内皮素对麻醉大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器活动的影响

在麻醉大鼠隔离灌流颈动脉窦区条件下记录窦神经传入放电,观察内皮素（ＥＴ－１）对动脉压力感受器活动的影响。结果如下：（１）在颈动脉窦区灌流１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＴ－１时,压力感受器机能曲线向左上方移位,曲线的最大斜率（ＰＳ）增加,窦神经传入放电最大积分值（ＰＩＶ）增大。由此提示,这一剂量的ＥＴ－１对压力感受器活动有易化作用。（２）用１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＴ－１灌流时,压力感受器机能曲线则向右下方移位,ＰＳ     

胍丁胺抑制大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器活动

在麻醉大鼠隔离灌流颈动脉窦区条件下,记录窦神经传入放电,观察胍丁胺（agmatine,Agm)对动脉压力感受器活动的影响,结果如下：（1）以1mmol/L Agm隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区时,窦内压－窦神经传入放电积分（ISP－ISNA）关系曲线向右下方移位,曲线的最大斜率（PS）降低,窦神经传入放电量最大积分值（PIV）减小,再分别以5,10mmol/L Agm灌流时,机能曲线向右下方移位更为明显,PS及PIV降低更加明显,从而表明Agm抑制压力感受器活动且呈剂量依赖性,（2）α2－肾上腺素受体（α2－adrenoceptor,α-AR）和咪唑啉受体（IR）的阻断剂咪唑克生（0．1mmol/L)可阻断Agm的上述效应。（3）预先灌流α-AR能亨宾（15umol/L)可部分阻断Agm的抑制效应。（4）预先灌流Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K8644(500mmol/L)亦可取消Agm对窦神经传入放电的影响,以上结果表明,Agm对基动脉窦压力感受器活动有抑制作用,此作用由IR和α-AR介导,并与颈动脉窦压力感受器活动时Ca^2 内流减少有关。     

Ca^2＋参链霉素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射影响中的作用

在２３只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上,观察了链霉素（ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｉｎ,ＳＭ）对动脉压力感受器反射影响的离子机制。结果：（１）用ＳＭ（２００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率及反射性血压下降幅度均减小（Ｐ〈０．０１）,提示ＳＭ对压力感受器反射的抑制作用;（２）预先灌流高Ｃａ＾２＋溶液（４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）后,可部分消除ＳＭ（２００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）     

清醒山羊颈动脉体灌流模型及其评估

本文对清醒山羊颈动脉体灌流模型作了详细介绍。手术步骤包括:(1)在颈部任一侧结扎枕动脉、切断窦神经及切除颈动脉体;(2)完成对供应另一侧(灌流侧)脑和颈部血管的改道手术,以便从血液供应上游离颈动脉体;(3)在灌流侧安置颈静脉插管和颈动脉插管,建立灌流通路。实验中应用体外循环方法以动物自身血液灌流颈动脉体。该模型具有两个显著优点:(1)实验中可保持动物处于正常生理状态;(2)对脑组织和颈动脉体的血液血气及pH能分别加以人为控制。实验前动物均经过氰化钠试验检查颈动脉体和主动脉体的化学敏感性,用以评价灌流模型的有效性。文中还对这一模型的应用进行了讨论。     

