2.0%. This method is rapid, sensitive, simple, and shows good selectivity and reproducibility. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the studied diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results. Furthermore, the possible mechanism for the CL reaction has been discussed in detail on the basis of UV and CL spectra. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel chemiluminescent flow‐injection analysis of transferrin by its reduction of the luminol—hydrogen peroxide reaction catalysed by meso‐tetra‐(3‐methoxyl‐4‐hydroxyl) phenyl manganese porphyrin

Based on the inhibition effect of transferrin (Tf) on the reaction of the luminol–hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) chemiluminescence (CL) system, catalysed by meso‐tetra‐(3‐methoxyl‐4‐hydroxyl) phenyl manganese porphyrin (MnP) as a mimetic enzyme of peroxides, a sensitive flow‐injection CL method has been developed for the determination of Tf in an alkaline medium. The CL reaction was carefully investigated by examining the variations of reaction conditions. Under optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination of transferrin was 0.04–20.0 μg/mL and the detection limit was 1.62 ng/mL. This proposed method was sensitive, convenient and simple, and has been successfully applied to the determination of transferrin in a serum sample. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A flow injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of lincomycin in serum using a diperiodato-cuprate (III)-luminol system

In this paper, the novel trivalent copper–periodate complex {K₅[Cu(HIO₆)₂], DPC} has been applied in a luminol‐based chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. Coupled with flow injection (FI) technology, the FI‐CL method was proposed for the determination of lincomycin hydrochloride. The CL reaction between luminol and DPC occurred in an alkaline medium. The CL intensity could be greatly enhanced by lincomycin hydrochloride. The relative CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of lincomycin hydrochloride in the range of 1 × 10^?8 to 5 × 10^?6 g mL^?1 and the detection limit was at the 3.5 × 10^?9 g mL^?1 level. The relative standard deviation at 5 × 10^?8 g mL^?1 was 1.7% (n = 9). The sensitive method was successfully applied to the direct determination of lincomycin hydrochloride (ng mL^?1) in serum. A possible mechanism of the lumonol–DPC CL reaction was discussed by the study of the CL kinetic characteristics and the spectra of CL reaction. The oxidability of DPC was studied by means of its electrochemical response. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of clomipramine by flow‐injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate–formic acid chemiluminescence detection

A sensitive and simple chemiluminescent (CL) method for the determination of clomipramine has been developed by combining the flow‐injection analysis (FIA) technique, which is based on the CL intensity generated from the redox reaction of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)–formic acid in sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) medium. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination of clomipramine was 0.04–4 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9988 (n = 10) and a detection limit of 0.008 µg/mL (3σ), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 2.0 µg/mL clomipramine (n = 11) is 1.26%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the studied clomipramine in pharmaceutical preparations. The possible reaction mechanism is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of lercanidipine based on N‐chlorosuccinimide–eosin Y post‐chemiluminescence reaction

A novel post‐chemiluminescence (PCL) reaction was discovered when lercanidipine was injected into the CL reaction mixture of N‐chlorosuccinimide with alkaline eosin Y in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), where eosin Y was used as the CL reagent and CTAB as the surfactant. Based on this observation, a simple and highly sensitive PCL method combined with a flow injection (FI) technique was developed for the assay of lercanidipine. Under optimum conditions, the CL signal was linearly related to the concentration of lercanidipine in the range 7.0 × 10^‐10 to 3.0 × 10^‐6 g/mL with a detection limit of 2.3 × 10^‐10 g/mL (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.1% for 1.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL lercanidipine (n = 13). The proposed method had been applied to the estimation of lercanidipine in tablets and human serum samples with satisfactory results. The possible CL mechanism is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An ultrasensitive chemiluminescent method for the tanshinol borneol ester determination and its pharmacokinetic analysis

