胶红酵母JB401降解脱色三苯甲烷类染料

从烟梗中分离筛选得到1株能够对三苯甲烷类染料高效脱色的微生物,经ITS-5.8S rDNA分析鉴定为胶红酵母,命名为Rhodotorula mucilaginosa JB401。全波长扫描实验结果证实染料的脱色由胶红酵母降解结晶紫引起。为了提高R.mucilaginosa JB401脱色结晶紫的能力,通过单因素试验对R.mucilaginosa JB401的培养条件进行了优化,得出菌体生长24 h后以2%接种量接入初始pH为5的脱色培养基并在37℃摇床培养,可以取得最优脱色效果,此时脱色50、100和200 mg/L的结晶紫达到90%去除率分别需要3、6和14 h。此外,胶红酵母对温度和pH良好的适应性使其具有应用于工业废水处理的潜力。     

解脂假丝酵母(Candida lipolytica)对铜的吸附

研究了解脂假丝酵母的表面特性及培养时间、pH值、铜浓度、菌体投加量、吸附时间等因素对铜吸附的影响,并探讨了吸附动力学特征。结果表明,菌体表面可能有-OH和-PO₄^3-,培养96 h的菌体吸附性能最佳,适宜pH为4.0-6.0,适宜菌体投加量为25.0g·L^-1(湿重)。在初始浓度为20mg·L^-1的铜溶液中投加25.0g·L^-1(湿重)的菌体,吸附2h,铜的去除率最高达86.5%。铜浓度为5,10mg·L^-1时,铜的去除率高达95%以上。动力学分析表明,在实验设定的浓度范围内解脂假丝酵母对铜的吸附基本符合Freundlich吸附模型。红外光谱分析表明吸附后-OH吸收峰蓝移18cm^-1,其它吸收峰没有明显的变化。     

五种染色剂对台湾乳白蚁的染色效果

对于白蚁种群动态的研究可以利用多种不同颜色的染料作为标记物.为了寻找适用于台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus的标记物及其使用浓度,本文选取中性红、苏丹红Ⅳ、结晶紫、孔雀石绿以及天青Ⅱ五种染色剂作为标记物,分析测定了它们对台湾乳白蚁的染色效果.结果表明,浓度为0.2%中性红适用于估计种群数量;浓度分别为0.1%、0.2%和0.5%中性红,0.5%苏丹红,0.2%结晶紫,0.5%孔雀石绿以及0.1%天青Ⅱ均适合作为监测群体活动范围的标记物.     

东方栓孔菌菌丝体生物吸附剂对染料的脱色作用及其吸附机制研究

利用东方栓孔菌Trametes orientalis菌丝体制得的生物吸附剂,对刚果红、结晶紫、铬天青、亚甲基蓝和中性红5种染料进行了脱色试验,对脱色效果较好的染料进行了影响因子优化,并通过红外光谱分析、化学修饰等方法研究其吸附作用的机制。结果显示：东方栓孔菌菌丝体生物吸附剂对结晶紫有相对较好的脱色效果;在优化的影响因子中,0%–3.0%（m/v）浓度范围内,盐度对染料脱色有促进作用;表面活性剂促使脱色率增加,吐温60浓度为1.5%（v/v）时脱色率可达83.84%;温度为43℃、初始pH为3.0、振荡培养10d后吸附率最高达91.54%。红外光谱分析及化学修饰结果表明菌丝体对染料的吸附作用主要是由它们之间的静电作用力所致。     

黑曲霉RAF106菌丝球形成的影响因素及对结晶紫的吸附作用

【背景】黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）作为一种代表性丝状真菌已被广泛用于酶制剂、有机酸、抗生素等高价值代谢产物的工业生产、食品发酵、环境治理等行业,其代谢能力、发酵性能等与菌体形态密切相关。然而,黑曲霉对染料、重金属等的吸附能力与菌体形态的关系鲜有报道。【目的】探究黑曲霉菌丝球形成的影响因素及其对结晶紫的吸附作用。【方法】以从普洱茶分离的黑曲霉RAF106为研究对象,实时监测马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中黑曲霉菌丝球的形成过程;探究培养液的初始pH （4.0-10.0）、培养温度（25-45°C）、孢子接种量（5×10⁴-5×10⁶个/m L）、摇床转速（140-220 r/min）、碳源（葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、乳糖、醋酸钠）和氮源（硝酸钠、胰蛋白胨、酵母提取粉、氯化铵）对菌丝球形成的影响;以结晶紫为对象,研究不同菌体形态及菌丝球大小对黑曲霉吸附废水染料能力的影响。【结果】在黑曲霉RAF106中,孢子聚集、菌丝聚集均可形成菌丝球;菌丝球的大小与培养液初始p H、孢子接种量成反比,与摇床转速无关;当温度低于35°C时,菌丝球大小与温度成正比,...     