腺苷易化大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器的活动

在36只麻醉大鼠,以隔离灌流颈动脉窦区记录窦神经传入放电的方法观察了腺苷（adenosine,Ado）对颈动脉窦压力感受器传入放电的影响。所得结果如下：（1）以75μmol／LAdo隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时,窦内压-窦神经传入放电积分（ISP－ISNA）关系曲线向左上方移位,曲线最大斜率（PS）由（18．75±0．12）％／kPa增至（22．21±0．11）％／kPa（P＜0．001）,最大积分值（PIV）由（209．83±2．57）％增至（239．17±1．75）％;阈压（TP）和饱和压（SP）则分别从（8．57±0．24）和（22．99±0．34）下降至（7．15±0．23）kPa（P＜0．001）和（21．21±0,43）kPa（P＜0．01）。再分别以125和175μmol／LAdo灌流,机能曲线进一步向左上方移位,PS、TP和SP的变化均呈明显的剂量依赖性。（2）用腺苷选择性A1受体拮抗剂8－cyclopentyl－1,3－dipropylxanthine（0．134mmol／L）预处理后,Ado的上述效应即被阻断。（3）先给予KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲（10μmol／L）亦可取消腔苷对窦神经传入放电的影响。结果表明,在体隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区条件下,Ado对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动有易化作用,此作用似与腺苷A1受体介导的KATP通道开放有关。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在36只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上,观察了八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin octapepide,CCK-8)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。其结果如下：(1)以CCK-8(0．1、0．5、1．0μmol／L)隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率(peak slope,PS)减小,反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)减少,阈压(threshold pressure,TP)和饱和压(saturation pressure,SP)均增高。其中RD、PS和TP呈明显的剂量依赖性;(2)用CCK-8的非特异性受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(100μmol／L)预处理后,能明显减弱CCK-8(0．50mol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制;(3)预先灌流一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol／L),不能阻断CCK-8(0．5μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的影响;(4)用Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K 8644(500nmol／L)预处理后,也能明显减弱CCK-8(0．5μmol／L)对压力感受器反射的抑制作用。以上结果提示,CCK-8是通过作用于颈动脉窦压力感受器神经元末梢上的受体而起到抑制作用的,其机制可能为抑制了牵张敏感性通道,致使Ca^2 离子内流减少,而与内皮细胞释放NO无关。     

链霉素对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在 2 3只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠 ,观察了链霉素对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。结果如下 :(1)以链霉素 (10 0 μmol/L)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区时 ,压力感受器反射机能曲线向左下方移位 ,曲线最大斜率 (PS)由 0 40± 0 0 1kPa降至 0 33± 0 0 1kPa (P <0 0 0 1) ,血压反射性下降 (reflexdecrease ,RD)幅度由 6 2 2±0 13kPa降至 5 0 2± 0 11kPa (P <0 0 0 1) ,阈压 (TP)、平衡压 (EP)和饱和压 (SP)则分别从 8 2 7± 0 2 5 ,12 71± 0 2 1和 2 4 41± 0 14kPa增至 10 33± 0 32 (P <0 0 1) ,13 33± 0 30 (P <0 0 1)和 2 6 11± 0 2 8kPa (P <0 0 1)。其中RD ,PS和TP的变化呈明显的剂量依赖性。 (2 )应用腺苷隔离灌流大鼠颈动脉窦区 ,引起颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化 ;在用链霉素预处理后 ,此易化效应不仅完全被阻断 ,且可使反射效应小于应用腺苷前的对照值。以上结果表明 ,链霉素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射有明显的抑制作用。     

离体颈动脉窦压力感受器研究方法的改进——窦内压的自动控制

目的:创建一套离体颈动脉窦压力感受器研究中窦内压力的自动控制系统。方法:制备颈动脉窦-窦神经标本并对其进行灌流。在该系统中,引入一个重要的可接受电脑指令的压力控制装置(PRE-U,Hoerbiger,Deutschland),用以钳制窦内压。通过比较压力指令和相应产生的窦内压来鉴定本压力控制系统的可靠性。结果:利用该系统可以准确实现脉动式、斜坡式、阶跃式等多种窦内压力控制模式,并证实记录到压力依赖性窦神经放电活动。结论:应用这套颈动脉窦内压力控制系统可以实现多种压力模式的控制。该系统为深入研究压力感受器机电换能机制提供了有用且灵活的压力控制方法。     

EXPRESSION OF cfos IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA AFTER CAROTID BARORECEPTOR ACTIVATION BYELEVATED INTRASINUS PRESSURE AND ADENOSINE

在１４只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的大鼠,观察了窦内压（ＩＳＰ）升高和灌流腺苷（ａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅ,Ａｄｏ）激活压力感受器时延髓内ｃｆｏｓ蛋白的表达。结果显示：在孤束核、最后区、延髓腹外侧头端区和中缝苍白核可见Ｆｏｓ蛋白样免疫阳性反应（ＦＬＩ）神经元分布,且其数量随ＩＳＰ升高而增多。在给定ＩＳＰ下,颈动脉窦内灌流Ａｄｏ,可使上述区域中ＦＬＩ表达明显增多。根据以上结果,得出如下结论：ｃｆｏｓ在压力感受器反射延髓通路中的表达,可由ＩＳＰ增高和灌流Ａｄｏ而增强,表明Ａｄｏ对压力感受器反射有易化作用。     

