生物柴油研究进展

介绍了国内外生物柴油的发展现状,探讨了我国发展生物柴油的原料来源途径,包括木本油料植物、转基因油料作物、废弃油脂、微生物油脂和微藻油脂等,综述了制备生物柴油的化学法、酶法、超临界法等生产技术及其进展,概括了当前生物柴油主要的品质问题与改性对策,分析了生物柴油副产物的高值化利用策略,指出了我国生物柴油产业化面临的原料、技术和生物炼制方面的主要问题。     

中国如何突破生物柴油产业的原料瓶颈

因应我国日益严峻的能源资源、能源环境和能源安全形势,国家大力倡导发展可再生能源。生物柴油是最重要的液体可再生燃料之一,在能源性质方面可以完全替代化石柴油,而且还具有安全环保等其它优良特性。当前利用动植物油脂生产生物柴油,原料成本偏高,而且稳定、充足的油脂原料供应体系尚未形成。我国是油脂资源短缺国家,近年来植物油进口量逐年增加。同时,我国耕地资源匮乏,粮食供应形势不容乐观,扩大油料作物种植的潜力非常有限。但是,我国宜林地丰富,农林废弃生物质资源量巨大。综合以上因素,我国应重点发展木本油料植物规模化种植和推广,加快微生物油脂发酵技术创新和产业化进程;同时,利用植物遗传育种技术提高油料作物产量以及选择性发展不与粮争地的油料作物。依靠各方面的进步,发展创新的油脂生产技术,保障我国生物柴油产业和油脂化工行业健康发展。     

微藻生物柴油的发展

微藻生物柴油是一种具有较大发展潜力的可再生能源,与动、植物为原料制备的生物柴油相比,它有不占用耕地、产油效率高等优点。目前,微藻生物柴油在国内外都有很大发展,产业化的进程也在逐步推进。介绍了高油脂含量微藻的种类、微藻合成油脂的机理研究、微藻的培养技术及微藻生物柴油的产业化现状,并对微藻生物柴油发展中的一些问题进行了分析。     

发展生物柴油产业的挑战与对策的探讨

生物柴油是一种由可再生资源生产的优质清洁燃料,发展生物柴油不仅可以保护环境,减少温室气体排放,而且可以缓解我国石油进口的压力,推动新农村建设。但由于植物油脂价格的飙升,生物柴油产业发展面临仅生产生物柴油燃料在经济上难以立足的挑战。本文从发展生物柴油原料资源,生产技术以及生物柴油化工技术开发的现状与未来发展动态进行分析,探讨了促进我国生物柴油产业健康发展的对策。[编者按]     

用于生物柴油的产油微藻研究进展

在新能源开发过程中,人们注意到利用微藻生产可再生能源.微藻具有光能自养能力,在吸收储存太阳能的同时,还能固定CO2、减轻温室效应.相比于陆生植物,微藻具有生长快、光合作用效率高、节省土地、可以工业化生产等优点.一些微藻在一定的条件下可以以积累油脂的方式贮存太阳能,人们可以利用油脂来生产生物柴油.目前微藻油脂的产量还较低,成本较高,用微藻油脂生产生物柴油还不具有竞争力.要使微藻油脂生物柴油具有现实意义,必须保证微藻高效率、低成本生产油脂.     

国家能源局发布《生物柴油产业发展政策》

<正>国家能源局近日发布《生物柴油产业发展政策》,提出要构建适合我国资源特点、以废弃油脂为主、木(草)本非食用油料为辅的可持续原料供应体系。《政策》提出,发展废弃油脂生物柴油产业的省份建成比较完善的废弃油脂回收利用体系,健全回收利用法律法规;初步建立能源作(植)物油料供应模式;探索优化微藻养殖及油脂提取工艺,实现微藻生物柴油技术突破。     