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), a chemical combination of danshensu and borneol, is an experimental drug that exhibits efficacious anti‐ischemic activity in animal models. In this work, an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of DBZ was established based on the inhibitory effect of DBZ on the CL signal produced from the reaction between potassium permanganate and luminol in alkaline solution. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of DBZ in the range 2.0 × 10^‐10 to 4.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL with a detection limit of 7 × 10^?11 g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8% for 4.0 × 10^?9 g DBZ (n = 11). The proposed method showed characteristics of high sensitivity, simple device and quick. In addition, this proposed method had been applied satisfactorily to the analysis of DBZ in blood. The pharmacokinetics of DBZ in rat has also been studied using the CL method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of dipyridamole using TCPO–H2O2 chemiluminescence in the presence of silver nanoparticles

The method is based on the fact that dipyridamole can enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) emission from the redox reaction of bis (2,4,6‐tricholorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) with H₂O₂ in the presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The CL reaction mechanism was discussed. The effect of concentrations of TCPO, H₂O₂, AgNPs and pH value on the CL reaction were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the linear dynamic range was 1.0–1000 × 10^?9 g/mL and the detection limit (3σ) was 9 × 10^?10 g/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4.8% for 1.0 × 10^?9 g/mL dipyridamole (n = 7). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of dipyridamole tablets and the recovery was 99–103%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Highly sensitive chemiluminescence determination of tenoxicam using a cerium(IV)–sodium hyposulphite system in micellar medium

A simple, rapid and precise flow‐injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method is presented for the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples. The method is based on the weak chemiluminescence signal arising from the reaction of cerium(IV) in a nitric acid medium with sodium hyposulphite being significantly increased by tenoxicam in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. Several experimental parameters affecting the CL reaction were examined and optimized systematically. Under the optimum conditions, the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of tenoxicam in the range 7.0 × 10^–11–5.0 × 10^–8 g/mL. The detection limit was 2.3 × 10^–11 g/mL tenoxicam and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.1% for 1.0 × 10^–9 g/mL tenoxicam solution (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations, serum and human urine, with satisfactory results. The possible mechanism of the chemiluminescence reaction is also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of puerarin in biological samples and its application to a pharmacokinetic study by flow‐injection chemiluminescence

A simple and sensitive flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method has been developed for the determination of puerarin, based on the fact that puerarin can greatly inhibit CL of the luminol–H₂O₂–haemoglobin system. The inhibition of CL intensity was linear to the logarithm of the concentration of puerarin in the range 0.08–10.0 μg/mL (r² = 0.9912). The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/mL (3σ) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 1.0 μg/mL (n = 11) of puerarin solution was 1.4%. Coupled with solid‐phase extraction (SPE) as the sample pretreatment, the determination of puerarin in biological samples and a preliminary pharmocokinetic study of puerarin in rats were performed. The recoveries for plasma and urine at three different concentrations were 89.2–110.0% and 91.4–104.8%, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of puerarin in plasma of rat coincides with the two‐compartment open model. The T_1/2α, T_1/2β, CL/F, V_Z/F, AUC_{(0 – t)}, MRT_{(0 – ∞)}, T_max and C_max were 0.77 ± 0.21 h, 7.55 ± 2.64 h, 2.43 ± 1.02 L/kg/h, 11.40 ± 3.45 L/kg, 56.67 ± 10.65 mg/h/L, 5.04 ± 2.78 h, 1.00 ± 0.35 h and 19.70 ± 4.67 μg/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of phenformin hydrochloride using molecular imprinting technology coupled with flow-injection chemiluminescence

A novel method was developed using molecular imprinting technology (MIT) coupled with flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) for highly sensitive detection of phenformin hydrochloride (PH). The phenformin imprinted polymer was synthesized with methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross‐linker. Newly synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles were packed into a column as a selective recognition element for determination of PH. A CL method for the determination of PH was developed based on the CL reaction of PH with N‐bromosuccinimide sensitized by eosin Y in basic media. The optimization of detection conditions was investigated. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of PH in the range 0.09–2.0 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9920. The detection limit was 0.031 µg/mL. The relative standard deviation for the determination of 1.0 µg/mL PH solution was 1.0% (n = 11). The method was applied to the determination of PH in urine samples, with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescent determination of estrogen benzoate using the tris(1,10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium(II)–permanganate system