择伐干扰对小兴安岭阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林经过轻度、中度和强度择伐干扰后形成的天然林以及未经干扰的原始林(对照)林地表层(0～10 cm)土壤为对象,对土壤磷素的最大吸附量、吸附强度、最大缓冲容量、最大解吸量、平均解吸率和易解吸磷量等指标进行测定,研究不同干扰强度导致土壤磷吸附解吸的规律性变化,分析择伐干扰对阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附解吸特征的影响.结果表明: 各林地土壤磷最大吸附量为1383.93～1833.34 mg·kg^-1,中度和强度干扰林地显著高于轻度干扰林地和原始林地;磷吸附强度为0.024～0.059 L·mg^-1,强度和轻度干扰显著增加了林地土壤磷吸附强度;最大缓冲容量为35.68～97.97 L·kg^-1,强度干扰林地土壤的最大缓冲容量最高.择伐干扰显著降低了林地土壤的供磷潜力.各样地土壤磷最大解吸量、平均解吸率和易解吸磷量分别为526.32～797.54 mg·kg^-1、14.7%～25.5%和1.79～5.41 mg·kg^-1,林地土壤磷素释放能力随干扰强度的增加显著降低.择伐干扰通过降低林地土壤磷的供应及释放能力改变了阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附与解吸特征.     

解脂假丝酵母对重金属工业废水的吸附特性

利用解脂假丝酵母对Cr(Ⅵ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)共存的模拟重金属废水及3种实际重金属废水进行了微生物吸附,结果表明,pH、吸附时间和菌浓度等均是显著的影响因素.Cr(Ⅵ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除均符合准一级和准二级动力学模型,其中准二级模型的拟合效果最理想,证明该菌种对重金属的吸附包括了多个步骤,其中化学吸附是限速步骤.解脂假丝酵母对共存重金属的生物吸附效果理想,1g·L^-1菌体在120min时,对18.7～37.86mg·L^-1Cr、2.39～9.21mg·L^-1Cu、2.27～9.87mg·L^-1Ni和0.43～1.32mg·L^-1Zn的去除率分别为81.6%～84.6%、84.0%～100%、84.1%～100%和93.9%～100%.菌体的蛋白质、脂质和多糖均参与了重金属吸附,起作用的主要功能团是-OH、-NH₂、-CH₂、-CH₃、-COOH、-CHO、C=C、-PO₄^3-和-SO₃H.     

啤酒废酵母对镉离子的吸附研究

以啤酒酿造厂的啤酒废酵母为生物吸附剂,研究啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的生物吸附行为。利用原子吸收光谱法测定Cd2 含量。结果表明,啤酒废酵母吸附Cd2 受吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液pH值、酵母添加量和Cd2 起始浓度等因素的影响。实验确定了啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的最佳吸附条件。即:pH值6,Cd2 浓度为50mg/L,酵母添加量为1.0g/L,吸附温度25℃,吸附时间30min,此时啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的吸附量可达42.92mg/g干酵母。吸附Cd2 的啤酒废酵母用1.0mol/L的HCl解吸,解吸率达75.46%。对未吸附Cd2 的空白酵母和吸附Cd2 的酵母进行红外光谱分析,结果显示啤酒废酵母吸附Cd2 后羟基和羧基吸收峰发生明显变化,因此认为羟基和羧基在生物吸附中起着重要作用。     

毛木耳对孔雀石绿染料降解条件的优化

随着我国印染工业的发展,废水对生态环境的危害日趋严重,亟需开发一种脱色明显且成本低廉的降解方法。本研究发现毛木耳Auricularia cornea菌株AC5对不同结构的染料均具有一定的降解作用,尤其是三苯甲烷类染料。利用26℃、160r/min振荡培养7d的粗酶液对染料（75.0mg/L）进行12h降解,结果显示三苯甲烷染料孔雀石绿、结晶紫,蒽醌染料活性蓝19和偶氮染料活性蓝222的降解效率分别为83.27%、71.77%、67.81%和63.92%。染料降解实验和酶活力测定结果表明,毛木耳对孔雀石绿的降解率达到最高时漆酶活性最高,为321.0U/mL,木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性较低。因此,推测在降解过程中漆酶起到主要作用。研究表明利用毛木耳菌丝发酵液降解染料废水成本低且操作方便,为染料废水的降解研究提供了前期基础。     