微藻减排CO2制备生物柴油的研究进展

碳减排与可再生能源的开发利用是研究可持续发展的热点,而微藻在此方面具有巨大优势.利用微藻减排CO2合成生物柴油生产原料油脂,对于解决能源短缺和全球变暖具有重大战略意义.将碳减排与微藻生物柴油的制备方法相结合,对微藻转化CO2合成生物油脂的机制,微藻油脂积累的影响因素以及国内外在工业上的研究概况等方面进行综合归纳和评述,并对微藻生物油脂的发展前景进行了展望.     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战,而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速,产量逐年增长,而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树（Jatropha curcas）、光皮树（Cornus wilsoniana）、文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolia）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）和欧李（Cerasus humilis）和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子（Salicornia bigelivii）,进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势,归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略,具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战, 而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速, 产量逐年增长, 而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)、光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)、文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolia)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)和欧李(Cerasus humilis)和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子(Salicornia bigelivii), 进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势, 归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略, 具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

产生物柴油微藻培养研究进展

石油的大量使用会导致能源枯竭和温室气体（CO2）排放的增加。为了实现经济和环境的和谐发展,必须使用可再生能源代替石油。可再生能源使用后不会造成温室气体排放的增加。生物柴油是一种理想的可再生能源, 能满足以上要求,所以近年来得到迅速发展。微藻是一种主要利用太阳能固定 CO2,生成制备生物柴油所需油脂的藻类。因此以微藻油脂为原料转化成的生物柴油是石油理想的替代品。简要介绍了产油微藻的种类和微藻油脂的合成,较详细地阐述了微藻自养培养、异养培养、生物反应器、工程微藻的最新研究进展,并初步展望了微藻产油研究的未来发展方向。     

Use of a low-cost methodology for biodetoxification of castor bean waste and lipase production

The castor bean (Ricinus communis) represents a potential candidate for biodiesel production. The Petrobras Research Center is developing a biodiesel production process from castor bean seeds, in which an unwanted byproduct named castor bean waste is produced. This extremely alkaline waste is toxic and allergenic and, as such, poses a significant environmental problem. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) of castor bean waste was carried out to achieve ricin detoxification, reduce allergenic potential and stimulate lipase production. The fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum, an excellent lipase producer, was able to grow and produce lipase enzyme. After an optimization process, the maximum lipase activity achieved was 44.8 U/g. Moreover, the fungus P. simplicissimum was able to reduce the ricin content to non-detectable levels in addition to diminishing castor bean waste allergenic potential by approximately 16%. In this way, SSF of castor bean waste by P. simplicissimum may increase the utility of the waste by promoting enzyme production and eliminating the principal toxic element, ricin.     

生物柴油利用概况及其在中国的发展思路

石化燃料是当前人类使用的主要能源,但其日益消耗殆尽,同时造成了严重的温室效应和环境污染问题,因此,生物柴油被当作石化燃料的绿色替代品,许多国家都在大力研发。该文阐述了生物柴油的本质及其较石化柴油咱使用上的优良特性,综述了生物柴油主要在欧美国家中的发展现状及其它国家的研发动态,特别是以大豆(Glycine max)和油菜(Brassica campestris)等油料作物为主的生物柴油原料生产状况。在分析了我国油料生产与食用消费现状、受国际生物柴油大力发展的影响的程度及油料作物与粮食生产对耕地资源的激烈竞争矛盾的基础上,提出了充分利用盐碱地、贫瘠、荒漠与退耕还林地,通过种植抗逆性强的油料植物发展我国生物柴油的思路。     

脂肪酶催化制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油作为一种可再生的清洁能源,以其良好的环境效应受到越来越多的关注。酶法生产生物柴油具有化学催化法不可比拟的优越性,是工业化生产的发展方向。本文综述了利用固定化脂肪酶、游离酶、全细胞生物催化剂制备生物柴油的研究与应用进展,并探讨了我国生物柴油产业化发展的困境和对策。     

Predicting the Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Distribution of Major Native Non-Food Bioenergy Plants in China

