上海农作物种质资源数据库的设计和构建

随着农作物种质资源数量的不断增加,种质资源交流的日益频繁以及种质资源利用的逐步深入,农作物种质资源数据库的建设对农作物的应用研究和基础性研究至关重要。上海市农业生物基因中心借助于本中心保存的近21万份种质资源的信息,开发了一套上海农作物种质资源数据库,本文主要阐述了该数据库设计和构建的目的、原则和数据库的架构、运行环境以及主要功能模块。上海农作物种质资源数据库采用了B/S结构,平台系统利用多层逻辑架构实现了对农作物种质资源数据信息的收集、存储、查询、统计分析等功能。外部用户通过浏览器即可访问平台系统,浏览查询种质资源信息。内部管理员可使用平台的受限功能,需要认证成功后才可使用后台管理功能,实现对整个平台数据的管理。注册用户还可通过基因资源数据库提交引种申请,管理员结合管理信息系统实现对外供种全流程的网络化,借此可提高工作效率,增加工作流程的透明度。     

Informal "seed" systems and the management of gene flow in traditional agroecosystems: the case of cassava in Cauca, Colombia

Our ability to manage gene flow within traditional agroecosystems and their repercussions requires understanding the biology of crops, including farming practices' role in crop ecology. That these practices' effects on crop population genetics have not been quantified bespeaks lack of an appropriate analytical framework. We use a model that construes seed-management practices as part of a crop's demography to describe the dynamics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Cauca, Colombia. We quantify several management practices for cassava--the first estimates of their kind for a vegetatively-propagated crop--describe their demographic repercussions, and compare them to those of maize, a sexually-reproduced grain crop. We discuss the implications for gene flow, the conservation of cassava diversity, and the biosafety of vegetatively-propagated crops in centers of diversity. Cassava populations are surprisingly open and dynamic: farmers exchange germplasm across localities, particularly improved varieties, and distribute it among neighbors at extremely high rates vis-à-vis maize. This implies that a large portion of cassava populations consists of non-local germplasm, often grown in mixed stands with local varieties. Gene flow from this germplasm into local seed banks and gene pools via pollen has been documented, but its extent remains uncertain. In sum, cassava's biology and vegetative propagation might facilitate pre-release confinement of genetically-modified varieties, as expected, but simultaneously contribute to their diffusion across traditional agroecosystems if released. Genetically-modified cassava is unlikely to displace landraces or compromise their diversity; but rapid diffusion of improved germplasm and subsequent incorporation into cassava landraces, seed banks or wild populations could obstruct the tracking and eradication of deleterious transgenes. Attempts to regulate traditional farming practices to reduce the risks could compromise cassava populations' adaptive potential and ultimately prove ineffectual.     

农作物种质资源登记区块链模型研究

农作物种质资源工作发展至今取得了巨大的成就,但也存在着农作物种质资源家底不清、共享利用效率不高及种质权属不清等问题,开展农作物种质资源登记工作能够有效解决以上问题.本研究从资源登记信息的流向角度出发,梳理了登记的整体工作流程,并结合区块链技术的优势,提出了农作物种质资源登记区块链网络模型.首先根据农作物种质资源登记的业...     

中国作物种质资源多样性

本文综述了中国作物种质资源的物种多样性和遗传多样性。按农艺学和用途可将中国作物分为8大类即粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用和绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物。汇集了中国作物总计有840种（类）,涉及栽培物种1251个和野生近缘植物物种3308个,它们隶属176个科和619个属,这充分说明中国作物种质资源物种多样性相当丰富。依据中国作物的类型或变种多和性状变异幅度大,阐明了中国作物种质资源遗传多样性十分丰富。为中国作物种质资源的收集、保护、高效利用、创新、分类和遗传研究奠定了坚实基础,为生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。     

甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

湖南省农作物种质资源收集保护和创新利用进展

根据湖南省第一次(1956-1957年)和第二次(1979-1983年)全国农作物种质资源调查、收集及研究利用的工作开展情况,总结了湖南省种质资源保护和利用的现状及取得的成果,特别是水稻、油菜、辣椒、茶叶等在资源创新利用上取得了优异成绩;分析了湖南省农作物种质资源保护仍存在地方品种资源日益减少、资源收集困难、农作物种质资源保存体系不够完善、资源专业团队缺乏、资源利用率低等限制本地区农作物种质资源创新利用的问题。提出了以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"为契机,建立完善的种质资源保护体系、精准评价体系及共享共用机制等促进农作物种质资源保存与利用工作良性循环的建议。     

山东省农作物种质资源库的建设与运转

山东省农作物种质资源丰富多样,但长久以来缺乏统一、有效的保存管理,许多珍贵的种质资源面临丢失和灭绝的危险。本文简要阐述了建设山东省农作物种质资源库的必要性,详细介绍了山东省农作物种质资源库的类型、功能、技术指标及入库保存和运行服务情况,以期为其他单位建设种质资源库提供参考。     

山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源调查与分析

2008年至2011年对分布在山东省沿海地区34个县（市、区）82个乡（镇）132个行政村的农作物种质资源进行了调查,共收集粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树地方品种及野生资源材料848份,分属15科39属54种。本文对调查地区农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

Genetic diversity of worldwide Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) germplasm as revealed by RAPD markers

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a wild relative of the cultivated sunflower (H. annuus); it is an old tuber crop that has recently received renewed interest. We used RAPD markers to characterize 147 Jerusalem artichoke accessions from nine countries. Thirty RAPD primers were screened; 13 of them detected 357 reproducible RAPD bands, of which 337 were polymorphic. Various diversity analyses revealed several different patterns of RAPD variation. More than 93% of the RAPD variation was found within accessions of a country. Weak genetic differentiation was observed between wild and cultivated accessions. Six groups were detected in this germplasm set. Four ancestral groups were found for the Canadian germplasm. The most genetically distinct accessions were identified. These findings provide useful diversity information for understanding the Jerusalem artichoke gene pool, for conserving Jerusalem artichoke germplasm, and for choosing germplasm for genetic improvement.     

360度群体遗传变异扫描——大豆泛基因组研究

大豆(Glycine max)是重要的油料和蛋白作物, 其丰富的遗传变异为生物学性状挖掘和育种改良提供了重要的资源基础。然而, 单个基因组信息无法全面揭示种质资源的遗传变异, 泛基因组研究为解决这一不足提供了新方案。近日, 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所田志喜和梁承志研究团队从2 898份大豆种质中选取26份代表性材料, 并整合已有的3个基因组, 构建了包含野生和栽培大豆的泛基因组和图基因组(graph-based genome), 鉴定了整个群体的绝大多数结构变异数据集, 确定了大豆种质的核心、非必需和个体特异的基因集。利用这些数据系统地揭示了生育期位点E3的等位基因变异和基因融合事件、种皮颜色基因I的单体型和演化关系以及结构变异对铁离子转运基因表达和地区适应性选择的影响。该研究为作物基因组学研究提供了一个新的模式, 同时将加速推动大豆遗传变异的鉴定、性状解析和种质创新。     

山西省干旱地区农作物种质资源普查与分析

本研究对山西省干旱地区右玉县、阳曲县、隰县、临县、石楼县、繁峙县、灵丘县、五台县、浑源县、武乡县、五寨县和兴县12个县的农作物种质资源进行了普查和数据分析。通过查阅文献和实地调查相结合的方法,完成了12个县农作物种质资源普查表的编制,分析了1981年到2010年30年来普查县气候及植被变化趋势,并阐述了普查县大宗农作物种植面积、产量和大面积种植品种的变化情况,在此基础上提出了农作物种质资源保护面临的问题及对策建议。研究结果为干旱地区农作物种质资源的保护、研究和利用提供了参考。     