用固定化弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌XP05从溶液中回收铂

比较了5种固定弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌XP05菌体的方法,其中明胶海藻酸钠包埋法为固定菌体的最佳方法。扫描电子显微镜观察表明,XP05菌体较均匀地分布于包埋基质中。固定化XP05菌体吸附Pt^4＋受吸附时间、固定化菌体浓度、溶液的pH值和Pt^4＋起始浓度的影响。吸附作用是一个快速的过程;吸附Pt^4＋的最适pH值为1.5;在50～250 mg P^4＋/L范围内,吸附量与Pt^4＋起始浓度成线性关系,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型。在Pt^4＋起始浓度250 mg/L、固定化菌体2.0 g/L、pH 1.5和30℃条件下,振荡吸附60 min, 吸附量为35.3 mg/g。0.5 mol/L HCl能使吸附在固定化菌体上的Pt解吸98.7%。从废铂催化剂处理液回收铂的结果表明,在Pt^4＋起始浓度111.8 mg/L、固定化菌体4.0 g/L、pH 1.5和30℃条件下,振荡吸附60 min, 吸附量为20.9 mg/g。在填充床反应器中,在Pt^4＋起始浓度50 mg/L、流速1.2 ml/min、固定化菌体1.86 g的条件下,饱和吸附量达24.7 mg/g; 固定化XP05菌体经4次吸附解吸循环后吸附率仍达78％。     

细菌脱色酶TpmD对三苯基甲烷类染料脱色的酶学特性研究

从嗜水气单胞菌DN322中分离纯化出能够对三苯基甲烷类染料结晶紫、碱性品红、灿烂绿及孔雀绿进行有效脱色的脱色酶,命名为TpmD。该酶的亚基分子量为29.4kDa,等电点为5.6。该酶催化上述4种三苯基甲烷类染料脱色反应的适合温度为40~60℃,适合pH范围为5.5~9.0。动力学参数测定结果显示TpmD对结晶紫、碱性品红、灿烂绿及孔雀绿的Km值分别为24.3、40.65、4.2、68.5μmol-1.L-1,Vmax值分别为19.6、74.1、82.8、115.6μmol.L-1.s-1。结晶紫为该酶的最适反应底物。TpmD催化的脱色反应依懒于NADH/NADPH及分子氧的存在,显示该酶属于NADH/NADPH依赖型的氧化酶类。这是国内外首次关于细菌中三苯基甲烷类染料脱色酶酶学性质的描述。     

The Mechanism of the Gram Reaction I. The Specificity of the Primary Dye

Dyes of all major types were tested for their suitability as the primary dye in the Gram stain. When a counterstain was not used, some dyes of all types were found to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. When a counterstain was used, these dyes were found to vary greatly in their suitability. Those dyes found to be good substitutes for crystal violet were: Brilliant green, malachite green, basic fuchsin, ethyl violet, Hoffmann's violet, methyl violet B, and Victoria blue R. All are basic triphenylmethane dyes. Acid dyes were generally not suitable. Differences in the reaction of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells to Gram staining without the use of iodine were observed and discussed but a practical differentiation could not be achieved in this manner. Certain broad aspects of the chemical mechanism of dyes in the gram stain are discussed.     

Extractive biodecolorization of triphenylmethane dyes in cloud point system by Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p

The biological treatment of triphenylmethane dyes is an important issue. Most microbes have limited practical application because they cannot completely detoxicate these dyes. In this study, the extractive biodecolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p was carried out by introducing the cloud point system. The cloud point system is composed of a mixture of nonionic surfactants (20 g/L) Brij 30 and Tergitol TMN-3 in equal proportions. After the decolorization of crystal violet, a higher wet cell weight was obtained in the cloud point system than that of the control system. Based on the results of thin-layer chromatography, the residual crystal violet and its decolorized product, leuco crystal violet, preferred to partition into the coacervate phase. Therefore, the detoxification of the dilute phase was achieved, which indicated that the dilute phase could be discharged without causing dye pollution. The extractive biodecolorization of three other triphenylmethane dyes was also examined in this system. The decolorization of malachite green and brilliant green was similar to that of crystal violet. Only ethyl violet achieved a poor decolorization rate because DN322p decolorized it via adsorption but did not convert it into its leuco form. This study provides potential application of biological treatment in triphenylmethane dye wastewater.     

