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1.
Akio Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1975,16(2):107-140
Signaling behaviors appearing in grooming interactions of wild Japanese monkeys were analysed. Vocal signals found in the
grooming interactions had the content of asking the objective animal “if the vocal signaler may groom the recipient animal.”
They could be divided into two categories of vocal sounds, VG-1 and VG-2. The former was uttered in common by all the troop
members. The latter was uttered just before grooming by the groomer and is considered to have deeper connection with grooming.
Each individual uttered mainly one kind of vocal sound out of VG-2, and the preferred vocal sounds for each individual differed.
Furthermore, VG-2 differed in different troops. Behavioral signals had the content of showing “the acceptance of grooming”
or showing “the request to be groomed.” The appearance of these signaling behaviors was closely related to the inter-individual
relationships of grooming partners, especially as to whether or not they had blood relationships. Basically the monkeys have
a system in which they must avoid each other, except in the case of mothers and their offspring, and if they had to approach
too closely against this basic system, as in grooming interactions, there appeared signaling behaviors as mentioned above. 相似文献
2.
Magdalena Janus 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(3):243-261
Play, grooming, and proximity, and the degree to which these were reciprocated between pairs, were studied in immature sibling
and nonsibling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)in four established captive groups over two seasons. “Interaction reciprocity” and “partner reciprocity” were assessed for
each dyad for each of the three behaviors. In play, interaction reciprocity was based on the ratio between the play initiations
by each dyad member,in grooming on the ratio between the grooming durations by each dyad member, and in proximity on the relative responsibility
for proximity maintenance. Two or three most frequent (top) partners for each behavior were found for each individual. If
two monkeys were among each other’s top partners, they were said to be reciprocal partners. Monkeys played with nonsiblings
as much as with siblings but spent more time grooming and in proximity with siblings than with nonsiblings. Same-age nonsiblings
(peers) were more frequent partners than other nonsiblings for each behavior. Siblings’ grooming interactions were more reciprocal
than those of nonsiblings. There was no such effect for play and proximity. All-male dyads tended to be more reciprocal in
play interactions, and all-female dyads tended to be more reciprocal in grooming interactions. In play, but not in grooming
or proximity, the interaction reciprocity of reciprocal partners was higher than that of nonreciprocal dyads. It is argued
that the three behaviors have similar roles in infant’s social development but they differ in the expression of this role.
Hence the reciprocity patterns vary with the behavior. 相似文献
3.
Grooming in primates: Implications for its utilitarian function 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Captive lion-tailed macaques, ring-tailed lemurs and Celebes black “apes” performed relatively more social grooming of areas
which are inaccessible to self-grooming. Combined with considerable circumstantial evidence, this suggests that primate grooming
may subserve real utilitarian functions in parasite removal, in addition to its acknowledged social functions. 相似文献
4.
A longitudinal study of chimpanzee gestural communication is reported. Subjects were seven 5- to 8-year-old members of a semi-natural
group at the Yerkes Field Station. These were the same individuals observed byTomasello et al. (1985) four years previously. Nearly identical operational definitions and observational procedures were used in the
two studies. Longitudinal comparisons between the two observation periods revealed that the development of chimpanzee gestural
communication is best characterized as a series of ontogenetic adaptations: as particular social functions (e.g., nursing,
playing, grooming, etc.) arise, decline, or change, gestural communication follows suit. Most gestures seem to be conventionalized
by individuals in direct social interaction with conspecifics. Some gestures may be learned by “second-person imitation”—an
individual copying a behavior directed to it by another individual. No evidence was found for “third-person imitation”—an
individual copying a gesture used between two other individuals. Implications for the concept of chimpanzee “culture” are
discussed.
This research was supported in part by NIH Grant RR-00165 from the Division of Research Resources to the Yerkes Regional Primate
Research Center. The Yerkes Center is fully accredited by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal
Care. 相似文献
5.
6.
Yvan I. Russell 《Primates; journal of primatology》2010,51(1):79-82
Social grooming is ubiquitous among the captive chimpanzees at Chester Zoo. Seven individuals were chosen here for a study
of third-party social dynamics. The grooming decisions of five adult males were analysed, but only insofar as they directed
attention to a mother–daughter pair. Uniquely, the daughter was an unpopular and physically disabled subadult whose congenital
motor impairments prevented her from grooming others effectively. The impetus for this study was the observation that some
males increased their grooming towards the disabled daughter during days when the mother had a tumescent anogenital swelling
(sexually attractive to males) compared to days when the mother was not tumescent (less attractive). Apparently, males were
grooming the daughter with no possibility of payback (because the daughter could never “return the favour”). A “grooming rate”
(avg. grooming time/hour) was calculated that showed the grooming efforts of all five males towards both mother and daughter.