心房钠尿因子对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化作用

在麻醉大鼠观察了心房肽Ⅲ(AtriopeptinⅡ,APⅡ)对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动的影响,并在麻醉家兔观察了APⅡ作用于颈动脉窦区时窦神经传入放电的改变。结果如下:(1)用APⅡ(1μg/ml)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区(n=10),压力感受器反射的阈压(TP)无明显改变,平衡压(EP)由101±2.8降至95±2.0 mmHg(P<0.05),饱和压(SP)由202±5.2降至168±6.1 mmHg(P<0.001),而工作范围(OR)由128±5.5减至93±6.3mmHg(P<0.001),压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率(PS)由0.77±0.04增大为1.07±0.13mmHg·mmHg~(-1)(P<0.05);(2)在用硝普钠(NP,0.5μg/ml)灌流的动物(n=6),TP和 EP 无改变,SP 由188±6.4升至218±6.0 mmHg(P<0.01),OR 由107±6.9增至132±7.6 mmHg(P<0.05),硝普钠对压力感受器机能曲线及其 PS 无显著影响;(3)恒压隔离灌流兔颈动脉窦区时,窦神经传入放电具有良好的稳定性,升高窦内压(ISP)时,窦神经传入放电也随之增多。用 APⅡ(1μg/ml)恒压灌流时,窦神经传入放电增加20.9±3.9%(n=6,P<0.01),冲洗掉 APⅡ后,窦神经传入放电恢复至对照水平。以上结果显示,APⅢ可使大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率增大以及兔窦神经传入放电增加,表明 APⅡ对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动有易化作用。这     

Influence of substance P on carotid sinus nerve baro- and chemoreceptor activity in rabbits.

Substance P (SP) is abundant in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) and has been implicated in baro- and chemoreceptor reflexes. We examined the effect of SP on blood pressure, heart rate, phrenic nerve activity, hindlimb perfusion pressure, and cardiac contractile strength in urethane-anesthetized rabbits with bilaterally cut cervical sympathetic, vagus, and aortic depressor nerves. Retrograde simultaneous injection of SP (0.5-2.7 micrograms/kg in 0.2-0.3 ml saline) into both carotid sinus areas via the internal carotid arteries decreased blood pressure (by 56%), heart rate (by 13%), cardiac contractility (by 25%) and phrenic nerve activity (by 77%). The effect on hindlimb perfusion pressure was variable. There was both a reflex effect and direct hindlimb vasodilation. In another group of rabbits, the carotid sinus areas were vascularly isolated and perfused with SP (0.19 micrograms/min dissolved in Locke's solution) or Locke's solution alone for 5 min. While carotid sinus perfusion pressure was maintained in the range of 80-120 mmHg, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and unit activity from the CSN were recorded. SP increased the activity of 11 of 18 baroreceptor fibers and inhibited all of 20 chemoreceptor fibers. SP decreased mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but the changes were less than those obtained with injection of SP into nonisolated carotid sinus arteries because systemic effects of SP, which in some cases counteracted the reflex effects, were eliminated.     

颈动脉窦内压的变化速率对反射性降压效应的影响

在成年狗身上制备右侧孤离颈动脉窦,借助灌流装置用饱和氧的任氏液对其进行灌流。灌流压为搏动性的。通过改变每搏泵出量、灌流管道的阻力和弹性来调节灌流压及其变化速率。用多导生理记录仪同步记录股动脉血压、窦内灌流压及其变化速率。本文主要观察窦内压的变化速率对降压反射的影响。在8只狗身上共进行了93次实验。结果表明,在窦内压相同的情况下,灌流压的上升速率愈快,降压效应愈明显,而其下降速率则无显著作用。已有资料证明搏动性窦内压所引起的降压效应较非搏动性压力更为明显。由此可见,狗的颈动脉窦压力感受器不仅对搏动性压力而且对其上升的变化速率也很敏感。     

Relationships between high-sensitive C-reactive protein and markers of arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Differences by sex