Chemiluminescence (CL) detection for the determination of estrogen benzoate, using the reaction of tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)–Na₂SO₃–permanganate, is described. This method is based on the CL reaction of estrogen benzoate (EB) with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II). The CL intensity is greatly enhanced when Na₂SO₃ is added. After optimization of the different experimental parameters, a calibration graph for estrogen benzoate is linear in the range 0.05–10 µg/mL. The 3 s limit of detection is 0.024 µg/mL and the relative standard deviation was 1.3% for 1.0 µg/mL estrogen benzoate (n = 11). This proposed method was successfully applied to commercial injection samples and emulsion cosmetics. The mechanism of CL reaction was also studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescence determination of olanzapine using N‐chlorosuccinimide–calcein reaction sensitized by zinc (II)

A novel, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method combined with flow‐injection (FI) has been established for the estimation of olanzapine. This method is based on the CL signal generated between N‐chlorosuccinimide and olanzapine in an alkaline medium in the presence of calcein and Zn(II). Under optimum conditions, the CL signal was proportional to the olanzapine concentration ranging from 1.0 × 10^‐10 to 3.0 × 10^‐7 g/mL. The detection limit is 8.9 × 10^‐11 g/mL olanzapine (3σ) and the relative standard deviation for 3.0 × 10^‐9 g/mL of olanzapine is 1.9% (n = 11). The current CL method was applied to determine olanzapine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids with satisfactory results. The possible CL reaction mechanism is discussed briefly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Green spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of biperiden hydrochloride using erythrosine B sensing probe

Erythrosine B (EB) is a food colorant antiviral xanthene dye that has many applications as a color additive in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its use as a sensor for spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric analysis of amine-based pharmaceuticals renders many advantages because of its availability, low cost, rapid labeling, and high sensitivity. Herein, two fast and sensitive spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods were established for the estimation of the anti-Parkinson drug, biperiden (BIP) hydrochloride (HCl), in its raw material and tablet forms. The proposed methods depended on the interaction between the phenolic group of EB and the tertiary amino group of the studied analyte to form an ion-pair complex at pH 4 using the Britton Robinson buffer. The spectrofluorimetric method is based on the measurement of the quenching power of BIP HCl on the fluorescence intensity of EB at λ_ex/em = 527.0/550.9 nm. This method was rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 μg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) = 0.017 μg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.05 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the colorimetric method involved monitoring the absorbance of the formed ion-pair complex at 555 nm, showing a linearity range of 0.4–5.0 μg/mL with LOD = 0.106 μg/mL and LOQ = 0.322 μg/mL. The proposed methods were assessed for the greenness, indicating the greenness of the developed methods.     

Chemiluminescence determination of naproxen based on europium(III)‐sensitized KIO4–H2O2 reaction

A simple and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method combined with flow injection technique was developed for the determination of naproxen. It was based upon the weak CL signal arising from the reaction of KIO₄ with H₂O₂ being significantly increased by naproxen in the presence of europium(III) ion. The experimental conditions that affected the CL signal were carefully optimized and the CL reaction mechanism was briefly discussed. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of naproxen ranging from 5.0 × 10^?8 to 5.0 × 10^?6 g/mL. The detection limit was 1 × 10^?8 g/mL naproxen and the relative standard deviation for 5.0 × 10^?7 g/mL naproxen solution was 2.1% (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of naproxen in tablets and in spiked human urine samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of protoberberine alkaloids in medicinal plants based on acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence system

A simple method was established to determine protoberberine alkaloids in Cortex Phellodendri and Rhizoma Coptidis based on an acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence (CL) system. The optimum conditions for the CL reaction between protoberberine alkaloids and potassium permanganate were studied in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the linear response ranges for berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine were 0.038–7.27, 0.031–18.1 and 0.012–3.61 μg/mL with detection limits of 0.005, 0.004 and 0.0007 μg/mL, respectively. This method was successfully applied to determine the content of protoberberine alkaloids (calculated using berberine as an index) in Cortex Phellodendri and Rhizoma Coptidis. In addition, a possible mechanism of this CL reaction was proposed on the basis of the investigation of CL, UV and fluorescent spectra of protoberberine alkaloids in acidic solution containing potassium permanganate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemiluminescence determination of promazine in human serum and drug formulations using Ru(phen)32+–Ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach

A new chemiluminescence (CL) method using flow injection has been described for the rapid and sensitive determination of promazine hydrochloride (PMH). The method is based on the CL reaction of PMH with tris(1,10 phenanthroline)ruthenium(II), [Ru(phen)₃²⁺] and Ce(IV) in sulfuric acid medium. Effects of chemical variables were investigated employing central composite design and response surface methodology. Under the optimum conditions, the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of the drug in solution over the ranges 0.020–0.32 and 0.32–32 µg/mL. The limit of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) was 0.012 µg/mL. The method was applied successfully to the determination of PMH in drug formulations and human serum (recovery percentages between 96.7 and 105.0%). The relative standard deviation for 11 replicate determinations of 1.5 µg/mL of PMH was 1.7%. The minimum sampling rate was 100 samples per hour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of 2‐methoxyestradiol based on inhibition of luminol‐potassium ferricyanide reaction

A novel flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method is described for the determination of 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐ME). The method is based on the inhibitory effect of 2‐ME on the CL reaction of luminol and potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution. Under optimal conditions, net CL intensity was proportional to 2‐ME concentration in synthetic and mouse plasma samples. Corresponding linear regression equations were 8.0 x 10^‐9‐1.0 x 10^‐7g/mL for synthetic samples and 2.0 x 10^‐9‐1.0 x 10^‐7g/mL for plasma samples. Detection limit for synthetic samples and limits for quantification of plasma samples were 8.4 x 10^‐10g/mL (3σ) for synthetic samples and 4.0 x 10^‐9g/mL for mouse samples. A complete analysis was performed for 60 s, including washing and sampling, resulting in a throughput of ≈ 60/h. The proposed method was applied for the determination of 2‐ME in synthetic and mouse plasma samples. Percentage recoveries were 101.0‐102.8% and 98.0‐105.0%, respectively. A possible mechanism responsible for CL reaction is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemiluminescence determination of gemifloxacin based on diperiodatoargentate (III)‐sulphuric acid reaction in a micellar medium

A novel flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) analysis method for the determination of gemifloxacin in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant micelles is described. Strong CL signal was generated during the reaction of gemifloxacin with diperiodatoargentate (III) in a sulfuric acid medium sensitized by CTAB. Under optimum experimental conditions, the CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of gemifloxacin from 1.0 × 10^‐9 to 3.0 × 10^‐7 g/mL and the detection limit was 7.3 × 10^‐10 g/mL (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.7 % for a 3.0 × 10^‐8 g/mL gemifloxacin solution (11 repeated measurements). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The possible mechanism of the CL reaction is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescence method to detect a β2 adrenergic agonist

A new method for the detection of β₂ adrenergic agonists was developed based on the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of β₂ adrenergic agonist with potassium ferricyanide–luminol CL. The effect of β₂ adrenergic agonists including isoprenaline hydrochloride, salbutamol sulfate, terbutaline sulfate and ractopamine on the CL intensity of potassium ferricyanide–luminol was discovered. Detection of the β₂ adrenergic agonist was carried out in a flow system. Using uniform design experimentation, the influence factors of CL were optimized. The optimal experimental conditions were 1 mmol/L of potassium ferricyanide, 10 µmol/L of luminol, 1.2 mmol/L of sodium hydroxide, a flow speed of 2.6 mL/min and a distance of 1.2 cm from ‘Y₂’ to the flow cell. The linear ranges and limit of detection were 10–100 and 5 ng/mL for isoprenaline hydrochloride, 20–100 and 5 ng/mL for salbutamol sulfate, 8–200 and 1 ng/mL for terbutaline sulfate, 20–100 and 4 ng/mL for ractopamine, respectively. The proposed method allowed 200 injections/h with excellent repeatability and precision. It was successfully applied to the determination of three β₂ adrenergic agonists in commercial pharmaceutical formulations with recoveries in the range of 96.8–98.5%. The possible CL reaction mechanism of potassium ferricyanide–luminol–β₂ adrenergic agonist was discussed from the UV/vis spectra. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.