These rates were compared on days when (1) the mother’s anogenital swelling was tumescent, and (2) days when the swelling
was not tumescent. Each male showed a different pattern of behaviour. Two males groomed the daughter significantly more when
the mother was tumescent. Results for all males were graphed against the quality of the social relationship between each male
and the mother. Apparently, only males that had a weaker relationship to the mother groomed the daughter more when the mother
was tumescent. This pattern did not exist for males with a stronger relationship to the mother. Possibly, the insecure males
were using the disabled daughter as a way to curry favour with the attractive mother. If this is confirmed, then this type
of triadic situation is a possible setting for indirect reciprocity to occur. 相似文献
7.
Takahiro Tsukahara 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(2):147-156
Grooming initiation among adult males and females of a Japanese macaque troop was analyzed during the non-mating season. Some
gestures (“solicitation”) elicited grooming from partners at a high rate. Grooming initiation patterns were divided into two
main types: (1) a male often solicited a female to groom him immediately after approaching her and was groomed by her; and
(2) a female approached an alpha male selectively, and immediately groomed him. After a female groomed a male, she rarely
solicited him to groom her and instead often moved away from him. These results indicated that males were motivated to be
groomed, while females were more highly motivated to groom. Sex differences in grooming motivation can be explained by sex
differences in the benefit to be groomed. 相似文献
8.
Massen JJ Overduin-de Vries AM de Vos-Rouweler AJ Spruijt BM Doxiadis GG Sterck EH 《International journal of primatology》2012,33(1):73-92
Male mating success in a multimale–multifemale group can depend on several variables: body condition, dominance, coalitions,
“friendship,” or an exchange of services for mating access. Exchange patterns may also be determined by market effects or
social relationships. We studied the mating tactics of males in a captive, multimale–multifemale group of rhesus macaques
and the resulting patterns of mating and paternity to determine the influence of dominance rank, mating markets, and relationship
quality on their mating tactics. Male rank was positively related to the total number of copulations and the number of mating
partners, but did not explain male mating distribution completely. Moreover, male fertilization success was not related to
male rank. Males did not exchange grooming for mating access on the same day and neither the supply nor the rank (as a proxy
for quality) of receptive females affected the amount of male grooming, suggesting that market effects did not explain male
mating access. However, there was a positive correlation between long-term grooming patterns of both males and females and
mating access, indicating that social relationships were important for male mating access. Paternity data revealed that these
social relationships were also important for male reproductive success. We conclude that both male rank and male–female “friendship”
determined male mating access in these rhesus macaques, but that “friendship” was more important in determining paternity,
emphasizing the importance of intersex social bonds in male mating success in multimale primate societies. 相似文献
9.
A group of six unrelated female pigtail macaques,Macaca nemestrina, of the same age, was studied in captivity over a period of five years. The animals were observed under six different situations,
following changes in the social composition of the group. The following social interactions were recorded: withdrawal, attack,
threat, presentation, mount, and grooming. Although behavioural rates varied for each period, their distribution network was
remarkably consistent. Each subject could be assigned a rank, which remained stable over the six periods.
From an analysis of the number of dyads in which one of the two animal significantly performed both paired behaviours more
than the other animal (external validity), behaviours clustered into two main groups: (1) attacks, threats, and withdrawals;
and (2) mounts, presentations, and grooming. Quantitative methods were performed to standardize the degree in which linearity,
stability, reciprocity, and idiosyncrasy of the interactions under study may account for social variability. When considering
these properties, the behaviours clustered in the same two groups (“agonistic” and “affinitive”).
A method to describe the dominance style ofMacaca nemestrina was proposed, which can easily be replicated for comparisons with females of other primate species and in different conditions. 相似文献
10.
The distribution of grooming and touching behaviours was recorded in a group of captive ring-tailed lemurs. Grooming was found
to be performed chiefly by older, higher ranking animals; touching (i.e., “reach out and touch” behaviour) was directed primarily
by younger, low ranking animals to older, high ranking individuals. It is suggested that such touching is a submissive gesture
in this species. 相似文献
11.
Eckhard W. Heymann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(2):183-196
The social behaviour of a group of eight moustached tamarins,Saguinus mystax, (five males, three females) was studied on Padre Isla in northeastern Peru. About 60% of all allogrooming was done by the
two adult males in the group, and about 11% by a young adult female. All other group members groomed very little. The adult
breeding female received more grooming than any other group member. After the death of the adult female (preyed upon by an
anaconda) the amount of active allogrooming remained constant for all group members except for the young adult female, who
increased her contribution to about 30%. Her preferred grooming partner was the subadult female, which generally screamed
when being groomed by the young adult female and terminated grooming by going away. This kind of grooming relation is termed
“forced grooming” and is interpreted as a possible social control mechanism. The young adult female groomed the adult males
more often after the death of the adult female than before. This might have had the function of strengthening the social bond
with the adult males and in obtaining the breeding position in the group. After the death of the adult female, the vulva of
the young adult female grew to full adult size. Agonistic behaviour was less frequent than allogrooming. Most aggressive interactions
(50%) originated from the subadult male of the group. The young adult female was the target of most of these aggressions.