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between high-sensitivity Creactive protein (hs-CRP) and arterial stiffness according to sex in patients with arterial hypertension. METHODS: A case-series study was carried out in 258 hypertensive patients without antecedents of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Nephelometry was used to determine hs-CRP. Office or clinical and home blood pressures were measured with a validated OMRON model M10 sphygmomanometer. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed with the SpaceLabs 90207 system. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central and peripheral augmentation index (AIx) were measured with the SphygmoCor system, and a Sonosite Micromax ultrasound unit was used for automatic measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Ambulatory arterial stiffness index and home arterial stiffness index were calculated as "1-slope" from the within-person regression analysis of diastolic-on-systolic ambulatory blood pressure. RESULTS: Central and peripheral AIx were greater in women than in men: 35.31 +/- 9.95 vs 26.59 +/- 11.45 and 102.06 +/- 20.47 vs 85.97 +/- 19.13, respectively. IMT was greater in men (0.73 +/- 0.13 vs 0.69 +/- 0.10). hs-CRP was positively correlated to IMT (r = 0.261), maximum (r = 0.290) and to peripheral AIx (r = 0.166) in men, and to PWV in both men (r = 0.280) and women (r = 0.250). In women, hs-CRP was negatively correlated to central AIx (r = 0.222). For each unit increase in hs-CRP, carotid IMT would increase 0.05 mm in men, and PWV would increase 0.07 m/sec in men and 0.08 m/sec in women, while central AIx would decrease 2.5 units in women. In the multiple linear regression analysis, hs-CRP explained 10.2 % and 6.7 % of PWV variability in women and men, respectively, 8.4 % of carotid IMT variability in men, and 4.9 % of central AIx variability in women. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for age, other cardiovascular risk factors and the use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, hs-CRP was seen to be positively correlated to carotid IMT in men, and negatively correlated to central AIx in women. The association of hs-CRP to arterial stiffness parameters differs between men and women.     

Central summation of barosensory impulses over both carotid sinus nerves in the dog.

Stimulation of both CSN in dogs with continuous stimuli decreased blood pressure and heart rate as effectively as intermittent bursts of stimuli. The temporal separation between the stimulus bursts to the two CSN was without effect on the reflex response. Similarly perfusion of both carotid sinuses with pressure pulses which were in phase was no more effective in eliciting the reflex than perfusion with pressure pulses 180 degree out of phase. These results suggest that the barosensory fibers project centrally to independent neuronal pools. Pulsatile perfusion of the carotid sinuses lowered systemic pressure more than nonpulsatile pressure at the same mean level. The greater efficacy of pulsatile pressure appears to result from baroreceptor recruitment and not from the impulse pattern.     

The influence of carotid sinus pressure on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in anaesthetized rabbits

The effect of changes in carotid sinus perfusion pressure on plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (IR-ANP) was examined in anaesthetized rabbits, and the role of arterial pressure in mediating the changes in IR-ANP was assessed. Plasma IR-ANP was significantly greater (101.7 +/- 24.3 pg ml-1) when carotid sinus pressure was 60 mmHg than when it was 160 mmHg (27.1 +/- 8.6 pg ml-1). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly greater when carotid sinus pressure was controlled at 60 mmHg compared to when it was 160 mmHg, but right atrial pressure (RAP) was not significantly different at the two carotid sinus pressures. The administration of hexamethonium attenuated the changes in MAP and heart rate (HR) which occurred in response to alterations in carotid sinus pressure, and abolished the change in plasma IR-ANP. The results suggest that an inverse relationship exists between carotid sinus pressure and plasma IR-ANP, and that the release of ANP in response to a reduction of carotid sinus pressure is mediated by the associated haemodynamic changes.     

The function of innervated kidneys during stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors under constant renal perfusion pressure]

The carotid chemoreceptors of narcotized, vagotomized and spontaneously breathing hydropenic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood penic cats in hypertonic mannite diuresis were stimulated by perfusion with venous blood for 70 min. Elevation of blood pressure at the innervated kidneys was prevented by an automatically controlled balloon located within the aorta. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors intensified respiration and raised the arterial systemic pressure. With the renal arteries at constant pressure, the effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate significantly declined. The filtration fraction remained unchanged. The absolute urinary and sodium excretion did not change significantly, whereas the fractional time-volume, fractional sodium excretion, and the fractional osmotic excretion significantly increased. The fractional tubular reabsorption of osmotically free water was significantly enhanced. These reactions subsided during subsequent perfusion of the glomerula carotici with arterial blood. The results suggest that tubular sodium reabsorption is inhibited by stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors, although re-adjustment of renal perfusion and filtrate volume cannot be excluded.     

Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia is not dependent on arterial hypoxemia

Goats were prepared so that one carotid body (CB) could be perfused with blood in which the gas tensions could be controlled independently from the blood perfusing the systemic arterial system, including the brain. Since one CB is functionally adequate, the nonperfused CB was excised. To determine whether systemic arterial hypoxemia is necessary for ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH), the CB was perfused with hypoxic normocapnic blood for 6 h [means +/- SE: partial pressure of carotid body O2 (PcbO2), 40.6 +/- 0.3 Torr; partial pressure of carotid body CO2 (PcbCO2), 38.8 +/- 0.2 Torr] while the awake goat breathed room air to maintain systemic arterial normoxia. In control periods before and after CB hypoxia the CB was perfused with hyperoxic normocapnic blood. Changes in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) were used as an index of changes in ventilation. Acute hypoxia (0.5 h of hypoxic perfusion) resulted in hyperventilation sufficient to reduce average PaCO2 by 6.7 Torr from control (P less than 0.05). Over the subsequent 5.5 h of hypoxic perfusion, average PaCO2 decreased further, reaching 4.8 Torr below that observed acutely (P less than 0.05). Acute CB hyperoxic perfusion (20 min) following 6 h of hypoxia resulted in only partial restoration of PaCO2 toward control values; PaCO2 remained 7.9 Torr below control (P less than 0.05). The progressive hyperventilation that occurred during and after 6 h of CB hypoxia with concomitant systemic normoxia is similar to that occurring with total body hypoxia. We conclude that systemic (and probably brain) hypoxia is not a necessary requisite for VAH.     

Comparison of blood-brain barrier permeability in mice and rats using in situ brain perfusion technique

Here we present a method for measuring the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PS) values at the blood-brain barrier in mice, using the in situ brain perfusion technique originally developed for rats by Takasato et al. (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 247: H484-H493, 1984). Retrograde infusion into the right external carotid artery increased the carotid perfusion pressure in proportion to the perfusion rate. Intravascular volume and cerebral perfusion fluid flow at a perfusion rate of 1.0 ml/min in mice were similar to those in rats. In addition, the contribution of systemic blood to total flow in the hemisphere was small (only 3. 2%). These findings indicated that this perfusion rate is suitable for mice. The PS values of more than 20 different compounds were determined in mice by using the in situ brain perfusion technique, and comparisons were made with data from rats. There was a close relationship (1:1) between the PS values in mice and rats, indicating that brain capillary permeabilities are similar in mice and rats.     

Ventilatory responses to specific CNS hypoxia in sleeping dogs.

Our study was concerned with the effect of brain hypoxia on cardiorespiratory control in the sleeping dog. Eleven unanesthetized dogs were studied; seven were prepared for vascular isolation and extracorporeal perfusion of the carotid body to assess the effects of systemic [and, therefore, central nervous system (CNS)] hypoxia (arterial PO(2) = 52, 45, and 38 Torr) in the presence of a normocapnic, normoxic, and normohydric carotid body during non-rapid eye movement sleep. A lack of ventilatory response to systemic boluses of sodium cyanide during carotid body perfusion demonstrated isolation of the perfused carotid body and lack of other significant peripheral chemosensitivity. Four additional dogs were carotid body denervated and exposed to whole body hypoxia for comparison. In the sleeping dog with an intact and perfused carotid body exposed to specific CNS hypoxia, we found the following. 1) CNS hypoxia for 5-25 min resulted in modest but significant hyperventilation and hypocapnia (minute ventilation increased 29 +/- 7% at arterial PO(2) = 38 Torr); carotid body-denervated dogs showed no ventilatory response to hypoxia. 2) The hyperventilation was caused by increased breathing frequency. 3) The hyperventilatory response developed rapidly (<30 s). 4) Most dogs maintained hyperventilation for up to 25 min of hypoxic exposure. 5) There were no significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate. We conclude that specific CNS hypoxia, in the presence of an intact carotid body maintained normoxic and normocapnic, does not depress and usually stimulates breathing during non-rapid eye movement sleep. The rapidity of the response suggests a chemoreflex meditated by hypoxia-sensitive respiratory-related neurons in the CNS.