Effect of pH on the antimicrobial activity of some triphenylmethane dyes.

Four common dyes were tested as inhibitors of four types of bacteria over the pH range 5.0-9.0. Inhibition of the gram-negative types, Salmonella anatum and Enterobacter aerogenes, was markedly affected by the pH of the medium. These organisms tolerated concentrations of crystal violet and ethyl violet about 100-fold higher at pH 5.0 than at pH 9.0. Above pH 7.0 brilliant green (BG) and malachite green (MG) were precipitated as their respective carbinols and lost their inhibitory properties with these two organisms. Two gram-positive types, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, were more sensitive to dyes and results were less affected by pH. The carbinol forms of MG and BG were nearly as inhibitory to these organisms as the ionized forms.     

Particle beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of triphenylmethane dyes: application to confirmation of malachite green in incurred catfish tissue

Eight triphenylmethane dyes (malachite green, leucomalachite green, gentian violet, leucogentian violet, brilliant green, pentamethyl gentian violet, N′,N′-tetramethyl gentian violet and N′,N″-tetramethyl gentian violet) have been characterized by particle beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The electron ionization spectra obtained of these dyes by this technique exhibit similar fragmentation, with the formation of phenyl and substituted phenyl radicals, and loss of alkyl groups from the amines. It was observed that the six cationic dyes are reduced in the mass spectrometer source to form the corresponding leuco compounds. This technique was evaluated for the confirmation of malachite green and leucomalachite green in incurred catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue.     

花生壳粉生物吸附水溶液中阴离子染料的研究

An untried,low cost, locally available biosorbent for its anionic dye removal capacity from aqueous solution was investigated. Powder prepared from peanut hull had been used for hiosorption of three anionic dyes, amaranth (Am), sunset yellow (SY) and fast green FCF (FG). The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g.initial pH and dye concentration, sorbent dosage, particle size, ion strength, contact time etc.) were examined and optimal experimental conditions were decided. At initial pH 2.0, three dyes studied could be removed effectively.When the dye concentration was 50 mg" L-1 the percentages of dyes sorbed was 95.5 % in Am, 91.3 % in SY and 94.98 % in FG, respectively. The ratios of dyes sorbed had neared maximum values in all three dyes whensorbent dose of 5.0 g·L^-1 and the sorbent particle size in 80—100 mesh was used. The increasing the ion strength of solution caused the decrease in biosorption percentages of dyes. The equilibrium values arrived at about 36 hour for all three dyes. The isothermal data of biosorption followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The biosorption processes conformed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The results indicated that powdered peanut hull was an attractive candidate for removing anionic dyes from dye wastewater.     

猴头菌和金针菇漆酶对不同染料的降解

利用漆酶(laccase)处理染料废水是近年来研究的热点.本研究以猴头菌Hericium erinaceus和金针菇Flammulina filiformis的发酵液为试验材料,通过硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析和超滤等方法,对发酵液中的漆酶进行了初步的分离纯化,然后分别研究了两种初提纯漆酶及其与小分子介体组成的漆酶介体系统...     

Stain Solubilities Part 1. Data in the Literature

The rather meager data found in the literature concerning the solubilities of the dyes used as biological stains is reviewed. Solubility data have been found concerning the following dyes: picric acid, martius yellow, crystal ponceau, methyl orange, tropaeolin O, orange II, Bismarck brown, Congo red, auramine, malachite green, fuchsin, methyl violet, gentian violet, crystal violet, methyl green, diphenylamine blue, aurin, corallin, phenolphthalein, flluorescein, eosin Y, iodo-eosin, methylene blue, alizarin, indigo carmine, and carmine. Much of this information is of questionable reliability. The writer is investigating the matter and his original data are to appear in subsequent papers.     

Stain Solubilities Part 1. Data in the Literature

The rather meager data found in the literature concerning the solubilities of the dyes used as biological stains is reviewed. Solubility data have been found concerning the following dyes: picric acid, martius yellow, crystal ponceau, methyl orange, tropaeolin O, orange II, Bismarck brown, Congo red, auramine, malachite green, fuchsin, methyl violet, gentian violet, crystal violet, methyl green, diphenylamine blue, aurin, corallin, phenolphthalein, flluorescein, eosin Y, iodo-eosin, methylene blue, alizarin, indigo carmine, and carmine. Much of this information is of questionable reliability. The writer is investigating the matter and his original data are to appear in subsequent papers.