Extremely little aggression occurred between the three females. The young adult female was the only individual who tried to
emigrate from the group during the study period. Her attempt to join a neighbour group failed due to rejection by all four
members of this group. All group members participated in carrying an infant, but the adult males and the young adult female
carried most frequently. Contribution to infant carrying varied with the infant's age. 相似文献
12.
Air movement preferences observed in office buildings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang H Arens E Fard SA Huizenga C Paliaga G Brager G Zagreus L 《International journal of biometeorology》2007,51(5):349-360
Office workers’ preferences for air movement have been extracted from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed
in over 200 buildings. Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with too little air movement cited far
more commonly than too much air movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season study of a single naturally
ventilated building. About one-half the building’s population wanted more air movement and only 4% wanted less. This same
ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE
and ISO thermal environment standards. Preference for “less air motion” exceeded that for “more” only at thermal sensations
of −2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards’ restrictions
on air movement, especially for neutral and warm conditions. 相似文献
13.
J. B. Wickham J. M. M. Brown 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,78(3):219-225
The aim of this investigation was to anatomically identify, and then determine the function of, individual segments within
the human deltoid muscle. The anatomical structure of the deltoid was determined through dissection and/or observation of
the shoulder girdles of 11 male cadavers (aged 65–84 years). These results indicate that the deltoid consists of seven anatomical
segments (D1–D7) based upon the distinctive arrangement of each segment's origin and insertion. Radiographic analysis of a
cadaveric shoulder joint suggested that only the postero-medial segment D7 has a line of action directed below the shoulder
joint's axis of rotation. The functional role of each individual segment was then determined utilising an electromyographic
(EMG) technique. Seven miniature (1 mm active plate; 7 mm interelectrode distance) bipolar surface electrodes were positioned
over the proximal portion of each segment's muscle belly in 18 male and female subjects (18–30 years). EMG waveforms were
then recorded during the production of rapid isometric shoulder abduction and adduction force impulses with the shoulder joint
in 40 degrees of abduction in the plane of the scapula. Each subject randomly performed 15 abduction and 15 adduction isometric
force impulses following a short familiarisation period. All subjects received visual feed back on the duration and amplitude
of each isometric force impulse produced via a visual force-time display which compared subject performance to a criterion
force-time curve. Movement time was 400 ms (time-to-peak isometric force) at an intensity level of 50% maximal voluntary contraction.
Temporal and intensity analyses of the EMG waveforms, as well as temporal analysis of the isometric force impulses, revealed
the neuromotor control strategies utilised by the CNS to control the activity of each muscle segment. The results showed that
segmental neuromotor control strategies differ across the breadth of the muscle and that individual segments of the deltoid
can be identified as having either “prime mover”, “synergist”, “stabiliser” or “antagonist” functions; functional classifications
normally associated with whole muscle function. Therefore, it was concluded that the CNS can “fine tune” the activity of at
least six discrete segments within the human deltoid muscle to efficiently meet the demands of the imposed motor task.
Accepted: 15 December 1997 相似文献
14.
Marina L. Butovskaya Alexander G. Kozintsev 《American journal of physical anthropology》1996,101(1):39-54
The structure of grooming relations was studied in three captive groups of stumptail macaques, two heterosexual (consisting mainly of females) and one all male. Compared to the heterosexual groups, social hierarchy in the all-male group was less linear, and agonistic and peaceful activity of low-ranking individuals toward high-ranking ones was higher. In addition, in the all-male group received grooming was more variable than performed grooming and showed stronger dependence on age. No effect of maternal kinship was found in the all-male group, and individual preferences were also less marked in this group than in heterosexual groups. These differences tend to be related to dominance style and dispersal patterns. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
15.
Niels Bolwig 《Primates; journal of primatology》1978,19(1):61-99
The individual spacing in a monkey troop varies with species. Patas monkeys disperse more than baboons. Individual friendships
or hostility, pregnancy, health, and status may also affect the individual distance.
The troop structure and troop size vary with the habitat. Forest-canopy monkeys may have a “master male” but no leader such
as have those in the savanna. The latter also make use of more elaborate visual signals and may possess coloured genitalia
and other easily recognized structures which are given a communicative function. The baboons were found to make use of more
signals than the other monkeys studied. Assertive, aggressive, friendly, and appeasing signals are described. Visual appeasing
signals are missing among guenons and patas monkeys. Both have a “master male” which spends much time at a distance from the
troop. These peculiarities as well as the birth of a healthy vervet-patas hybrid in Ibadan causes the author to suggest that
the generic differentiation between the patas and the guenons should be abandoned.
