热稳定α—淀粉酶稳定性工程菌的构建

本文以质粒pE194为载体亚克隆B.licheniformis热稳定α-淀粉酶基因,构建成重组质粒pNW102,通过噬菌体PBS1将它转导进入中温α-淀粉酶生产菌B.subtilis BF7658。B.subtilis BF7658(pNW102)经过长时间非许可温度处理,筛选得到2株热稳定α-淀粉酶稳定性表达的工程菌株。酶学分析显示同源重组具有热点,2株重组菌株B.subtilis BFNW产生的热稳定α-淀粉酶符合B.licheniformis产生的淀粉酶特性。     

孢子接种生产BF-7658α-淀粉酶

枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BF-7658在土豆培养基上能稳定形成大量孢子。孢子接种不影响淀粉酶产量。中型生产实验说明孢子接种生产BF-7658α-淀粉酶,产量比较稳定。     

酶和发酵工程

枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)2633能超量生产α-淀粉酶(比其亲本品系枯草杆菌6160约高3000倍)。采用枯草杆菌-大肠杆菌穿梭载体 PHY 300 PLK 将枯草杆菌2633的一个α-淀粉酶基因克隆到大肠杆菌中。当含有α-淀粉酶基因的重组质粒 PAM 26被导入枯草杆菌6160后,一个转换体大约可产生40000 U/毫升的α-淀粉酶,为枯草杆菌6160的4000倍。这表明2633的α-淀粉酶基因(淀     

pNK289衍生质粒在牙孢杆菌中的分离稳定性

报道关于一系列pNK289衍生质粒分离稳定性研究结果。这些起源相同的质粒在Bacillus,subtilis AS1.1176中的分离稳定性存在差异,这种差异与质粒的大小和复制方式无关,而与质粒的考贝数有一定的关系。由于不稳定质粒pNK219在B.subtilis BD224宿主中能稳定遗传,所以推测宿主的遗传背景可能影响质粒的分离稳定性,这些研究不仅为进一步寻找与pNK289衍生质粒稳定性相关的基因奠定了基础,而且为在芽孢杆中构建稳定的重组质粒提供了理论依据。     

携有巨大芽孢杆菌淀粉酶基因的两种质粒在枯草杆菌中产酶性质的比较

携带巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium糖化型α淀粉酶基因的质粒pBX95和pBX96(pBX96在枯草杆菌中传代对自发缺失0.65kb片段的衍生质粒)在枯草杆菌Bacillus subtilis中表达的α淀粉酶分子量分别为64 kD和58kD。它们的比活力相差两倍。并且在等电点、米氏常数、最适温度、最适pH、热稳定性方面均有差别。但二者的淀粉水解产物的层析谱带相同。     

通过同源介导α-淀粉酶基因扩增改良地衣芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶生产菌株

地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶(BLA)是淀粉水解与生物加工过程中重要关键酶制剂之一.为了进一步提高地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶生产菌株的生产性能,本研究构建了一种含有地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶编码基因amyL的整合性重组质粒pBL-amyL.将重组质粒pBL-amyL转化入BLA工业生产菌株Bacillus licheniformis B0204,再在卡那霉素存在下介导其B.1icheniformis B0204染色体中的同源整合与高温α-淀粉酶编码基因amyL的扩增,由此获得了携带多个amyL拷贝的转化子.对转化子的amyL拷贝数及其BLA发酵水平分别用荧光实时定量PCR及摇瓶发酵试验进行评价与鉴定.与出发菌株B0204相比,含2～5倍amyL拷贝数的重组菌的BLA的合成水平显著提高.其中,重组菌REBL18生产BLA的水平提高了89.2%.     