Planting non-food bioenergy crops on marginal lands is an alternative bioenergy development solution in China. Native non-food bioenergy plants are also considered to be a wise choice to reduce the threat of invasive plants. In this study, the impacts of climate change (a consensus of IPCC scenarios A2a for 2080) on the potential distribution of nine non-food bioenergy plants native to China (viz., Pistacia chinensis, Cornus wilsoniana, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Vernicia fordii, Sapium sebiferum, Miscanthus sinensis, M. floridulus, M. sacchariflorus and Arundo donax) were analyzed using a MaxEnt species distribution model. The suitable habitats of the nine non-food plants were distributed in the regions east of the Mongolian Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau, where the arable land is primarily used for food production. Thus, the large-scale cultivation of those plants for energy production will have to rely on the marginal lands. The variables of “precipitation of the warmest quarter” and “annual mean temperature” were the most important bioclimatic variables for most of the nine plants according to the MaxEnt modeling results. Global warming in coming decades may result in a decrease in the extent of suitable habitat in the tropics but will have little effect on the total distribution area of each plant. The results indicated that it will be possible to grow these plants on marginal lands within these areas in the future. This work should be beneficial for the domestication and cultivation of those bioenergy plants and should facilitate land-use planning for bioenergy crops in China.     

Screening of bacteria of the genus Bacillus for the control of the plant-pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina

This study evaluated the efficiency of 19 Bacillus isolates, obtained from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of wild and cultivated castor bean plants, to control the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Using in vitro assays, we examined the antifungal effects of volatile and non-volatile compounds, the production of siderophores and the activity of chitinase in these isolates. In vivo experiments were conducted to determine the potential of the Bacillus isolates to colonise castor bean plant roots and to control the fungus. In general, results showed that isolates from wild castor bean, compared with isolates from cultivated castor bean, were more efficient producers of antifungal compounds, better colonisers of plant roots and more effective protectors of plant seedlings against infection with M. phaseolina. Altogether, isolate RP 5, originating from the rhizoplane of wild castor bean, was the most promising candidate for future evaluation as a biological control agent of M. phaseolina.     

Single cell oil production from low-cost substrates: The possibility and potential of its industrialization

Currently, single cell oils (SCO) attract much attention because of their bi-function as a supplier of functional oils and feedstock for biodiesel production. However, high fermentation costs prevent their further application, and the possibility and potential of their industrialization is suspected. Therefore, various low-cost, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates were utilized for SCO production. Of these substrates, lignocellulosic biomass, which is the most available and renewable source in nature, might be an ideal raw material for SCO production. Although many reviews on SCO have been published, few have focused on SCO production from low-cost substrates or evaluated the possibility and potential of its industrialization. Therefore, this review mainly presents information on SCO and its production using low-cost substrates and mostly focuses on lignocellulosic biomass. Finally, the possibility and potential of SCO industrialization is evaluated.     

Marginal lands for bioenergy in China; an outlook in status,potential and management

Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions have been increasing continuously over the past few decades in China and there is a pressing need to replace the fossil fuel‐based economy with an efficient low‐carbon system, tailor‐made to future requirements. China is starting an energy transition with the aim of building an energy system for the future. China has made tremendous progress in increasing the amount of renewable energy and reducing the cost of renewable energy over the last 20 years. According to the 14th 5 year plan, China aims to incorporate 20% of renewable energy to the primary energy mix and attain 27% reduction in CO₂ emissions. Bioenergy crops constitute a significant proportion of biomass‐based bioenergy and have recently been promoted by the Chinese Government to help overcome food and fuel conflict. Steps are being taken to promote bioenergy crops on marginal lands in China, and various regions across the country with soil marginality have been evaluated for bioenergy crop cultivation. The present paper reviews the status of bioenergy in China and the potential status of marginal lands from different regions of China. It also elaborates on some of the policies, subsidies and incentives allocated by the Chinese Government for the promotion of biomass‐based energy. Land management and plant improvement strategies were discussed, which are effective in making marginal lands suitable for bioenergy crop cultivation. Managing planting strategies, intercropping and crop rotation are effective management practices used in China for the utilization of marginal lands. A national investigation is desirable for creating an inventory of technical and economic potential of biomass feedstocks that could be planted on marginal lands. This would assist with highlighting the pros and cons of using marginal lands for bioenergy production and effective policy making.     

