OBSERVATIONS ON BROWN ROT (SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA) OF APPLES IN RELATION TO INJURY CAUSED BY EARWIGS (FORFICULA AURICULARIA)

Observations in West Midlands orchards in 1947–50 on the apple varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Laxton's Superb showed that brown rot was often associated with shallow holes in the fruit. Laboratory experiments with undamaged apples proved that earwigs ( Forficula auricularia ) could cause this type of injury.
Bands of sacking soaked in BHC placed around trunks of Laxton's Superb trees in 1949 and 1950 trapped many earwigs; less brown rot occurred in the banded than on control trees. A survey of picked fruit in 1950 showed close correlation between degree of earwig damage and amount of brown rot.
Earwig damage was appreciable in fruit from ten out of thirteen grass orchards, but was negligible in fruit from nine arable plantations.     

METHODS OF CONTROLLING BLACK-POD DISEASE (CAUSED BY PHYTOPHTHORA PALMIVORA) OF THEOBROMA CACAO IN NIGERIA

Supplementary methods of controlling black-pod disease ( Phytophthora palmivora ) of cocoa in Nigeria are considered, because fungicide application is not always economic.
There is no evidence that resistance occurs within the local population of Amelonado-type trees.
Although the percentage of diseased pods was greater with trees closely spaced (5 times 5 ft. to 8 times 8 ft.), than with widely spaced trees (10 times 10 ft. to 15 times 15 ft.), the closer spacings often gave more healthy pods per acre.
Loss of pods from black-pod was decreased when trees were inspected frequently (alternate days) and infected pods were removed when showing the earliest symptoms. However, this procedure may not be economic, except when potential yields are relatively small (fewer than twelve pods per tree).
Satisfactory control of black-pod was obtained with copper fungicides, applied with either hand-sprayers or a power-sprayer. The monetary return depends on yield level, rather than on disease incidence or on spraying costs. It is recommended that spraying should be practised when the potential yield is twelve or more pods per tree.     

竹红菌乙素溴化物对HeLa细胞形态结构的光敏损伤

以离体培养的ＨｅＬａ细胞为材料,用激光共聚焦显微镜,多动能图像分析仪,扫描电镜,透射电镜,荧光分光光度计等研究了一种新型的竹红菌乙素修饰物（５—Ｂｒ—ＨＢ）被ＨｅＬａ细胞摄取的时间进程、药物在细胞内的显微定位以及对细胞形态结构的光动力损伤。结果表明：ＨｅＬａ细胞对５—Ｂｒ—ＨＢ摄取在１小时之内细胞内药物浓度随着药液培养时间的增加呈线性增长,３小时后摄取基本达到饱和。ＨｅＬａ细胞在含１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ５—Ｂｒ一ＨＢ培养基中３７℃温育半小时后,敏化剂主要分布在细胞膜和胞浆中。受光动力损伤的细胞膜丧失连续结构,绒毛丧失,细胞表面出现异形突起。加药并光照５分钟组细胞浆内产生大量空泡,线粒体、内质网等细胞器丧失结构完整性,在较高浓度下甚至出现明显的细胞膜破裂和核膜损伤。光动力敏化对核形态产生明显的损伤作用,表现为Ｎ／Ｃ和ＮＡ减小,ＮＦＦ增大。     

苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰(RNAi)研究

以成熟苹果果实的RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增并克隆苹果多酚氧化酶(APPO)长度为710bp的反义、正义基因片段.以副球菌中类胡罗卜素合成有关的(crtW+crtY)融合基因片段YYT为间隔区,将APPO反义基因片段、YYT和APPO正义基因片段串联,构成全长为2446bp的DNA并插入到植物双元载体pYPX145中,构成可表达苹果多酚氧化酶双链RNA的植物双元载体pYF7704.以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法转化苹果栽培品种红富士,通过50mg/L卡那霉素筛选和GUS检测,获得了转基因苹果抗性芽.荧光定量RT-PCR检测结果显示,转基因苹果抗性芽内多酚氧化酶基因的干扰效果达91.69%以上,研究结果证实多酚氧化酶双链RNA干扰在转基因苹果上是可行的.     

狭翅夜蛾属二新种(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)

狭翅夜蛾属Hermonassa Walker是切根夜蛾亚科中较小的一属,在我国主要分布西藏、四川、云南,少数分布于东北。本文记述在西藏发现的二新种,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 1.灰斑狭翅夜蛾Hermonassa griseosignata新种 翅展40毫米左右。头部淡赭黄色,下唇须第一、二节外侧杂有黑色,触角基节端部黑色,头顶、颈板及翅基片褐灰色,颈板近端部有一白色弧线,翅基片内缘红褐色,近内缘有     

点翅毒蛾属二新种(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)

本文记述点翅毒蛾属Cispia Walker二新种。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

马尾松毛虫雄蛾触角毛状感受器的细微结构

马尾松毛虫Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｐｕｎｃｔａｔｕｓ（Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）雄蛾有一对羽毛状触角。在触角鞭节的每对侧枝的内侧（迎风面）着生许多毛状感受器。每个毛状感受器由几丁质表皮毛及位于其下的三个感觉神经原和三个呈同心排列的辅助细胞──鞘原细胞、毛原细胞和膜原细胞构成。几丁质表皮毛上有许多孔。毛腔内充满感受器淋巴液。感觉神经原发出的树状突伸入毛腔,浸浴于感受器淋巴液内。这些结构特征表明它是一种司嗅觉的化学感受器。雄蛾终生不取食,推断它的嗅觉感受器主要用以感受雌蛾释放的性外激素,帮助寻找配偶     

果螟属在中国首次记录及二新种记述(鳞翅目,螟蛾科)

果螟属Ethopia Walker世界已记载2种,分布在新几内亚和菲律宾,中国过去没有记录.本文记述了采自我国广西天峨县的山楂果螟E.crataeganea Song et Wu,sp. nov.和采自海南岛、福建、云南等地的黄褐果螟E.flavibrunnea Song et Wu,sp. nov.,并给出了成虫照片、形态特征图和本属已知种的检索表.新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.