地衣形芽孢杆菌热稳定α-淀粉酶基因的分子克隆及其在枯草杆菌中的表达

以E.coli噬菌体λ EMBL 3为载体,用鸟枪法将地衣形芽孢杆菌的热稳定α-淀粉酶基因克隆到λ噬菌体的基因组中。携带α-淀粉酶基因的杂种噬菌体λ pAmy_αL16的DNA,经限制性内切酶HindⅢ水解后,被亚克隆到枯草杆菌的质粒pNQ 122上,并得到了表达。通过重转化作用和物理图谱分析,证明α-淀粉酶基因位于3.9 kb的Hin dⅢ DNA限制片段上。 转化子枯草杆菌(pAmy_αL41)产生的α-淀粉酶的热稳定性、最适反应温度等与亲本菌株一致。α-淀粉酶的分子量和等电点也与原菌株相同。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BF7658a-淀粉酶的性质

枯草芽孢杆菌(Baeillas subtilis) BF7658产生的a-淀粉酶(EC 3．2．1．1)在免疫学上与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B．Amyloliquefaciens)产生的液化型一淀粉酶相同。 并且二者的a-淀粉酶的淀粉水解产物的层析谱带相同,分子量相等(约55000道尔顿),等电点相近(5．12和5．28);B．Subtilis Marburg 168a-淀粉酶分子量为64000道尔顿,等电点为6．12。因此,B.subtills BF7658产生的a-淀粉酶是液化型a-淀粉酶。因而建议将B．Subtilis BF7658改名为B．Amylolique]aeiens BF7658。     

通过同源介导a-淀粉酶基因扩增改良地衣芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶生产菌株

地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶(BLA)是淀粉水解与生物加工过程中重要关键酶制剂之一。为了进一步提高地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶生产菌株的生产性能,本研究构建了一种含有地衣芽孢杆菌高温α-淀粉酶编码基因amyL的整合性重组质粒pBL-amyL。将重组质粒pBL-amyL转化入BLA工业生产菌株BacilluslicheniformisB0204,再在卡那霉素存在下介导其B.licheniformisB0204染色体中的同源整合与高温α-淀粉酶编码基因amyL的扩增,由此获得了携带多个amyL拷贝的转化子。对转化子的amyL拷贝数及其BLA发酵水平分别用荧光实时定量PCR及摇瓶发酵试验进行评价与鉴定。与出发菌株B0204相比,含2～5倍amyL拷贝数的重组菌的BLA的合成水平显著提高。其中,重组菌REBL18生产BLA的水平提高了89.2%。     

利用淀粉直接发酵生产肌苷菌株的构建

以肌苷生产菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TF_2为受体菌,利用质粒DNA的原生质体转化法,将携带糖化型α-淀粉酶基因的重组质粒pBX96导入肌苷产生菌TF_2中,转化频率为5.7×10^(-6),获得一株能以淀粉为碳源生产肌苷的转化子T140(pBX96),该工程菌株能在以淀粉为碳源的培养基上平均积累肌苷4.64g/L,经过92代,质粒自发丢失率为0.78％。培养48h后,工程菌株的糖化型α—淀粉酶活力为受体菌的7.79倍。并对工程菌株TI40(pBX96)的发酵条件做了初步摸索。     

Preparation of hair for measurement of elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The preparation of hair for the determination of elements is a critical component of the analysis procedure. Open-beaker, closedvessel microwave, and flowthrough microwave digestion are methods that have been used for sample preparation and are discussed. A new digestion method for use with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed. The method uses 0.2 g of hair and 3 mL of concentrated nitric acid in an atmospheric pressurelow-temperature microwave digestion (APLTMD) system. This preparation method is useful in handling a large numbers of samples per day and may be adapted to hair sample weights ranging from 0.08 to 0.3 g. After digestion, samples are analyzed by ICP-MS to determine the concentration of Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U. Benefits of the APLTMD include reduced contamination and sample handling, and increased precision, reliability, and sample throughput.     

日本北海道虻类雌性外生殖器形态(双翅目：虻科)(英文)

【目的】利用日本北海道虻类评估和验证外生殖器在分类学上的意义。【方法】将虻类成虫标本浸渍在生理盐水中并置于双目显微镜下通过针和镊子在培养皿中进行解剖并绘图,观察第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器的形态特征。【结果】在日本北海道共记录了虻科(Tabanidae) 3亚科7属38种。我们观察并描述了3亚科其中的6属24种的雌性外生殖器的主要特征。亚科之间存在明显差异;然而在一般情况下属之间很难建立一种方法来确定共同点;种之间只有在斑虻属Chrysops中有相似之处,其他属中则比较多样化。因此,亚科鉴定根据第9背板、第8腹板及受精囊足以进行区分,属及种鉴定需要结合第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器各自的特征组合在一起才能区分开来。我们也制作了虻类外生殖器的检索表。【结论】和许多其他昆虫一样,外生殖器是虻科的重要分类特征,对于促进分类学和系统学的发展具有重要意义。本研究首次对分布在日本北海道的虻科雌性外生殖器进行了系统研究。     