Adding value to a toxic residue from the biodiesel industry: production of two distinct pool of lipases from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium simplicissimum</Emphasis> in castor bean waste

In countries with a strong agricultural base, such as Brazil, the generation of solid residues is very high. In some cases, these wastes present no utility due to their toxic and allergenic compounds, and so are an environmental concern. The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a promising candidate for biodiesel production. From the biodiesel production process developed in the Petrobras Research Center using castor bean seeds, a toxic and alkaline waste is produced. The use of agroindustrial wastes in solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a very interesting alternative for obtaining enzymes at low cost. Therefore, in this work, castor bean waste was used, without any treatment, as a culture medium for fungal growth and lipase production. The fungus Penicillium simplicissimum was able to grow and produce an enzyme in this waste. In order to maximize the enzyme production, two sequential designs–Plackett-Burman (variable screening) followed by central composite rotatable design (CCRD)—were carried out, attaining a considerable increase in lipase production, reaching an activity of 155.0 U/g after 96 h of fermentation. The use of experimental design strategy was efficient, leading to an increase of 340% in the lipase production. Zymography showed the presence of different lipases in the crude extract. The partial characterization of such extract showed the occurrence of two lipase pools with distinct characteristics of pH and temperature of action: one group with optimal action at pH 6.5 and 45°C and another one at pH 9.0 and 25°C. These results demonstrate how to add value to a toxic and worthless residue through the production of lipases with distinct characteristics. This pool of enzymes, produced through a low cost methodology, can be applied in different areas of biotechnology.     

Fuel oils from euphorbs and other plants

Fuel oils from Euphorbs and other plants. The increasing energy costs of finding petroleum, together with the sure knowledge that its supply is finite, has prompted us to seek other sources of liquid hydrocarbon for both fuel and material. We have turned to annually renewable plant sources such as seed oils, an obvious source, with palm oil as the most productive. Sugar cane used to produce ethanol is another fuel source already in use.
We have examined non-food plants which can be grown on marginal soil for their productivity, particularly the genus Euphorbia. All species of this genus produce a latex which can be converted into useful fuel and other material, including precursors for what might be a valuable anti-tumor agent. Euphorbias and other similar plants require repeated planting and harvesting of the entire plant, which constitutes a drain on the soil. Trees can be long-term sources for hydrocarbon-like materials with a single planting. Examples are: the genus Copaifera which can be tapped for sesquiterpenes, the genus Pittosporum which bears fruits rich in terpenes and can be harvested annually. Finally, there are algae whose oil productivity is already of interest.
It seems possible to modify genetically the terpene biosynthetic pathways in plants to improve both the quality and quantity of the oils produced from them.     

Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties

Biodiesel, which is a new, renewable and biological origin alternative diesel fuel, has been receiving more attention all over the world due to the energy needs and environmental consciousness. Biodiesel is usually produced from food-grade vegetable oils using transesterification process. Using food-grade vegetable oils is not economically feasible since they are more expensive than diesel fuel. Therefore, it is said that the main obstacle for commercialization of biodiesel is its high cost. Waste cooking oils, restaurant greases, soapstocks and animal fats are potential feedstocks for biodiesel production to lower the cost of biodiesel. However, to produce fuel-grade biodiesel, the characteristics of feedstock are very important during the initial research and production stage since the fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock properties. This review paper presents both biodiesel productions from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. JIMB 2008: BioEnergy - Special issue.