利用生物技术进行种质改良的基本原理及主要应用技术

作物种质资源是一种重要的生物资源,具有独特的属性和非常重要的作用。生物技术的发展为作物种质资源的改良提供了更多的途径。本试图综合前人成果,对细胞工程和基因工程在作物种质资源改良中的应用进行概述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

国家农作物种质资源平台的建立和应用

农作物种质资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 是作物育种和农业生产的物质基础。长期以来, 我国农作物种质资源标准不统一、资源保存相对分散、信息网络设施薄弱, 制约了农作物种质资源的共享利用。本文提出了国家农作物种质资源平台的概念和架构, 它是一个虚拟式的农作物种质资源机构, 由国家长期种质库、国家复份种质库、国家中期种质库、国家种质圃和国家种质信息中心组成。阐述了农作物种质资源技术规范体系构建的原则和方法, 建立了由110种作物的描述规范、数据规范和数据质量控制规范组成的技术规范体系。提出了以信息共享带动实物共享的思路、方法和途径, 建成了拥有39万份种质信息的国家农作物种质资源数据库和中国作物种质资源信息网(http://www.cgris.net/)。创建了日常性服务、展示性服务、针对性服务、需求性服务和引导性服务等5种农作物种质资源服务模式, 有效解决了农作物种质资源共享利用的难题。     

Genetic diversity in three groups of barley germplasm assessed by simple sequence repeats.

Genetic diversity can be measured by several criteria, including phenotype, pedigree, allelic diversity at marker loci, and allelic diversity at loci controlling phenotypes of interest. Abundance, high level of polymorphism, and ease of genotyping make simple sequence repeats (SSRs) an excellent molecular marker system for genetics diversity analyses. In this study, we used a set of mapped SSRs to survey three representative groups of barley germplasm: a sample of crop progenitor (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) accessions, a group of mapping population parents, and a group of varieties and elite breeding lines. The objectives were to determine (i) how informative SSRs are in these three sets of barley germplasm resources and (ii) the utility of SSRs in classifying barley germplasm. A total of 687 alleles were identified at 42 SSR loci in 147 genotypes. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 31, with an average of 16.3. Crop progenitors averaged 10.3 alleles per SSR locus, mapping population parents 8.3 alleles per SSR locus, and elite breeding lines 5.8 alleles per SSR locus. There were many exclusive (unique) alleles. The polymorphism information content values for the SSRs ranged from 0.08 to 0.94. The cluster analysis indicates a high level of diversity within the crop progenitors accessions and within the mapping population parents. It also shows a lower level of diversity within the elite breeding germplasm. Our results demonstrate that this set of SSRs was highly informative and was useful in generating a meaningful classification of the germplasm that we sampled. Our long-term goal is to determine the utility of molecular marker diversity as a tool for gene discovery and efficient use of germplasm.     

Unmanaged sexual reproduction and the dynamics of genetic diversity of a vegetatively propagated crop plant, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), in a traditional farming system

Occurrence of intervarietal or interspecific natural crosses has been reported for many crop plants in traditional farming systems, underlining the potential importance of this source of genetic exchange for the dynamics of genetic diversity of crop plants. In this study, we use microsatellite loci to investigate the role of volunteer seedlings (plants originating from unmanaged sexual reproduction) in the dynamics of genetic diversity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a vegetatively propagated crop, in a traditional farming system in Guyana. A previous field study showed that farmers incorporate such plants into the germplasm for vegetative propagation, and that many of them are likely to be assigned by farmers to recognized varieties. Under strict vegetative propagation clonality of varieties is expected. The high proportion of polyclonal varieties observed suggests that incorporation of seedlings into the germplasm for propagation is a frequent event. The molecular variability assessed with microsatellite markers shows that there is high differentiation among heterozygous varieties, whereas populations of seedlings do not depart from the proportions expected under Hardy-Weinberg assumptions. Assignment of seedlings to a recognized variety on the basis of morphological similarity greatly increases genetic diversity within the variety. We argue that recombination and gene flow play a major role in the dynamics of genetic diversity of cassava in traditional farming systems. Documenting unmanaged sexual reproduction and its genetic consequences is a prerequisite for defining strategies of in situ conservation of crop plant genetic resources.     