A phylogenetic analysis of 100+ genera and 50+ families of euasterids based on morphological and molecular data with notes on possible higher level morphological synapomorphies

 A data matrix of 143 morphological and chemical characters for 142 genera of euasterids according to the APG system was compiled and complemented with rbcL and ndhF sequences for most of the genera. The data were subjected to parsimony analysis and support was assessed by bootstrapping. Strict consensus trees from analyses of morphology alone and morphology + rbcL + ndhF are presented. The morphological data recover several groups supported by molecular data but at the level of orders and above relationships are only superficially in agreement with molecular studies. The analyses provide support for monophyly of Gentianales, Aquifoliales, Apiales, Asterales, and Dipsacales. All data indicate that Adoxaceae are closely related to Dipsacales and hence they should be included in that order. The trees were used to assess some possible morphological synapomorphies for euasterids I and II and for the orders of the APG system. Euasterids I are generally characterised by opposite leaves, entire leaf margins, hypogynous flowers, “early sympetaly” with a ring-shaped corolla primordium, fusion of stamen filaments with the corolla tube, and capsular fruits. Euasterids II often have alternate leaves, serrate-dentate leaf margins, epigynous flowers, “late sympetaly” with distinct petal primordia, free stamen filaments, and indehiscent fruits. It is unclear which of these characters represent synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies for the two groups, respectively, and there are numerous expections to be interpreted as reversals and parallelisms. Received August 28, 2000 Accepted August 7, 2001     

外泌体在白血病中的重要调控作用

目前,白血病复发是患者死亡的主要原因之一。肿瘤细胞和微环境的相互作用,以及隐匿在骨髓中的肿瘤干细胞,促进了白血病的复发和向淋巴组织的转移,因此白血病的治疗、转移和复发问题受到广泛关注。外泌体是由绝大多数细胞分泌的双层脂质膜囊泡,可以调控细胞间的交流和信息传递。在白血病细胞、基质细胞和内皮细胞之间的相互联系中都涉及到外泌体,白血病细胞来源的外泌体存在于白血病患者的血浆中,能把其携带的白血病相关抗原及微小RNA呈递给靶细胞,促进白血病肿瘤细胞的增殖,有助于肿瘤细胞实现免疫逃避,保护白血病细胞抵抗化疗药物导致的细胞毒性作用,促进血管生成及肿瘤细胞的迁移。因此,外泌体与白血病的转移、治疗及预后密切相关,可以用来检测和监测白血病的进展。本文综述了外泌体的来源、形成与分泌机制,以及外泌体在白血病发生前、发展中、预后和免疫治疗中所扮演的重要角色。     

Assessing burrowing, nest construction, and hoarding in mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented. Burrowing was first developed in Oxford. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them. Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it. Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality. A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.     

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein^1,2. The Δku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The Δku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale^1-4.Here, we report methods for using type I and type II Δku80Δhxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in Δku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).     

Staining protocols for human pancreatic islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region. The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&E and IHC stains. The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.     

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells^3-5. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator β-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells⁶, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies¹. Originally published by Naal et al.¹, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease^7-11, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function². In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using ε₂₈₀ = 4,200 L/M/cm)¹². This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.     

Automated High-throughput Behavioral Analyses in Zebrafish Larvae

We have created a novel high-throughput imaging system for the analysis of behavior in 7-day-old zebrafish larvae in multi-lane plates. This system measures spontaneous behaviors and the response to an aversive stimulus, which is shown to the larvae via a PowerPoint presentation. The recorded images are analyzed with an ImageJ macro, which automatically splits the color channels, subtracts the background, and applies a threshold to identify individual larvae placement in the lanes. We can then import the coordinates into an Excel sheet to quantify swim speed, preference for edge or side of the lane, resting behavior, thigmotaxis, distance between larvae, and avoidance behavior. Subtle changes in behavior are easily detected using our system, making it useful for behavioral analyses after exposure to environmental toxicants or pharmaceuticals.