There was nothing to suggest that grooming reflects the social ranking. Nor were there any signs that oestric cycling or having
an infant-I affected the animal's social status. Such influences would also upset the social stability. 相似文献
16.
Sarah S. Richardson 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(5):823-841
This paper describes, analyzes, and critiques the construction of separate “male” and “female” genomes in current human genome
research. Comparative genomic work on human sex differences conceives of the sexes as like different species, with different
genomes. I argue that this construct is empirically unsound, distortive to research, and ethically questionable. I propose
a conceptual model of biological sex that clarifies the distinction between species and sexes as genetic classes. The dynamic
interdependence of the sexes makes them “dyadic kinds” that are not like species, which are “individual kinds.” The concept
of sex as a “dyadic kind” may be fruitful as a remedy to the tendency to conceive of the sexes as distinct, binary classes
in biological research on sex more generally. 相似文献
17.
This is the first report documenting the responses of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) to seismic activities. During our long-term fieldwork in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a high-intensity earthquake
with a Richter magnitude of 6.8 occurred at 15:19 hours local time on 5 December 2005. During the main tremor, the chimpanzees
displayed the “wraa” call, “scream,” and “pant bark” or “bark” vocalizations. Many mild aftershocks followed the main tremor,
and the wild chimpanzees displayed a variety of responses to these. In several cases, they climbed trees or stopped activities
such as grooming, moving, and feeding. These responses are similar to those previously reported in nonhuman primates. During
the observations, a unique behavior, one never reported before was exhibited by a female chimpanzee. She placed her right
palm on the ground giving the impression she was inspecting the trembling of the ground. 相似文献
18.
Den sharing by conspecific spiny lobsters (aggregation) is modulated by chemical attraction but may confer several, not necessarily
mutually exclusive, antipredator byproduct benefits: a “guide effect”, which only benefits the individual attracted to a sheltered
conspecific; a “dilution effect”, which reduces per-capita risk of predation simply through aggregation; or active “group
defense”. Each potential benefit has a different set of predictors (relationships between aggregation and conspecific or predator
densities), but conflicting results could suggest the simultaneous operation of more than one benefit. These predictions were
tested for coexisting Panulirus guttatus (a reef-obligate) and Panulirus argus (a temporary reef-dweller) using data collected during 11 surveys on fixed sites over a coral reef in Mexico. P. guttatus greatly outnumbered P. argus, but P. argus showed a greater tendency to aggregate. All three benefits of den sharing operated for the more social P. argus, with “group defense” being of the most benefit for larger individuals, and the “guide” and “dilution” effects for smaller
individuals recently immigrating into the reef habitat and sharing dens with larger conspecifics. P. guttatus did not display “group defense” and its aggregations appeared to be modulated by the interplay between attraction and aggressive
behaviors. This species relied more on solitary crypticity, especially at larger sizes, but appeared to benefit from a “guide
effect” at high conspecific densities. In experimental tanks, each species tended to aggregate when tested separately, but
when tested jointly, aggregation among P. guttatus was significantly reduced. The experimental results reflect the differential patterns of aggregation between the fore-reef,
where P. guttatus dominated, and the back-reef, where coexistence of both species was greater. 相似文献
19.
Bruno Notarnicola Gjalt Huppes Nico W. van den Berg 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(5):289-300
LCA aims to help direct decisions in an environmentally sustainable direction. It indicates the environmental effects of choices
and evaluates these against this background. Approaches to evaluation in LCA differ substantially, related to the way of modelling
environmental effects and to the way these effects are combined into an overall judgement on alternative options. Several
approaches are now operational, which are linked to different paradigms in decision making. It is shown that the choice of
paradigm is quite decisive on the outcome of the analysis. Also within similar paradigms, different methods now operational
may lead to different outcomes. These latter differences may be alleviated more easily than those related to paradigmatic
choices, as they are partly a matter of refinement, and they partly result from legitimate differences in subjective priorities.
The more basic paradigmatic differences can hardly be bridged. The practical relevancy of the subject is proven by applying
different operational methods to one case, showing widely differing outcomes. The paradigm behind evaluating environmental
effects is either values based, directly or through policy decisions, or economics based, as individual preferences measured
in the monetary terms of willingness-to-pay. Accordingly, the different methods are “policy-oriented” or “monetary”. It may
be doubted if the differences between these can be overcome in standardisation. 相似文献
20.
Hilary O. Box 《Primates; journal of primatology》1977,18(2):395-400
Four male and four female marmoset monkeys were observed to make a total of 5,600 “right”, “left”, or “both” hand responses
over seven categories of spontaneous behaviour. Significant and consistent hand preferences were shown for the majority of
monkeys in two of the categories of behaviour, but not in the other five. The paper considers some of the methodological difficulties
involved in recording “handedness” in a species such as the common marmoset. 相似文献