Genetic diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ecotypes from Pakistan using Simple Sequence Repeats

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume crop grown all over the world and is a very important food of mountain population of Pakistan for protein intake. The Western Himalayan Mountains are rich in biodiversity including unexplored landraces of the common bean crop. Unfortunately, very little attention has been given to this valuable crop in Pakistan, and it is being exported, majorly from Ethiopia, to meet the country’s requirements. The exploitation, utilization, preservation and multiplication of existing germplasm within the area are very important for sustainable production of the crop and enhancing the nutrition value for the local community in mountain regions. A research study was conducted for evaluation of biological diversity of common bean landraces from Azad Kashmir and Northern areas of Pakistan using morpho-physiological and molecular markers. Thirty-five common bean ecotypes along with one check variety were collected from different altitudes of Azad Kashmir and Northern Pakistan and screened for biological diversity. Morphological characterization revealed high genetic diversity in parameters including stem anthocyanin, growth type, days to flowering, pods/plant and 100 seeds weight. Genomic characterization using SSR markers, for allelic diversity evaluation among germplasm, also provided diverse profile with 83.3% polymorphism in banding pattern. The bulk of gene pool diversity evaluated within bean landraces may help to initiate breeding program for common bean improvement.     

CRISPR/Cas9: a promising way to exploit genetic variation in plants

Creation of variation in existing gene pool of crop plants is the foremost requirement in crop improvement programmes. Genome editing is a tool to produce knock out of target genes either by introduction of insertion or by deletion that disrupts the function of a specific gene. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) system is the most recent addition to the toolbox of sequence-specific nucleases that includes ZFNs and TALENs. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a small noncoding RNA, resulting in gene modifications by both non-homologous end joining and homology-directed repair mechanisms. Here, we present an overview of mechanisms of CRISPR, its potential roles in creating variation in germplasm and applications of this novel interference pathway in crop improvement. The availability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system holds promise in facilitating both forward and reverse genetics and will enhance research in crops that lack genetic resources.     

4. In-vitro conservation

In-vitro (tissue culture) techniques offer ways of overcoming serious problems in the conservation of crop genetic resources. These primarily involve the use of slow growth and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen to store germplasm, but there are also important applications in other areas, including germplasm collecting, multiplication and exchange. Slow growth techniques for medium-term storage of cultures are relatively well developed and in-vitro active gene bank establishment is feasible. Cryopreservation for long-term storage is possible for some materials but, in general, requires further research and development. Among the aspects to be examined are the behaviour of different culture systems when exposed to ultralow temperatures, crop-specific requirements and the genetic stability of stored material.     

Leveraging natural diversity: back through the bottleneck

Plant breeders have long recognized the existence of useful genetic variation in the wild ancestors of our domesticated crop species. In cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), crosses between high-yielding elite cultivars and low-yielding wild accessions often give rise to superior offspring, with wild alleles conferring increased performance in the context of the elite cultivar genetic background. Because the breeding value of wild germplasm cannot be determined by examining the performance of wild accessions, a phylogenetic approach is recommended to determine which interspecific combinations are most likely to be useful in a breeding program. As we deepen our understanding of how genetic diversity is partitioned within and between cultivated and wild gene pools of Oryza, breeders will have increased power to make predictions about the most efficient strategies for utilizing wild germplasm for rice improvement.     

基于SOA的农作物种质资源调查信息系统研究

在研究面向服务体系结构(SOA)基础上,采用价值链分析方法识别了农作物种质资源调查服务域,提出基于SOA的农作物种质资源调查信息系统体系结构参考模型,详述了参考模型的层次结构,定义了各个服务模块功能。该参考模型为系统进一步编码和实现奠定了基础。